Model 1: Chapter (3) Exam

1)The impurities represent 50% of the mass of a sample(X) of sodium

chloride salt, when this sample is dissolved in water to form a solution, and
excess of silver nitrate solution is added to this solution, 8.5 grams of a
precipitate are formed.
What is the total mass of all the sample (X)?
[NaCl=58.5 g/mol, AgCl =143.5 g/mol]
a) 6.93 g
b) 7.2 g
c) 8 g
d) 10 g

2)Acetic acid reacts with calcium carbon slowly, and when the temperature
is raised the reaction rate increases, what is the explanation of this
observation? (The reaction is not catalyzed)
Choices Lowering of the Increasing of Decreasing the
activation energy collision rate number of the
effective collisions

a) ✓ ✓ ✗
b) ✗ ✗ ✗
c) ✗ ✓ ✗
d) ✗ ✓ ✓
3) An exothermic chemical reaction is represented by the hypothetical
equation:
W+X ⇄ Y+ Z
What is the effect on increasing the temperature on each of the rate of
forward reaction and the equilibrium constant of this reaction:

Choices Forward reaction rate Equilibrium constant

a) Decreases Decreases
b) Increases Increases
c) Decreases Increases
d) Increases Decreases

4) Substance (X) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid yielding a gas which
reacts with acidified potassium dichromate solution forming a green
substance, what is substance (X)?
a) Potassium chloride
b) Sodium sulphate
c) Sodium carbonate
d) Potassium sulphite

5) What is the solution which has the highest electric conductivity?

a) 0.10 M of HF solution (Ka=6.7x10-4)
b) 0.25 M of H2CO3solution (Ka=4.4x10-7)
c) 1.00 M of CH3COOH solution (Ka=1.8x10-5)
d) 2.00 M of CH3NH2 solution (Kb=4.4x10-4)
6) Studying the following diagrams:

First: the factor which affects the ionization constant value Ka?
a) temperature
b) concentration
c) pressure
d) type of bond
Second: the highest light intensity is in ……………….
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
Third: ionic equilibrium states are in ……………….
a) a, b, c and d
b) b, c and d
c) b and c
d) d only
7) The following reaction is carried out in a closed vessel its volume is 1L:
C(s) +H2O(V) ⇄ CO(g) + H2(g)
Upon analyzing the contents of the vessel at equilibrium, the following are
found:
0.2 mol of C
0.2 mol of H2O
0.6 mol of CO
0.6 mol of H2
What is the equilibrium constant of this reaction?
a) 0.11
b) 0.56
c) 1.8
d) 9

8) The following reaction:

PH3(g) + H2O(l) ⇄PH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Express the ionization of …………………
a) Weak acid
b) Weak base
c) Strong acid
d) Strong base

9) Methane gas combusts slowly in the atmospheric air at room

temperature, but when a piece of platinum is added to the vessel of the
reaction which contains a mixture of methane and air, then methane
combusts instantaneously.
Which of the followings are correct about platinum?
a) decreasing the activation energy but doesn’t change the type of the
reaction
b) decreasing the activation energy and the value of ∆H of this reaction
c) Increasing the activation energy of the reaction so increase the rate of the
reaction
d) Increasing the rate of reaction by increasing the Kinetic energy
10) From the Kc value of the reaction:
H2(g) +Cl2(g) ⇄2HCl(g) Kc=4.4x1032
Then we conclude that:
a) The backward reaction is the predominant reaction
b) The concentration of HCl gas is very low, if it is compared with that of
hydrogen and chlorine gases
c) The reaction is not proceeded well towards the formation of HCl
d) no correct answer

11) Find the solubility product of barium phosphate Ba3(PO4)2 if its solubility
degree equals 1x10-3 mol/L?
a) 1x10-6
b) 1.08x10-13
c) 1x10-15
d) 5x10-15

12) If the symbol of methyl orange is MeOH So, its ionization equation can be
represented as follow:
MeOH ⇄ Me+ + OH-
Yellow Red
The color of the indicator changed into red by adding ………………
a) Sodium chloride
b) Acetic acid
c)Sodium carbonate
d)Ammonium carbonate

13) By mixing a solution containing 3x10-4 M magnesium ions with a solution

containing 2x10-4 M phosphate ions, is a precipitate of magnesium
phosphate is formed or not knowing that, Ksp = 1.08x10-13 in saturated
solution
a) No ppt. is formed as [Mg2+][PO43-] < Ksp
b) No ppt. is formed as [Mg2+][ PO43-]> Ksp
c) A ppt. is formed as [Mg2+][ PO43-] < Ksp
d) A ppt. is formed as [Mg2+][ PO43-] > Ksp
14) On mixing 50 mL 0f 0.2 M sulphuric acid with 100 mL of 0.1 M sodium
hydroxide solution containing drops of litmus indicator, the color of the
produced solution will be …………………
a) Yellow
b) Blue
c) Purple
d) Red

15) What is the only standard solution that can be used for titration of
hydrochloric acid to determine its concentration?
a) Sodium chloride
b) Barium sulphate
c) Ammonium acetate
d) Sodium oxalate

16) According to the products of the two reactions:

𝑫𝒊𝒍
(X) +HCl(aq) → Colorless gas (Y) which has a bad odor
(Y) + (CH3COO)2Pb → Black solid substance
Which of the following represents both the salt (X), and the gas (Y)?
Choices The salt (X) The gas (Y)
a) (NH4)2SO3 SO2
b) NH4Cl HCl
C) (NH4)2S H2S
d) (NH4)2CO3 CO2

17) In the reaction:

H2(g) +I2(g) ⇄2HI(g) Kc=55.26 at 425oc
If the concentration of:
[H2] = 1x10-3 M
[I2] = 1.5x10-3 M
[HI]= 5x10-3 M
Is the reaction at equilibrium:
a) The reaction is at equilibrium
b) The reaction is not at equilibrium
c) It can’t be determined
18) Ammonium nitrate solution has ……………. Effect on litmus paper.
a) Acidic
b) Basic
c) Neutral

19) Adding potassium carbonate salt to pure water, ……………………….

a) Increase the concentration of hydronium ions[H3O+]
b) Raise the value of its pH than 7
c) Doesn’t affect the value of pH
d) Decrease the concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-]

20) The following table shows the values of ionization constants of some
acids:
A B C D
5.6x10-4 5.1x10-4 8.9x10-8 6.7x10-4

Which of the following is correct?

a) B is weaker than C, and stronger than A
b) C is weaker than D, and stronger than A
c) A is weaker than D and stronger than B
d) D is the weakest acid, and C is the strongest one

21) on adding acidic solution to aqueous solution at 25oc, ……………….

a) Kw = [H+] [OH-]
b) Kw < [H+] [OH-]
c) Kw > [H+] [OH-]
d) [H+] = [OH-]

22) Which of the following sentences is correct about ammonium chloride?

a) acidic salt because it’s derived from a strong acid and a weak base
b) when it dissolves in water, only cation is ionized while anion forms a
molecule
c) when it dissolves in water, a solution of pOH value = 6.78 is formed
d) a salt scarcely soluble in water
23) The more acidic solution from the following is the solution which has ……
a) [H+] = 1x10-12 mol/L
b) pH = 12
c) pOH = 10
d) [OH-] = 1x10-13 mol/L

24) …………………… is not used to differentiate between litmus solution and

methyl orange.
a) Sodium phosphate
b) Potassium nitrate
c) Iron III chloride
d) Ammonium carbonate

25) What is the volume of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid required to neutralize 20

mL of 0.5 M sodium carbonate solution completely?
a) 0.2 L
b) 0.4 L
c) 5 L
d) 20 L

26) This equation represents an equilibrium reversible reaction:

H2(g) +I2(g) ⇄2HI(g)
Which of the following represents the equilibrium constant of the
decomposition of hydrogen iodide reaction?
[𝐻𝐼]2
a) Kc= [𝐻
2]
2[𝐻𝐼]
b) Kc=[𝐻
2] [𝐼2 ]
[𝐻2 ][𝐼2 ]
c) Kc= [𝐻𝐼]2
[𝐻𝐼]2
d) Kc=[𝐻 ][𝐼 ]
2 2
27) Silver nitrate solution can be used in the differentiation between each
two solutions of the following, Except ………………
a) Sodium phosphate and sodium iodide
b) hydrochloric acid and nitric acid
c) Sodium bromide and sodium sulphite
d) Sodium iodide and sodium sulphite

28) The opposite chart represents the concentrations of three gases in a

reversible reaction reaches equilibrium
Which reaction is represented by this chart?
a) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄2SO3(g)
b) 2HBr(g) ⇄H2(g) +Br2(v)
c) 2SO3(g) ⇄2SO2(g) +O2(g)
d) H2(g) +Br2(v) ⇄2HBr(g)

29) What is the gas which removes the color of KMnO4 solution acidified
with sulphuric acid? ................
a) SO2
b) NO2
c) P2O5
d) CO2

30) Which of the following solutions shows the components of aqueous

solution of barium hydroxide Ba (OH)2?

a) b) c) d)
31) In the following equilibrium equation:
4HCl(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2H2O(v) +2Cl2(g) +113 KJ
colorless colorless colorless greenish yellow

What is the effect of each of the following?

1)increasing oxygen gas concentration on the reaction mixture color at the
same temperature
2)Decreasing the temperature

Choices (1) (2)

a) The greenish yellow color become more Kc value
intense increases
b) The greenish yellow color become more Kc value remains
intense unchanged
c) The greenish yellow color become faint Kc value
until it become colorless increases
d) The greenish yellow color become more Kc value
intense decreases

32) The solution of acetic acid in water ………………

a) Contains ions and illuminate the lamp which is connected to two poles
dipped in the solution
b) Doesn’t contains ions and doesn’t illuminate the lamp
c) Contains ions that increases in number by decreasing the concentration of
the solution
d) Both a and c are correct

33) Ostwald’s dilution law is applied on all the following, except ………
a) Boric acid
b) Ammonium acetate
c) lithium hydroxide
d) Ammonium hydroxide
34)Which of the following equations represents the acid ionization
correctly?
a) HCN (aq) → H+(aq) + CN-(aq)
b) CH3COOH (aq) → CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
c) HCl(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
d) H2SO4(aq) → 2H+(aq) + SO4-2(aq)

35) By dilution of HNO2the results are ……………….

a) The electrical conductivity increases
b) Number of H+ ions increased
c) pH increased
d) All the previous

36) In which of these reactions does the rate of decomposition reaction

increases by raising the temperature?
𝟏
1) SO3(g) ⇄ SO2(g) + 𝟐 O2(g) ΔH =(+)
2) N2H4(g) ⇄ N2(g) + 2H2(g) ΔH =(-)
a) reaction 1 only
b) reaction 2 only
c) both reactions (1) and (2)
d) No correct answer

37) By dilution of HNO3 the results are ……….

a) Electrical conductivity doesn’t change
b) Concentration of H+ decreases
c) Number of H+ doesn’t change
d) All the previous

38) The correct order of the following solutions according to [OH-]

[All solutions have the same concentrations]
a) KCl > KOH > NH4OH
b) KOH > NH4OH > KCl
c) KCl > NH4OH > KOH
d) NH4OH > KCl > KOH
39) (A) and (B) are two different salt solutions (1M) by
this graph

Choices (A) (B)

a) NH4Cl FeCl2
b) Na2CO3 CH3COONa
c) Na2CO3 NH4Cl
d) NH4Cl Na2CO3

40) A sparingly soluble salt formed from combination between cation A2+
and anion B-, So its degree of solubility can be calculated from the relation
……
a) √𝐾𝑠𝑝
3 𝐾𝑠𝑝
b) √ 4
4 𝐾
c) √ 27
𝑠𝑝

5 𝐾
d) √108
𝑠𝑝

41) The following system at equilibrium state:

BaSO4(s) ⇄Ba2+(aq) + SO42-
What is the change occurred on the previous equilibrium on adding to it 100
mL of 0.1 M sulphuric acid?
a) [Ba2+] increases as reaction shifts to forward
b) [Ba2+] decreases as reaction shifts to backward
c) Ksp value increased
d) more than one are correct
42) In terms of the equilibrium reaction:
𝟓
A(g) + 2B(g) ⇄ C(g) +𝟐 D(g) Kp=4
What is the KP of the following reaction?
2C(g) + 5D(g) ⇄ 2A(g) + 4B(g)
a) 0.0625
b) 2
c) 8.02
d) 16

43) In the equilibrium reaction:

2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)⇄ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Which of the following represents the equilibrium constant of this reaction?
2[𝑆𝑂 ]
a) Kc= 3[𝑂 2]
2
[𝑆𝑂2 ]2
b) KC= [𝑂2 ]3
4[𝑍𝑛𝑂][𝑆𝑂2 ]
c) KC= 6[𝑍𝑛𝑆][𝑂
2]
[𝑍𝑛𝑂]2 [𝑆𝑂2 ]2
d) KC= [𝑍𝑛𝑆]2[𝑂 3
2]

44) In the equilibrium reaction:

N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) - Heat
What are the external factors which shifts the equilibrium to the right?
a) Adding more NO2
b) Removing N2O4
c) Decreasing the temperature
d) Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel

45) Dil. HCl is used to differentiate between all the following except ……………
a) FeCO3, Na2SO4
b) Fe (OH)2, Fe(OH)3
c) BaSO4, Ba3(PO4)2
d) FeO, Fe2O3
46) A student carried out an experiment to study the rate of chemical
reaction by the following reaction:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
the results of amount of evolved H2 gas from each experiment as in the
figure.
Shows which experiment for zinc powder and zinc block

a) Experiment (1) represents zinc block and experiment (2) represents zinc
powder by equal masses
b) Experiment (1) represents zinc powder and experiment (2) represents zinc
block by different masses
c) Both the two experiments represent zinc block by equal masses
d) Both the two experiments represent zinc powder by different masses

46) Which of the following describes a catalyst?

a) it changes the reaction path by increasing the activation energy
b) it increases the reaction rate by decreasing the reaction ∆H
c) it increases the number of the particles which have enough energy to react
d) it increases the product amounts at the end of the reaction

47) In the equilibrium reaction CO2(g) + 2H2O(v) ⇌ CH4(g) + 2O2(g)

Which of the following indicates that the reaction proceeds better to the
left?
a) Kc equals zero
b) Kc is very high
c) Kc is less than 1
d) Kc is slightly greater than 1
48) The opposite chart shows the percentage of
the yield at different conditions of the forward
direction of ……………
a) an exothermic reaction in which number of
products moles is less than number of reactants
moles
b) an exothermic reaction in which number of
products moles is greater than number of reactants
moles
c) an endothermic reaction in which number of products moles is less than
number of reactants moles
d) an endothermic reaction in which number of products moles is greater
than number of reactants moles

50) In the next equilibrium reaction: 2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g), KP= 20

KP value to dissociate 2 mol of N2O4 equals …………………
a) 40
b) 25x10-3
c) 2.5x10-3
d) 400

51) Which of the following statements describes chemical reaction at

equilibrium state?
a) Rate of forward reaction is higher than that backward reaction
b) The reaction is always static not dynamic
c) Concentration of reactants and products are always constant
d) Concentration one of reactants and equal zero
52) The reaction below was at equilibrium until some of the product leaked
from the reaction medium, causing the equilibrium state to be disturbed for
some time before it stabilized again:
H2(g)+Br2(g) ⇌ 2HBr(g)

Thus, figure ……... is the most appropriate one to represent this case.
a) Z b) Y
c) W d) X

53) When adding amount of HI gas in a closed vessel at certain temperature

then it dissociates according to the reaction:
2HI(g) ⇌ H2(g) + I2(g) , Kc = 0.018
which of the following figures expresses the reaction process to reach the
equilibrium state

a) a) b) b) c) c) d) d)

54) In which of the following equations does metal (M) refers to scandium?
a) FeO(s) + M(s) → Fe(s) + MO(s)
b) 2M(s) + 6H2O(l) → 2M(OH)3(aq) + 3H2(g),
c) M(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MSO4(aq) + H2(g)
d) 2M(s) + O2(g) → 2MO(s)
55) the correct steps to convert yellow ore to black ore with strong
magnetic properties:
a) Thermal decomposition
b) Roasting then reduction at 3000c
c) Roasting then reduction at 5000c
d) Heating in absence of air then oxidation

56) When diluted sulphuric acid is added to test tube contains a mixture of
iron (II) oxide and iron (III) oxide, after the reaction is completed the
contents of the test tube will be …….
a) Iron (III) sulphate, iron (III) oxide and hydrogen
b) Iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide and sulphur dioxide
c) Iron (II) sulphate, Iron (III) oxide and water
d) Iron (III) sulphate, Hydrogen and sulphur dioxide

57) If you know that the ionization constant of periodic acid is (14.44×10-5)
at 25°C and the concentration of the acid is (3.8×10-3M),
So, its pOH value is:
a) 2.22
b) 3.13
c) 10.87
d) 11.78
Essay:
1) The solubility product of Pb(OH)2 is 0.155 g/L, what are the concentration
of the two ions of the salt in a saturated solution of it?
And PH of the solution
[Pb=207, O=16, H=1]

2)
Gas A B C
Concentration 0.6M 0.4M 1.8M
The table shows concentrations of substances at equilibrium for the next
reaction: 2A(g) ⇌ 3B(g) + C(s)
what is the equilibrium constant value? and the dominant direction of the
reaction?
 Model answer Exam 3

Question Answer Question Answer

1 A 31 A
2 C 32 D
3 A 33 C
4 D 34 D
5 A 35 D
6 First: A 36 A
Second: D
Third: B
7 C 37 D
8 B 38 B
9 A 39 D
10 D 40 B
11 B 41 B
12 B 42 A
13 A 43 B
14 D 44 D
15 D 45 B
16 C 46 A
17 B 47 C
18 A 48 C
19 B 49 A
20 C 50 C
21 A 51 C
22 A 52 B
23 D 53 A
24 C 54 B
25 A 55 B
26 C 56 C
27 A 57 C
28 C 58 ESSAY
29 A 59 ESSAY
30 C
Explanation:
1) a
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
NaCl(aq) →AgCl(s)
Xg → 8.5 g
58.5 g → 143.5 g
Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g
Molar mass of AgCl = 108 + 35.5 = 143.5
(8.5)×(58.5)
Xg (Mass of NaCl) = = 3.465 grams
(143.5)
Sample (X):50% impurities, then the % of NaCl in the sample is 50%
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
% of NaCl in the sample = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 x100
3.465 grams
50% = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 x100 %
(3.465 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 )×100%
Mass of sample = = 6.93 grams
50%

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2) c
Acetic acid with calcium carbonate, this is a slow reaction, when increasing
temperature, kinetic energy of molecules increases, which increases the rate
of collision.
Activation energy isn’t affected as the reaction is not catalyzed (temperature
doesn’t affect activation energy).
The number of effective collisions increases which increases the rate.

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3) a
An exothermic reaction means that heat is in the products, by increasing
temperature, reaction is shifted backwards (so forward reaction rate
decreases) and reactant concentration increases which decreases Kc as Kc
= [products]/[reactants], and Kc only changes by changing temperature.

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4) d
For substance X to react with dil. HCl, a and b are wrong as their anions
(chloride and sulphate) can’t be replaced by HCl.
Gas that turns acidified potassium dichromate to green is SO2, which comes
from the reaction of dil. HCl with sulphite anion and not carbonate anion that
gives CO2.

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5) a
Degree of ionization (Dissociation) of weak acids is:
𝐾
α=√ 𝐶𝑎
𝑎

Degree of ionization (Dissociation) of weak base is:

𝐾
α=√ 𝐶 𝑏
𝑏

Choice Concentration Ionization constant Degree of dissociation

a) 0.10 M Ka=6.7x10-4 6.7𝑥10−4
√ = 0.0818
0.10
b) 0.25 M Ka=4.4x10-7 4.4𝑥10−7
√ = 1.32𝑥10−3
0.25
c) 1.00 M Ka=1.8x10-5 1.8𝑥10−5
√ = 4.24x10-3
1.00
d) 2.00 M Kb =4.4x10-4 4.4𝑥10−4
√ = 0.0148
2.00

Highest degree of ionization = Highest electric conductivity

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6)
First: answer A
As we said Ka aren’t affected by any factor except temperature as
temperature change, Ka change.
Second: answer D
As dilution increase -> concentration decrease -> ionization increase -> light
intensity increase
Third: answer B
As ionic equilibrium occur in electrolytic solution as some of reactant
molecules are converted into ions (incomplete ionization)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
7) C
C(s) +H2O(V) ⇄ CO(g) + H2(g)
[𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔]
Kc= [𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔]
[𝑪𝑶][𝑯𝟐 ]
Kc= [𝑯𝟐 𝑶]
𝑵𝑶.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
Concentration = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
Volume of container equals 1 liter
Then the concentration equals the number of moles, carbon is solid in its
physical state so it’s not written
[𝑪𝑶][𝑯𝟐 ]
Kc= [𝑯𝟐 𝑶]
[𝟎.𝟔][𝟎.𝟔]
Kc= = 1.8
[𝟎.𝟐]

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8) B
PH3(g) + H2O(l) ⇄PH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
As PH3 react with water gives PH4 & OH, as it gives OH which indicate its weak
base, as same idea of ammonia
NH3+H2O⇄ NH4+ + OH-

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9) A
since the piece of platinum makes the reaction faster and methane
combusts instantaneously (Rate increases) therefore platinum acts here as a
catalyst
And as we know that any catalyst has an effect only on the Activation energy
(it decreases the Activation energy) so,
• Collision ↑
• Number of activated molecules ↑
• Rate ↑
• Time ↓
But catalyst has NO effect on:
• Kc
• Temperature
 • Equilibrium position (forward, backward) “as it increases both at the
same time”
• Kinetic energy of molecules
• ΔH
• Type of reaction
So, we’ll exclude choice B
Because as we mentioned before that catalyst has no effect on the value of
ΔH
Choice C is excluded
Because catalyst decreases the activation energy (not increase)
Choice D is excluded
Because as we mentioned before that catalyst has no effect on the kinetic
energy of the molecules (will not increase Kinetic energy)
→ choice A is the correct choice

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10) D
From the value of Kc, we can conclude that
Since Kc value is <1 (Kc ↑) it means that the concentration of the products is
more than the concentration of the reactants, which means that the reaction
is shifted forward So, the forward reaction is the predominant one

Choice A is excluded
because as we mentioned before that the forward reaction is the
predominant reaction not the backward reaction
“Kc↑, products ↑, Forward reaction is the predominant one ↑ “

Choice B
The concentration of HCl gas is more than that of H2 and Cl2 gases (conc of
HCl is not very low) because as we mentioned before that the concentration
of products is more than the concentration of reactants
“Kc↑, products ↑, conc of products <conc of reactants “

Choice C is excluded
Because the reaction will proceed well towards the formation of HCl (not
proceeded well)
As the direction of formation of HCl is the forward direction So, it will be shifted
forward ↑
“Kc↑, products ↑, The reaction is shifted forward↑, proceeded well towards
HCl formation ↑ “

→Choice D is the correct choice

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11) b
Steps:
Ba3(PO4)2⇄3Ba2+ + 2PO43-
3X 2X
Ksp = [Ba ] [PO4 ]
2+ 3 2- 2

Ksp= [3X]3 x [2X]2

KSP= 27X3 x 4X2
Ksp = 108 X5
Ksp = 108 (1x10-3)5 = 1.08x10-13

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12) b
The color of indicator will become red then the reaction will move forward
Which of the following choices will make the reaction move forward
Choice a
Sodium chloride (neutral salt) will not affect the equilibrium position for
methyl orange
Choice b
Acetic acid (acid) will increase H+ which will attach to OH-
H+ + OH- ➔ H2O
OH- will decrease will lead the reaction to move forward making the red color
increase
Choice b is the correct choice
Choice c
Sodium carbonate basic salt will increase OH- leading the reaction to move
backward decreasing the red color
Choice d
Ammonium carbonate (neutral salt) will not affect the methyl orange as it is
neutral
-----------------------------------------------------------------
13) a
When Ksp > ionic product
No ppt formed
When Ksp = ionic product
The solution is saturated
When Ksp < ionic product
Ppt start to form
Steps:
Mg3(PO4)2⇄3Mg2+ + 2PO43-
Ksp = [Mg2+]3 x [PO43-]2
Ionic product:
[Mg2+]3 x [PO43-]2 = [3x10-4]3 x[2x10-4]2 = 1.08x10-18
Ksp > Ionic product, no ppt will be formed

-----------------------------------------------------------------
14)d
Since the produced solution is acidic the color of litmus will become red
Litmus indicator from ch2
Acid -> red
Neutral -> violet
Base -> blue
Steps:
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Acid (H2SO4) Base(NaOH)
Ma =0.2 M Mb = 0.1 M
Va=50x10 L -3
Vb =100x10-3 L
na=1 nb=2

𝑀𝑎 𝑋 𝑉𝑎 𝑀𝑏 𝑋 𝑉𝑏
:
𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
(0.2)𝑋 (50𝑥10−3 ) (0.1)𝑋 (100𝑥10−3 )
:
1 2
0.01 >5x10 -3

Solution is acidic
-----------------------------------------------------------------
15) d
To use a standard solution for HCl which is acid we need a base
Which here is a base
Choice a
Sodium chloride (neutral salt) cannot be used as a standard solution
NaCl
NaOH / HCl
Strong base. Strong acid
Cannot be used as a standard solution
Choice b
BaSO4 (neutral salt)
Ba(OH)2 : strong base
H2SO4: strong acid
Neutral salt
Cannot be used as a standard solution as we need base
Choice c
Ammonium acetate
NH4OH: weak base
Acetic acid: weak acid
Neutral salt
Can’t be used as a standard solution
Choice d
Sodium oxalate
NaOH: strong base
Oxalic acid ➔ organic acid weak acid
Basic salt
Can be used as a standard solution
Correct choice

-----------------------------------------------------------------
16) C
As the gas which has bad smell is H2S (hydrogen sulphide) gas that turns
paper wet by lead acetate to black by forming PbS (lead sulphide) which is
black ppt
H2S gas is formed due to reaction of sulphide solid salt with dil HCl where dil
HCl replaces sulphide anion in form of H2S gas as HCl is more stable than H2S
-Na2S(s)+2HCl(aq)→2NaCl(aq)+H2S(g)↑
-H2S(g)+(CH3COO)2Pb(aq)→2CH3COOH+PbS(s)↓
So, salt X must be sulphide salt =(NH4)2S
And gas Y must be hydrogen sulphide =(H2S)
So, choice C is correct

-----------------------------------------------------------------
17)B
Steps:
[Products]
Kc= [Reactants]
[HI]2
Kc=[H
2 ][I2 ]
[5x10−3 ]2
KC=[1x10−3 ][1.5x10−3] =16.67

The reaction is not at equilibrium as Kc given in the question not equal the
calculated kc, that indicates a change happens in Kc as Kc changes by
changing temperature only.
Kc given in question=55.26
Kc calculated =16.67
So, B is correct
A is wrong as kc given in question not equal the calculated one.
C is wrong as it can be determined.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
18) A
Ammonium nitrate solution has acidic effect, because ammonium nitrate
(NH4NO3) ionized in water gives weak base (NH4OH (aq)) and strong Acid
(HNO3(aq))
-NH4NO3 ⇌ NH4+ + NO3-
-H2O ⇌ H+ + OH-
-NH4NO3 + H2O ⇌ H+ + NO3- + NH4OH
-it will have acidic effect on litmus paper

-----------------------------------------------------------------
19) B
When adding potassium carbonate salt to pure water, Give weak acid
(H2CO3) and Strong base (KOH (aq))
K2CO3 + 2H2O ⇌ H2CO3 + 2K+ + 2OH-
- it has a basic effect, then the solution will become basic solution, as bases
it’s pH > 7 so it will rise the value of pH than 7

-----------------------------------------------------------------
20) C
When the ionization constant increase (Ka) the acid become stronger than
the other
A= 5.6x10-4
B = 5.1x10-4
C= 8.9x10-8
D= 6.7x10-4
Then, D > A > B > C
-Choice A is wrong because B is stronger than C not weaker than it because it
has higher ionization constant and B is weaker than A not stronger than it
because A has higher ionization constant than B
-Choice B is wrong because C is weaker than A not stronger than it because it
has lower ionization constant than A
-Choice d is wrong because D is the strongest acid not the weakest because
it has the highest ionization constant among them, and C is the weakest acid
not the strongest because it has the lowest ionization constant among them.
-Choice C is correct as A is weaker than D because it has lower ionization
constant than D, and stronger than B because it has ionization constant
higher than B

-----------------------------------------------------------------
21) A
NOTE: ay k constant mbtt2srsh gher btghyor el temperature.
RULE: Kw=[H+] [OH-]=10-14 at 25oc
- by adding acidic solution to water, the concentration of OH- decrease and
the H+ increase (inversely proportional to each other)
In this case the product of multiplication of both conc will be the same, as the
change of Kw is only affected by changing the temperature.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
22)A
*Choice a:
Ammonium chloride ionized in water giving a weak base (NH4OH) and strong
acid (HCL), so ammonium chloride is an acidic salt
(Choice A is the correct answer)

*Choice b:
Anion ionized while cation form a molecule (Choice b is excluded)

*Choice c:
Ammonium chloride is a salt formed from reaction between strong acid (HCl)
and weak base (NH4OH) so it is considered as acidic salt
So, its pH<7 and its pOH>7 (Choice C is excluded)

*Choice d:
ammonium chloride is soluble in water as any compound containing
ammonium is soluble in water (Choice d is excluded)

-----------------------------------------------------------------
23) D
Steps:
A [H+] = 1x10-12 mol/L pH=-log[H+]
pH= -log[1x10-12]
pH = 12
(Basic solution)
B pH=12 pH=12
(Basic solution)
C pOH=10 pOH=10
pH=14-10 =4
(Acidic solution
D [OH-]=1x10-13 mol/L [OH-]=1x10-13 mol/L
 pOH=-log [OH-]
pOH=13
pH=14-pOH
pH=14-13=1
(Acidic solution)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
24) C
Indicator Acid Base neutral
Litmus Red Blue Purple
Methyl orange Red Yellow Orange
- we can conclude that: methyl orange and litmus solution can’t be
differentiated by acidic solution as they give red color with both
*Choice a:
Na3pO4 + 3H2O ⇄ 3Na+ + 3OH- + H3PO4
“Solution has basic effect as it’s derived from strong base (NaOH) and weak
acid (H3PO4), it gives a blue color with litmus solution and yellow color with
methyl orange, so it can differentiate between both indicators.
(Choice a excluded)
*Choice b:
KNO3 + H2O ⇄ K+ + OH- + H+ + NO3-
“Solution has neutral effect as it’s derived from strong base (KOH) and strong
acid (HNO3), it gives a purple color with litmus solution and orange color with
methyl orange, so it can differentiate between both indicators.
(Choice b is excluded)
*Choice c:
FeCL3 + 3H2O ⇄ Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3CL-
“Solution has acidic effect as it’s derived from weak base (Fe(OH)3) and
strong acid (HCL), it gives a red color with litmus solution and red color with
methyl orange, so it can’t differentiate between them.
(Choice c is the correct answer)
*Choice d:
(NH4)2CO3 + 2H2O ⇄ 2NH4OH + H2CO3
“Solution has neutral effect as it’s derived from weak base (NH4OH) and weak
acid (H2CO3), it gives a purple color with litmus solution and orange color with
methyl orange, so it can’t differentiate between them “
(Choice d is excluded)

-----------------------------------------------------------------
25) A
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Acid (HCl) Base(Na2CO3)

Ma =0.1 M Mb = 0.5 M
Va=X L Vb =20x10-3 L
na=2 nb=1

𝑀𝑎 𝑋 𝑉𝑎 𝑀𝑏 𝑋 𝑉𝑏
=
𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
(0.1)𝑋 𝑉𝑎 (0.5)𝑋 (20𝑥10−3 )
=
2 1
(0.5)𝑋 (20𝑥10−3 )(2)
Va= = 0.2 L
(0.1)(1)

-----------------------------------------------------------------
26) C
Here in this question, a reversible reaction was given in which the equation
provided concerns the formation of hydrogen iodide:
H2(g) +I2(g) ⇄2HI(g)
The value of Kc of the decomposition of hydrogen iodide was requested
before we answer this question, there are some expressions you must take
care about them because when you find one of them you must reverse the
equation:
• Kc value of the backward direction
• Kc value of decomposition of 2HI(g)
• Kc value of formation of H2(g) +I2(g)
Therefor we will reverse the previous provided reaction, it will be like:
2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) +I2(g)
Kc →is the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of products over the
equilibrium concentrations of reactants each raised to the power of their
balance coefficients.
[product] [H2 ][I2 ]
Kc=[reactant]= 2
[HI]
----------------------------------------------------------------
27)A
We need to choose the choice in which silver nitrate solution fails to
differentiation between its solutions:

Choice B:
On reacting hydrochloric acid with silver nitrate, it yields silver chloride which
is white ppt (1st analytical group)
On reacting nitric acid with silver nitrate, it gives no reaction (common anion)
So, it can differentiate between them

Choice C:
On reacting sodium bromide with silver nitrate, it yields silver bromide which
is a yellowish white ppt (confirmatory of bromide anion)
On reacting sodium sulphite with silver nitrate, it yields silver sulphite which is
a white ppt (confirmatory of sulphite anion)
So, it can differentiate between them

Choice D:
On reacting sodium iodide with silver nitrate, it yields silver iodide which is a
yellow ppt (confirmatory of iodide anion)
On reacting sodium sulphite with silver nitrate, it yields silver sulphite which is
a white ppt (confirmatory of sulphite anion)
So, it can differentiate between them

Choice A:
On reacting sodium phosphate with silver nitrate, it yields silver phosphate
which a is yellow ppt (confirmatory of phosphate anion)
On reacting sodium iodide with silver nitrate, it yields silver iodide which is a
yellow ppt (confirmatory of sulphite anion)
So, it cannot differentiate between them

----------------------------------------------------------------
28)C

“Ay sahm tal3 yb2a products “

“Ay sahm nazel yb2a reactants”

- On studying the following graph, we conclude that:

There are two curves starting from zeroes, so both represent
of them are the products of the reaction.
There is only one curve is starting from a specific value and
decreases, so this curve represents reactant.
We have one reactant that yields two products.
Then choice A and D are excluded

- On studying the two curves of the product we can

conclude that:
One of the two product’s curves is constant at concentration
double that of the other product curve.
-One of the products(blue) is double that the other (orange)
So, one of the products is double that the other (Because ratio between
products in it is 1:2)
Then choice B is excluded
So, the most accurate answer is choice C

----------------------------------------------------------------
29)A
KMnO4 is known as an oxidizing agent which oxidizes what is added to it and
gets reduces in the process.
Meaning, the violet colour is removed when KMnO4 gets reduced.
So, in order to reduce KMnO4 we need a substance that can get oxidized and
the question has provided us with four gases in which we need to choose one
of these gases that can be oxidized.
The only gas in the choices which can be oxidized is SO2 gas which can be
converted into SO3 by oxidation

Why do exclude choice B:

Because in this question we are talking about gases not ions (NOTICE that
there is a difference between gases and anions)
NO gas can be oxidized to NO2 gas while NO2 gas cannot be oxidized
NO2-(Nitrite) can be oxidized and forms NO3-(Nitrate)

Confirmatory test of nitrite ions as an example for reduction of KMnO4:

----------------------------------------------------------------
30)C
Aqueous barium hydroxide solution:
Ba(OH)2 → Ba+2 + 2OH-
We will solve this question in two steps:

- 1st part: The solution of strong acids in water is a solution of weak electrolyte
which is:
we know that barium hydroxide is a strong base so it ionizes completely, all
Ba(OH)2 are ionized into barium ions and hydroxide ions leaving no (Ba(OH)2
molecules) ➔ So, we will exclude choice A and choice D
- 2nd part: we need to determine the ratio between barium ions and hydroxide
ions:
Ba(OH)2 → Ba+2 + 2OH-
X → X 2X

So, by comparing the concentration of each of the

two
ions (Barium ions and hydroxide ions) ➔ we conclude

conc
that
the concentration of hydroxide ions (2X) is twice the
concentration of barium ions (X).

So, the correct choice is choice C.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
31)a
By applying Le Chatelier’s principle:
Changes in any condition that affect the chemical equilibrium system such
as concentration, will shift the reaction in the direction, which oppose this
change.
(The system shifted to direction, which decrease, or cancels the effect of the
change).
“el na7ya elly tzwd feha el reaction yro7 3aksha”

increasing oxygen gas concentration on the reaction mixture will lead to

shifting the reaction towards forward direction “formation of the products.”
So formation of Cl2 increases which have greenish yellow color, so greenish
yellow color become more intense

So, choice C is excluded

In case of exothermic reactions:

•Increasing the temperature will lead to decreasing Kc value
•Decreasing the temperature will lead to increasing Kc value

Choice A is correct.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
32)d
CH3COOH⇌CH3COO- + H+
The solution of acetic acid in water is a solution of weak electrolyte which is:
•Partially ionized in their solutions
•Some of the reactant molecules are converted into ions. (incomplete
reaction)
•Ionic equilibrium takes place.
•Ostwald’s dilution law is applied on them.

Ostwald’s dilution law:

•At constant temperature, there is a directly proportional relation between the
degree of dissociation (α) and the dilution in weak electrolytes where the
value of dissociation (ionization) constant (Ka) is constant.
•At constant temperature, there is an inversely proportional relation between
the degree of dissociation (α) and the concentration of weak electrolytes
where the value of dissociation (ionization) constant (Ka) is constant.

So, by dilution the concentration of acid “CH3COOH” decreases but degree of

dissociation “α” of this acid to its ions “CH3COO-, H+” increases.
And this acid is a weak electrolyte which can illuminate the lamp which is
connected to two poles dipped in the solution.

Choice D is correct.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
33)c
Ostwald’s dilution law is applied only on weak electrolytes
We need in this question a strong electrolyte because we need the exception
1) strong acids:
•H2SO4: sulphuric acid
•HNO3: nitric acids
•HCl: hydrochloric acids
•HBr: hydrobromic acid
•HI: hydroiodic acid
•HClO4: perchloric acid

2)strong bases(alkali)
•NaOH: sodium hydroxide
•KOH: potassium hydroxide
•LiOH: lithium hydroxide
•Ca(OH)2: calcium hydroxide
•Ba(OH)2: barium hydroxide

So, the only strong electrolyte in the choices is lithium hydroxide

Choice C is correct.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
34)d
The solution of weak acids in water is a solution of weak electrolyte which is:
•Partially ionized in their solutions
•Some of the reactant molecules are converted into ions. (incomplete
reaction)
•Ionic equilibrium takes place.
The solution of strong acids in water is a solution of strong electrolyte which is:
•Completely ionized in their solutions
•All the reactant molecules converted into ions. (complete reaction)
•No chemical equilibrium takes place

So, Ionization of an acid depends on strength of the acid:

•If weak acid “HCN, CH3COOH”: reversible reaction (incomplete reaction)
•If strong acid “H2SO4, HCl”: irreversible (complete reaction)

So, from the choices:

As we know
HCN, CH3COOH : are both weak acids → reversible reaction
‫حته منه بس هي اللي بتتفكك‬
H2SO4 : strong acid → complete reaction
‫كله بيتفكك‬
Choice a:
correctly ionized but reaction is complete which is wrong because this
reaction is Partially ionised “incomplete reaction”.
excluded
Choice b:
correctly ionized but reaction is complete which is wrong because this
reaction is Partially ionised “incomplete reaction”.
excluded
Choice c:
correctly ionized but reaction is reversible which is wrong as HCl is strong acid
“completely ionised”.
excluded
Choice d:
correctly ionized and correctly balanced as well as it’s a complete reaction
because H2SO4 is as HCl is strong acid “completely ionised” and the reaction is
complete reaction.
Choice D is the correct answer.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
35) d
HNO2 is a weak acid: Which is affected by dilution
So, by dilution:
•ionization (increases)
•Concentration of ions decreases
Number of H+ and NO2- increased as the ionization increases by dilution.
But the concentration of H+ in the total solution is decreased.
H+ concentration decreases → PH of the medium increases.
So, to sum up:
The electric conductivity increases as number of ions increases.
choice a correct
The number of H+ free ions increased.
choice b is correct
The total concentration of H+ decreases —> PH increases
choice c is correct

choice d is the correct answer (all answers are correct)

-----------------------------------------------------------------
36)A
On the first reaction:
1
SO3(g) ⇄SO2(g) +2 O2(g) H =(+)
The temperature will be endothermic (+) (Heat in Reactant) so rate of
decomposition of SO3 (Forward direction) increase by increasing the
temperature, so reaction 1 is correct.
Note:- “EL NA7YA EL BZWD FEHA REACTION YRO7 3KSHA “

On the second reaction:

N2H4(g) ⇄N2(g)+2H2(g) H =(-)

The temperature will be exothermic (-) (Heat in Product) so rate of

decomposition of N2H4 (Forward direction) increase by decreasing the
temperature, so reaction 2 is Wrong.
If we increase temperature on reaction 2, we will go to (backward direction)
so if we decreasing (Cooling) the temperature we will go (forward direction).
So we will choose reaction 1 only.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
37)D
As we know:
Strong acids: H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, HBr, HI
Strong bases: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, LiOH, Ba(OH)2

Dilution has no effect on strong electrolytes

(Strong acids and Strong bases)
because it’s already completely ionized (100% ionized) in water.
Note:- El kwe bytfkk kolo
(Ions > molecules), Strong Electrolytes è Strong conductor of electricity, (ions
increase so electricity increase).

Dilution has effect only on weak electrolytes

(weak acids and weak bases)
because it’s already only partially ionized, ionization increase due to gradual
increase in dilution “Ostwald law”
(Ions < molecules)
Weak electrolytes è weak conductor of electricity
So, at constant temperature there is a inversely proportional relation between
the degree of dissociation (∝) and the concentration of weak electrolytes
where the value of dissociation (ionization) constant ka is constant

Dilution of weak acid:

∝  , dilution , concentration 
Number of H+ , electric conductivity  , PH  , conc of [H+] 
-By dilution HNO3 (Strong acid):
electric conductivity doesn’t change due to complete ionization.

conc of [H+] will decreased because strong electrolytes have not affected by
dilution due to complete ionization (100% ionized) and number of H + doesn’t
change.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
38)B
In this question we need to order the concentration of [OH-] from the highest
to the smallest:
Strong base will have the highest concentration of [OH-] due to complete
ionization.
Note:- “EL KWE BYTFKK KOLO”

After that weak base will have a lower concentration of [OH-] due to partial
ionization.
Note:- “7ta mno bs el bttfkk ya abo el abtal”

the concentration of [H-] and [OH-] are equal and are described as a neutral
solution.

Therefor, the order of the highest concentration of [OH-] is:

Strong base > weak base > Neutral
Strong bases : NaOH , KOH , Ca(OH)2 , LiOH , Ba(OH)2

-So, we can exclude (a and c) because KCl by hydrolysis will give strong acid
and strong base (HCl and KOH)
-we can also exclude (d) because NH4OH is a weak base.

So, the correct answer will be (b) because KOH is a strong base, NH4OH is a
weak base and KCl is neutral.
KOH > NH4OH > KCl

-----------------------------------------------------------------
39)D
Both pH and pOH are related to each other, pH is inversely proportional to
pOH, and pH increases with decreasing pOH.
1
pH ∝ 𝑝𝑂𝐻
Highest pH = Lowest [H+] and Highest [OH-]
Lowest pH = Highest [H+] and Lowest [OH-]
So we can conclude that:
Highest [H+] = Strong acid = Lowest pH = Highest pOH ➔ 1
Highest [OH-] = Strong base = Highest pH = Lowest pOH ➔ 2
-in the graph:
Point A has the lowest pH and Highest pOH
So from relation 1, we can say we have a “Strong acid”
-Since Na2CO3 by hydrolysis gives NaOH which is a Strong base and also gives
H2CO3 which is weak acid so we can exclude (b and c), so point A will be
NH4Cl because by hydrolysis will give HCl which is a strong acid, and also
gives NH4OH which is a weak base.
Point a = NH4Cl

Point b has the highest pH and lowest pOH

So from relation 2, we can say we have a “Strong base”
-Since FeCl2 by Hydrolysis gives HCl which is a strong acid and also gives
Fe(OH)2 which is a weak base so we can exclude (a) because we are looking
for Strong base , so point B will be Na2CO3 because by hydrolysis gives NaOH
which is a Strong base and, also gives H2CO3 which is a weak acid
Point b = Na2CO3

-----------------------------------------------------------------
40)B
Degree of solubility = X

Equation: AB2 ➔ A2+ + 2B-

Concentration: X 2X
Ksp = [A2+]× [B-]2
[X] × [2X]2
Ksp = 4X3
3 𝐾𝑠𝑝
X= √ 4

-----------------------------------------------------------------
41)B
We will solve this question using Le chatelier principle
*El nahya ely nzawd feha el reaction yroh 3ksaha

And as the H2SO4 will dissociate completely into 2H+ & SO4-2 and the SO4-2 ion is
already in the equation on the right side
so the Conc of SO4-2 will INC and the reaction will shift backwards "to oppose
the change happened of inc in SO4-2" so [Ba+2] will Dec as we shifted
backwards

And Ksp we remain constant because we know that

*Ay K hya K constant Sabta mesh betet8yr elaaa bet8yor el Temp

So correct answer is choice B

-----------------------------------------------------------------
42)A
If we focused on A we will notice that it was 1A on the left side and the Kp
value was 4
Then in the 2nd equation we noticed that A became 2A on the right side
"opposite side"
So to know the new value of Kp in the 2nd equation we will make these
changes
Kp2 = 1 / (Kp1)²
= 1 / (4)²
= 1/16
= 0.0625 choice A is correct

-----------------------------------------------------------------
43)B
The trick in this Question is in the note that says
*Ay solid laaaa toktab
So ZnS and ZnO will not be written in the rule as their physical state is (s) solid
so
Choice C and D are wrong

And as we know the balance will be written in the power of conc of products
and reactants not beside them so
Choice A is wrong
So, by exclusion choice B

-----------------------------------------------------------------
44)d
a) By adding NO2 the reaction will shift in backward direction (left)
(el nehya ely twazed feha el reaction yemshy 3aksha)
So, choice a is EXCLUDED

b) By removing N2O4 the reaction shifts in backward direction (left)

So, choice b is EXCLUDED

c)By decreasing temp the reaction shifts backward (left) as this reaction is
endothermic (hnwady el temp bl +ve el nehya el tanya)
So, choice c is EXCLUDED

d)By increasing the volume of the vessel → decreasing pressure

So, the reaction will shift forward (right)
So, the correct answer is D
-----------------------------------------------------------------
45)b
a) FeCO3 + 2HCl → FeCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Na2SO4 + 2HCl → No reaction (as SO42- derived from acid more stable than
HCl)
So, HCl can differentiate between them

b) Both Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 are soluble in acids

so, both of them will dissolve in HCl, so we can’t differentiate between them
using HCl

c) BaSO4 → insoluble in dil.HCl

Ba3(PO4)2 → soluble in dil.HCl (Phosphate Fula fe el dawban)
So, we can differentiate between them using HCl

d)
FeO + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2 + H2O
Fe2O3 + dil.HCl → No reaction (as hematite react only with Conc HCl)
So, we can differentiate between them using HCl

-----------------------------------------------------------------
46)a
Experiment 2 has a higher rate as it is closer to the Y-axis on the graph. To
increase the rate, we used Zn powder because the increase in surface area
leads to an increase in the rate of reaction. On the other hand, experiment 1
had a lower rate of reaction as it was farther from the Y-axis. So, we used a Zn
block instead.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
47)c
catalyst lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction. So, this
increases the number of particles that have enough energy to react
So, the correct choice is choice C

-----------------------------------------------------------------
48)c
When Kc>1
This means that the concentration of the products is more than the
concentration of the reactants, which means that the forward reaction is the
pre-dominant (the reaction proceeds better to the right)

When Kc<1
This means that the concentration of the reactants is more than the
concentration of the products, which means that the backward reaction is the
predominant (the reaction proceeds better to the left)

-----------------------------------------------------------------
49)a
First part: On the y-axis, we have the percentage of products, while on the x-
axis, we have the pressure. As we move along the x-axis, the curve rises,
indicating an increase in products as the pressure increases. This means that
the number of moles of the products is lower than that of the reactants.

Second part: The graph shows the relationship between the products and the
temperature. As the temperature increases, the products also increase,
indicating that the reaction is exothermic.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
50)c
Dissociation of N2O4:
1
N2O4 =>2NO2 kc = 20
Dissociation of 2 moles of N2O4:
1
2N2O4 =>4NO2 kc = (20)2 = 2.5x10−3

-----------------------------------------------------------------
51) C
How to state that medium is at equilibrium state?
1) rate of forward = rate of backward.
‫سرعه الى راجع =سرعه الى راايح‬
2) the reaction is in dynamic state (movable ions in both sides)
3) concentration of reactant and products are constant (not equal)
4) concentration of reactants not equal zero at all (because there is an
equilibrium between both
So, from above as the concentration of reaction becomes constant at
equilibrium
So, the correct choice is C

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52) B
Since some of the product (HBr) leaked from the reaction medium therefore
the concentration of HBr will decrease
Then the reaction will shift forward to compensate the amount of HBr that
leaked from the reaction medium and the concentration of HBr will increase
again but with an amount less than the initial amount that we’ve at the
beginning of the reaction
(as the effect of the leakiness of HBr from the reaction medium is stronger
than the effect of shifting of the reaction forward trying to reach the
equilibrium state again)

→ So, the correct choice is B (figure Y)

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53) A

As kc less one so it means concentration of product less

than concentration of reactant which means that
reaction shifted backward so backward reaction is
predominant reaction so HI (Reactant) > H2(g) +
I2(g)(product)

➔ Choice D is excluded as HI more than H2 + I2 from the graph

HI (product) & H2(g) + I2(g) (reactant)

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54) B

As we know that Sc is a highly active metal which replaces hydrogen of water

strongly (It has chemical Activity↑)
So, it can react with water forming Sc(OH)3 , H2
Also, we know that Sc has only one oxidation state which is → +3
Then we can exclude choices A, D
As MO → ScO this compound was written wrong as Sc has no (+2) oxidation
state
Choice C is excluded
As MSO4 → ScSO4 this compound is written wrong as Sc has no (+2) oxidation
state
→ The correct choice is B

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55) B
-Yellow ore → limonite (2Fe2O3.3H2O)
-Black ore → Magnetite (Fe3O4)
To convert yellow ore to black ore
1) Roasting
∆
-2Fe2O3.3H2O(s) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(v) ↑
2) reduction at 300˚C
230−300˚𝐶
-3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) ↑
Choice B is the correct choice
Choice A is wrong:
∆
-2Fe2O3.3H2O(s) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(v) ↑
Give the red ore (Fe2O3) not the black ore (Fe3O4)
Choice C is wrong:
1) Roasting
∆
-2Fe2O3.3H2O(s) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(v) ↑
2) reduction at 500˚C
400−700˚𝐶
-3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) → 2FeO(s) + H2O(v) ↑
Give FeO not Fe3O4
-FeO is the black oxide not the black ore
Choice D is wrong:
∆
2Fe2O3.3H2O(s) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(v) ↑
-Fe2O3 can’t be oxidized

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56) C
NOTE
- FeO, Fe can react with both dil and conc acids
- Fe2O3, Fe3O4 can react with conc acids only
So, when adding Diluted H2SO4 to a mixture of Fe2O3 and FeO it will react only
with FeO giving FeSO4 and H2O
FeO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + H2O (L)
(FeSO4 , H2O will remain in the test tube after the reaction is completed)

And as we know that Fe2O3 will not react with dil H2SO4 So, it will remain inside
the test tube

➔ So, after the reaction is completed the contents of the test tube will be :
Fe2O3, FeSO4, H2O
Choice C is the correct answer

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57)C
H + = √Ka . Ca = √(14.44 x 10−5 )x(3.8 x 10−3 ) = 0.0007M
PH = −log (0.0007) = 3.15
POH = 14 − 3.15 ≈ 10.87

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Essay:
1)
First: Solubility degree of Pb(OH)2 is 0.155 g/L
Quick note ‼
Solubility degree has no measuring unit
So, to be accurate this number --> 0.155 g/L doesn't represent solubility
degree
Let's take the measuring unit and see what does it represents
-g/L --> mass / volume
🔴Some mathematical relation ⬇
Number of moles =Mass / molar mass
Number of moles =Conc × Volume
Conc × Volume = Mass / Molar mass
➡ Mass/Volume=Conc × Molar mass
So, we conclude that
0.155 g/L = Mass/Volume And also could be0.155= Conc × Molar mass
We need to know the Concentration of Pb and OH
From the previous steps
0.155= Conc × Molar mass
Molar mass of Pb(OH)2 = 241
Conc of Pb(OH)2 = 0.155/241
So Conc of Pb(OH)2 = 6.43×10-³
hydrolysis
Pb(OH)2 → Pb+2 + 2OH-
[X] [X] [2X]

Since X =6.43×10-³
-[Pb] = 6.43×10-³
-[OH]-=6.43×10-³×2 = 1.29×10-³
-Second:
pOH = -log(1.29x10-3) = 2.889
pH = 14 –pOH = 14 – 2.889 =11.11

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2) 2A(g)=3B(g)+C(s)
(0.4)3
𝑘𝑐 = = 0.17778
(0.6)2
We didn’t write C as it’s a solid substance has no concentration
Kc<1, that means the backward reaction is the dominant direction