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Electrical engineering
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
110 views21 pagesNote2 1
Electrical engineering
Uploaded by
vipar snikeCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 21
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Aterreliay voligge way be goneralld by:
1s Rotating a cil in a mepretic field. » Sreatt mic
2 Rotating a maynctic-Reld Sairtin a syabiomy ex atagye /C
ta
Anducton
Kon 4 ef ina wir lop rotati og unio ine mngeet he
. ¥
~ Suppose a tactangulor “est howigy
argues vatocity Af wo rad/ 9e.
= tar ene be menanredl igen x aais Hen
pis plans ovciles with x-oniae
na 3 rotates qreough args 0 200k and te component of
praiaiar tw the plane of the ov | u
bt fn Be
tence Glue Lowage the cdl at apy Here oe
yg tN ge Sswt anon
- accowkig bw Feredieg Yass “of chectro angg nee induration, He eanp indincad
a equal to we rats A change of fe Howage
starna robetigg In a urificers mmynetie field nth
‘ ten
co mes” gx der i Bowed with ote esl aoe
In He + seconds ,
io ye eAl
e:- aww
F Go aw)
- de
- - Nn 4n% G Sinut)
= oN fem Stout = wn de Sine vert Oo
1 to
te
1 ot ONGH 2 ws Bl wn AE (ee)
anf % SmA velt - CFD
whore, Bn 2 Max fm Acnaits (b/d
A: Aven 4 ane call ©)
: 4 cal au ]ie
§ = freguongy 4 mer?
© Subsbiwigg sue value <,
S * Fy Em in ay?
e@: En Sind = Ew Sin wt = ee CD
Siowlars a qbternatigy curctat .
pede sik 2 6 TOF
From 2 in ah?
Tenn BAe ek SINCE )*
ts de Sandy Se se(2e) +
-o
ed
og vel
some vered aN er
wort, TE
os
Ww goon wah the induced arnt verieo ao ine farevien d\ the
ke wt pnd when emf 6 onal qgaina baw 0 sire BOO
Arg’ otra dima cv, land We omf gmiaeeD oo
ainuortad owt
ereLe: Qut complete Aor df positive and negative vous of abierroiog
quanti A ner A ego.
e
Ay
Mee
% ®
Time PORIG: The Lee alan by an alternals quantity comput one
eyes called Uke tra period. Geroted ey 7 and Unit Secerd
FREQoENCY' 4 egoles per second is cabled Prec werey paroted
De re
wy fend ant Here te)
fet
wae VeHert Te distente prorelled 44 @ wowt ar the ger Bie
rod.
per Az9T
Amputee: Ta mac wala posite ar nyative) of an atternating
quasi, UW unwn aa Ue amplisude
sahonr, 4g abociyg fp wow C/O Phase the frackin ff the Une period ap aslrich han elaprrd Aince Yu
tured jaat yorsed Atrrotgh he cero position of referorne A atjornaliny
quantity «called phase
Here, phase % current ab psion A ly V4 Sewnd. me "> vaAans
phase afferwte: yalun too or more alternating quatihies 6 Uy game freuen
are coucidared simulancouayy , Paey oe ot pene Yorayn & parbudor
pein of Ue save dam instant ln qraie pespettive oyellbe Tn duah @ Caw
“Huse Joy quanbitses awe a phaoe differance
Hor, i, wremar Dandi, & tere degrees apart Fowe .
Monee, iy lend by g? oR phave difference bet? 3 adi, bp
uation Can be voritten a
* i. 4 Sgpsin O49)
tye Se
Instantaneous Value: The value 4 an abternobing erect unr}
od oy inet i called inaiantanesio Value Penoted 3 V, 16.
gone valle: The mas™ valut Cat rt) attained by arternatiog
=
quowbipy us eatled peate vedi max vate amplibeate
average volt: Tu onerage vate Qa) oan alternating carro!
by that st Curent aslich rranafers
across any grt Abe swe charge aouw transferreel by
thot alternating current duvig Lis tome. tion ,
R
Root Mean Syuere Rac) value: the AME value dan atterrabiny current ib geen
ae _ Ateady(eley curren salsich voters flowing dragh m gion cireult
a aivan Hime produscas the dame batt ao” preduced by Bee allevrating
turnout LALen Plowing +hro Seung
‘a tconas ocr oe coal: hac Ester Ue amo Hee 94 is
wu exprennee! ce prove Het lims= Im =
We wens ther He dlandand fren gh « ginuaisled atternabing Cunet
LY 2 Lm Simwt = Tn Sing
0307 Ty,
We wan f Be sqrcare 4 Jue inotantansous value f curred”
over one tomplete eyelet
= (52 de
» 2K-d
De syn taf ween
an
Horce, Ae BMS arokue 4 abhornating tusrrent i
4g eteosinll
Tras = | (% i2do
rs ana
= Ls es0
. le
« [3 ("sete a to = SoBe
on » > & prove dha Tay = 2 Im = 0-634 Im
ee ee
Us slandard A
equator A an abternading aurea Te,
ic Im Sinwl = Im Sing
ns.
he
2 (* snS0® dt
nw
= ( ging A
rou eos
a is dofired a we ratio
Masharaatioally,
Ferm-faeler =
ping value te Hee average valit
rs value
ms
arornye value
pare
0633 lm
kp = 44d
Cex sirmandat quonbyy otf)
Pectanpstiar word al
ata a0
“ Ie
mits one
vy: © tit 8548 «14.
oc Im
Pee pares:
ors dafired oo we relic
goats fact
af rat value to tne rma vodllen
Ae it
Rus value
ee B® Ge <4. (Fx Srussidel ony ) hare Rladiowaling in ireluctanse capacitance and Reaisterce
is Pure Rearstdrer_exeited Sinutordal voltage +
ak =r"
et
VeVi By: phasce 8
© wn ae ae
ea
Te Reasstance
TERE etraiblty
1 Pure realeiores excited by
War agen HAN pr Ture, Redtetoag "i 1 Tar facies corals ee
shoe’ @ U excitesl by sinusrdl 06 Vo lrege
9 Vm Sint = = - Ci
.
Let ike the inclanlancoua unirentfecttrough tat eiveeeit |
4 Ohm's law,
Guret Bis ie mex hen sinot be unity
tide ashe 1 In? V2
Hinge pi im Swot _.- 4
tompar oa egan, wwe gor THA the abtearnadicg vettegt ed
3 ome gy
Uurred are In phasa sith each oMer,
PE otentanceus power pz vet
= Ves Sinuat x Im Siniot
= Vn Sm Sinteot
Dus onverage pomar tb
. an
Pav = ‘ P dt
+ be 62 Ueten Srtot chet
5 Venti (t= casust) disk,
ey WM vot (eget) ae
Vote (7% 4. en out) dist
vate,
ar \e cx
2 vote (at - sinat |
ae “= Jo
5; sin 242
2 vote, [an - Seuss - 0 + HOS
“an —_ -
2 Velo 4 aa
ee
Tet
=
Tee
Pow + Ea Sm
= Ves * Teves 2. pure Incuctasme excited by Sinusoidal vo tage
)
ao o
Cre: ree pe] :
[eggs ee Pom of Vole & carer Crg:phee Sage 4
Jog pure Uraditevance 4 i phase
with v
W Find + component of 7” porentiaual
we can dif tiwe Byer ef power insta oirtuit ,
ACTIVE POWER CPO = Va cop war ste E'S ER
€ Reoponai ble Fre Produiny heat)
Mere, cos is powor factor
REACTIVE POWER(AD Fv x Ising Yar cuottArapere dene)
2 ERE 2 HM
2
{ Rangousible fer mainainigg sas mefnetie around He «il )
arparant poner (S) = val es [Fiqar MA
Arar oe #8
Tek este
5. RC Sorfen caventt exerted by ainusordal_ votheye
a o¢
i
Venti
That Gren Bare)
lee we cireaiy HAND A FEUslane CR) connected eoith ond capacitance (.) amd
aapplted ac VOUMZE Tg en Sinwt 9D
Ler v cms value of applied votrege, T = rma value Of tee epplved Gurraut
Tim, voltage chop io veaistance @cWeb = IR and -tuve will be ne phase
Afferonce bark? Vp and I
=%F awd I leads ¥, P
Alo, in eapanitane @ = Me tS fe by 90!
watage ox SMe Mage £ by 30?
Pease
os, Vo team?
oe
= feta r2%> where y L Vv
Bafe
yet deren? = Capauthve
J Feactance [pays phaser dingren)
es . ‘
Fat woliage anys
teu who, 2 [exe = Lmpeance oP circuit
= fom phasor diagram, A bs lear thar ate ap
i yom wat
Es tm Sinkoted )
tang 2 Yew
va
jong s S¥e
rR
Hench = Be
# = t00°\(ey
power io tr Circuit
Lover 1)
Here 1 rea Kio Components ,
Lod > lomponent ef £ io phaoe wih
ud Ling cb wmponens af 8 fo pecrenbiudin wv
we enn defive hwo aetna
powar in: He ureatt,
Acteve PowER(P) *
pe vied watt
see mee
site
REACTIVE POWER CR)
=
srzr ke
z
APPAGENT POWERCS)
ree
prctuer of 0 and BT
~ mee v0 ee WA)
= &zt
= i72waot b= Prz4e2
Plicel voltaye v laps
R
Ley Ampedane teianglé
sot)
rd
vie
(Hy: Wee fem oP v Bi)
(eosponaithe foe produsing want)
vet Sing VAR Wort - Ampere - Recebve J
(nor eeapenaibte fer acct podscing)
wn tom plex Nuvenker
hidden root <= STG
pepo ae Ts FAs Magia sete a Ae
FD? s-4 Peat 7
oe °°
2a 2-3
M2 8-p s-py cen es a8 8.
SPs gg shaped
lames ra Dang ral pe ond Hnpgy pc,
a+ oj —w Rectan ular fem= ayy = giey Te
tol. Le sean > polar = lenge { tro) 2 ghares J sna!
> Reponential frm = reJ® . geesi
Liregineg esis
5
z x35 _——
6 sere sw
= uy 2s Ttoso,
eg gzesine
Gryid = Thre +] Sing) = 0 40
~ The voltage merese the roasts ‘wy regarded an Reed quel,
- ew aos the Induce is eq aor © poate Temayirary qudly,
Des wolege eins pa Capacits ib Wyjardal do Nuyatiive Trnajinteg quae «
dstoru ope .
— = ty sxaiy ) zm = P+dR@ zy ef , tr 2
subiaatin 5 aya ts htt) LAG)
: - Oo £5 GY
2 att, 2 AP S , 2y-22 = Gof) 4 G-%)
wth piesti a ae Vo ea snes 20t
cas
————— zee = (rig) CTS) a ah 2) Liye
eo mpaiser ee FT 8
Pong
a .wig 2 et ye Lt Ge) (PID
e@ PR Zz. - pe | pee PT 7 se?
= Cee carly fre Gerajae re?
saree ge tle : vifGarw? = ¢
cere suns) +} ey
=o enw + f ESN waa
= te ogee +f (6CoO (s-2443) te4ae
t = eam ers © REC Sees exreeuit
Ree eae
@ L
«
arnt
fend tM yey
st
uot
Trg: 2 te seit cheeait
gen
Let
Vetter dep aerece RoE Yq FIR tte in phone 0107
voltege dap aemse bz + TM & beading 1 AY %
vou tage seep aense © ME 5 Ee eat 9
Vere cee fio dh Ffermt cases Un Hig Circuit
acc) en WXI7X te 0
Ley: phaove dap
when, 2 2f@a@em)? = Lmpedance 4 the circuit
Moree, 7, suse case £ lapaV by some angle #,
Hi im Sinkot- 4)
cree when exe 10 YW EM
~ Tleds v by home auyle F,
“2 2 fen Sto ots 6)
fang > Me“
whey 2 2 ]et+ &-4)* = Tenpedanee $F
gaa Geeuit
@ Poesy
u> Achve POWe(p) = Vi cos (warth)
AW Reagkve Power C@) = vi Sing Ae)
CA) Brace Apparord Powers? = vi (vay
oT pe?
ac paratler erreuits®
Le ey pe
aud pouh-2 hoo?
Ler pub-t, has resistence, Faea an taqindctoree Lt OMe P 2 hee
veoistence Re im denies wth Piexpaster tas .
viz emg Value of ‘the applied volete
qt GMs vou ef oe ae ne
ay = ey wou of cuureunt
ne Wnts st,
Ty toga ty dome aaglt of , water di = sastine/ey )
1, ledbv yong eshare gp 2408" Hx, )
The magnitude of cand Ip we gre by,
"s v t 2, Neem 40a! (Ry J
tS 28 valure, Qa and b= Ye
4
tee gta, ea leer 4 fo = 00! fey)
Cos OHH
AE WSing, - Sing
; Arogyaen,
. Legs we pacer fre 5)
1 Fytosg, = Achre component aft) < Tin phase with v
1 Sing) = Reackva tomporont ef = My lays Vibyoor *
Tesh, = pew component e{, = L, in qshaoe with V
Sa Sings = Reachve Component 2f 52 = 1, leads Vv by 90°
Mu act¥e componenr = I, 2 1,054, + & wsdo
8h Reostive Component = fy = Ip Si
Tp Sing — £5 Monee, Total curred f= Gaye
(Ay Condy + Ty OBA) 4 CI Sing,
vohere, £ lags v g on angle estore, B= fast Hy
Sa
Total Actiwe power = Vi Cong
Total Reackwe poner = vi Sinf
Resonance In R-L-C Series Crrewit
R & ©
(~. I)
Vv, PM
Cy: ere sorios circuit}
Ler FALE Serta ciett aupplied Up an ae volinge source,
tha induchve Vveactante sx 2 afl #
he Capmaitee reactance Z Xe =
~ a Kfe
valet, LL = Sxductanee io Hen
C= comeitone to pSinel
= Angular Frepueny in red /sec
a
Une vat raactance Of exrouit = X_~%e
Ta tole Impedane f oveeil 2 = EEE Row pe
Cp frequency F decrenacs, tla indcchre veaclartea x deoreanes awd ty copechve
veastane Qneresncs and vice -vorsas Ato particular frequenyy, xp be comee
equat > %_ Han net yeachante (X-%~) becomes zeros 2 =R, power
Factor ib uuity » the current 6 roay and epuscal bo Vas Butch condition
* ne 2
¢ res Chrenit. AY Wud Cond? vo tteye acres
we tn are sortes chreul Hs
ba. intakes areal woth fie voltage across the caprettor, Hence te
Ha indnciene, i Sige treson ao Yeltege Resonante and ta frepuency
Lenoir a yesonanee Frogueny (fe)
Wore, Xp = Xe
.
Ranh & Cake
f fe
NN rT Her, hoo parbuclor Prepucneies fi and f,
Or uncon ao half pi
valuta ave siven ly, ore Frepenepand
R
fish a
fri fot R
4nu
Us rane of Frepuencin bei” Fad f, ik unowon ae Band Width of
tae cirusit. This indicalis thor the peal caitlin duis rau of
Frepusneros usill eaaily paao Erevay eeult awed Hee Atgnal &
Fron, alow £, ad above £ Will be ablomuctod by wT eireutt,
From Ue resonante cee) it in clear Mhal
wm FE £ £6, woe sme ienpeolance vk Copacivive cud prfic lead
wW FLO x oeq jtene simpedance & Induchveciel pe te lop
(AE fo 9 met ranctane Kzo Cle 2 =%)
frand £2 are two Progusrspca ar whieh Dz Io
Vo
Cu power at these too Prepunetes = 20
Paes “Gye oy ate
= half power fs
Rett eerie
Resonant ip Parallel R cea
Lo part
nk r
{eo
v, $e . WJ
Leg: Ree poral sires
Iropedone of pubs, xy > RFT
jana of pase-2, 22 = — 1%
ten _
Current Horogh pare, B= Bae
“
pods sc nye Vg erp erg = "Ce
tm enters S68 hey
Ande verde vty ae aryl Ces tote! Current 1% phacue gum of fond Te
Te
2
mS
* dsogren C py: Pras dsagram) Ley: phaser dxeprcem}
Cr Bee ony ie gE pa Py
far tower Pesta, Xt louo_amd %e x high Thurefine cuarent Hnsaghy treluchnr
ran a Wper Shao the tured Wrouph eapacthve brranehs Mie otal current
a lagay & aoe angle g.
jvcluchen
Beogueerey , re le bathe ard x Calor Therfere erred Wong?
spore cures:
AW
Meresug Hoe capned ive beanch. Ue
branch Gs leas Phan a current
2 leads He VA dome angh >,
epuery g, beers epul
D phone volts vo veaulkiyy url power
yesonance > porwbld ac ciresit.
Lm Tsing, bo et the totet
par tice tor !
Pete. THis concliion
a
umes Tit
Ls tne ao
torneo, Te x OL Stode
Xe Zz Zz
Los vey
Lery: Resonance Lurve fx parable atreuts J
clits ® Tueee PHASE sysTEM
Tukeg_PHASE svsient
three phase stor tag three 4 oP arm .
the torus phase gout © armature wincting io RR, HY! al 8-8!
qumolt CALL Went (207 apart flen each ottur uoluth & whown oy fy telos
_whan tke magnat u fotetel in clouise direction with a conolent angular
veloiig, w rad/cee , te pus an the cetl4 wail charge wilh reopect 2 mw,
Tlarfere , accerling ho fas "4 aso ehactromaynelic snduckon , emf will
induces, all e moa q “ad
[aig Beoie ays Generate) f
= Te of induced jn three nile’ ave dep —withes ae vertices Aeferibed
nf Pa masthead call aruatons ao + ¥
Og > Em Sinwt ?
ey = Em Sin(wr-2e)
Ca = Gm Sink +120)
cm sinleat = 2007)
_ Te wanfnn and phaare aiagem J aah at eee
bts piree phase
fad
tree Poros wot ee
Ley: voawe fiers
2a?
C1 Capaphaaoe diagnaun) Three phase conne choo cere! )
ke ee
The dhvee phase connection aw can ty done
im tow def Ferent sony «
GY STAR CONNECT font
KD DELTA comin fet ont
Cio STAR _CONNOCT Be
Ne [ley
Les: belasdual operabion of ttone eats) Cay. star conmerion J
~ If thee ty (ie 080,83)
© Valance Cea enti tagacetely Year ttn ton is alles
ceili int Sitalon, “Use current Hrwyjh each Cal canbe
Lg 2 Im Sin oh
Ty 2 tm Sor -10%)
Te tim Sin Gy-2ad) = Ten Sin ot e120")
= The phaouc dum ef these three dueats c igtiyeig
= Yen Sinust F tem Sin (Cot-128) + dey Sin (uot e120)
Im Sinust +L [Sin (wi -120') + Sineatize) J
= Len Simect + Lam (Sineoh - 603120” ~ exent Sind Z simu cones egy Binns)
ce fen Sint fa Tey Sint Gniae!
elm Sint 42 tm SiO ¢%)
Im Sint — im sinwt
7oO
1 1p tee wetearnding woinen of af rree plas ane coonecteel tQyeiter 5 pe “trent
Gow Heroin the Common cehetth wsive Thuy connection y catlid x TAR cenmmunerter
Te commen petra uw uneen me rreutral aud it Ub aboays grounded
to east so thar the polenta of the wenn WE alongs Ze vol
Yoopeat to earth ‘ , ad Source
a toad
Lory: Star cenneetion of a. source amch toad
phase voltnge(Vp) £ The volingy actose a phase catls In 65. You 32 @Yrvoven
GERD Fh voltego betwwn o Line ancl netted wdluilr alee called proce
voltage (vp)
Line voliage (Vi) othe voltage Hetween tion Lives
Vay > Mes Vag «
phase Lurravs (Cp) Ta
turrenk through phace cal te, ta, Sy er Ta
pe es
current (h) 1 Dar Gurren Hamp Ua external Line cennectigg te descr
on and oad 12 In rky and fe
Now, From Sy,
phace current = Une Saerrushs
Use voltage
phase wotrage i na epuat to Sx volts
hace difference berween
Tu phaser diagram aous Bhai §
al él
a
4