Ho 33 3 5-75 JJ. mtd TJ Aa 4 4 doe Lab. Ex. No.1 Inspection of the Testing Laboratory Discussion: ‘The purpose of this laboratory exercise Isto let the student become acqualnted with the mate testing laboratory, the equipment available, the requirements ofthe course. Preparatory reading Appendix A,B, and C, ASTM E 380 Procedure: 1, Under the guidance of the staff member, visit the laboratory and observe where general equipment is located. 2. Inquire on the operation of the compression testing machine. 3. Make a list of the major types of equipment available, Note the units of calibration and the dial divisions. Report: Write an Informal report that Includes: 41. A guide to the laboratory, with the major features Indicated on a sketch. 2. Abrief description of each major testing machine and equipments. This should include, where appropriate, the factor necessary to convert the calibration units to the correct SI units. 3. An assessment of the role of the course In your education ‘Sketch: Draw the floor plan of the testing laboratory on the space below.sill cl vet) a) cae toed dtdododao deed oe oe Lab. &x. No. Reducing Fleld Samples of Aggregates to Testing Size Discussion: ‘The correct method of obtaining a sample of aggregates for mechanical analysis is an important aspect ‘of Material Testing, The purpose of these exercises Is to obtain a representative sample for testing Standard No, ASTM Designation 702 AASHTO Designation T 2-74 Essential Equipment and Materials: Representative sample of aggregates Spade Container ‘Standard sleve, 1” ‘Sample splitter (optional) Testing Procedure: 1. Take a representative sand and gravel. Place It in a container. 2. Wash it thoroughly with water so that it willbe free from silt and clay. 3. Dry the sample. 4, Passitto 1” Inch and disregard the sample which Is more than 1” inch in diameter. 5. Make a mound and divide it into four parts. Take the opposite division for mechanical analysis aggregates, 6. Incase a sample divider is avalable pour the sample of combined coarse and fine aggregates. ‘The sample will be used for the sieve analysis of combined coarse and fine aggregates. SIZE OF SAMPLES mm Inches Minimum Weight of field Samples b ig 9s 3/8 10 5 25 % 20 10 39 % 30 35 Fry 1 50 25 375 142 70 30 50 2 90 40 63 24 100 45 8 3 125 60 90 342 150 65| chee de! a —|-.— J da! i it Lab. Ex. No. Ith Determination of Surface Molsture of Coarse Aggregate Discussion: ‘This method of test covers a procedure for determining, n the field, the amount of surface ‘moisture in fine aggregate by displacement In water, The accuracy of the method depends upon accurate Information on the bulk specific gravity of materfal ina saturated surface-dried condition. The same procedure, with container, may be applied to coarse aggregate. Standard No. ASTMC70-73, ARSHTO Essential Equipment and Materials: 1. Sample of aggregates 2. Balance 3, Flask Testing Procedure: 1. The surface water content may be determined elther by welght or volume. In each case the test shall be made at a temperature range of 18 to 29 C (65 to 85 F). 2. Determination by weight ~Fillthe container to the mark with water and determine the weight Ingrams. Empty the contalner and place enough water in itto cover the sample. Introduced the ‘weighed sample of coarse aggregates Into the container and removed the entrained al. Fillthe container to the original mark, and determine the weight in grams. Calculate the amount of ‘water displaced by the sample, as follows: Vee We+ Ws-W. Where; Vs = weight of displaces by the sample, g. ‘We = weight of container filled to the mark with water . Ws = weight of sample, g. W= weight of container and sample, filed to mark with water, g. 41. Determination by Volume Measure a volume of water, milimeters, sufficient to cover the sample and place in the container. Introduced the weighed sample of coarse aggregate into the ccontalner and removed the entrained air. Determined the combined volume of the sample and the water by direct reading when a graduated flask is used. When a pycnometer or volumetricdeel deel t vr bos! ch! - “lal al el Wah GL LA CL LL ed bed ded | flask of known volume is used, determined the combined volume of the sample and the water, ‘by fing to the mark with a measured volume of water, Calculate the amount of water displaces, by the sample ass follows; Venva-vt Where: \s= volume ofthe water displaced bythe sample, ml. V1= combined volume of sample and water, ml Vi= volume of water required to cover the sample, mi Calculation: 41. Calculate the percentage of surface moisture in terms of the saturated surface-dry fine aggregate as follows: P= [(Vs—Val] /[(Ws=Vs)} x 100 Where: = surface moisture in terms saturated surface dry fine aggregate percent. \Vd = mass of sample (Ws) divide by the bulk specific gravity ofthe fine aggregate in 2 saturated surface dried condition. ‘Vs = mass of water displaced, g. Ws = mass of sample, ¢ 2. Caleulate the percentage of surface moisture in terms of dry ‘aggregate is known as follows: /egate ifthe absorption of the Pd = P(1+ (Pa/100}} Where: = surface moisture in terms of dry fine aggregate, in percent, Pa = absorption of fine aggregate, in percent. The total moisture content, on dry aggregate basis, fs the sum of the surface, Pd and the absorption, PaLab. &x. No. IV Sleve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates Discussto Sleve analysis Is used to determine the particle size distribution or graduation of an aggregate. A suitable graduation of an aggregate In a concrete mix s desirable In order to secure workability of the mixture and economy In the use of cement. For asphalt concrete, suitable graduation only affect the work ability nd economy in the use of the other Important properties, of the mixtur Standard No.ASTM —C 136-76 AASHTO T 27-74 Essential Equipment: 1. Set of Sleves 2. Containers Testing Procedure: 41. Obtalin proper weight of dry aggregate. 8. Coarse aggregate: 10,000 grams use method of quartering 2. Assemble sieves in the following ord 2. for coarse aggregated: 1°, X", ", 3/8", #4, #8, pan 3, Place the weighted aggregates in the top of the sieve stack and cover with the lid. Properly secure the ‘sleves in the mechanical shaker and turn on the shaker for five minutes. In case of the absence of mechanical shaker, shake the stack of sleves with your hands continuously for the same time. 4, Weigh the materials that are retained on each of the sleves, Including the weight retained on the pan, ‘and record In the data sheet. If the sum of these weights are not within 1 percent of the original sample weight, the procedure should be repeated. Otherwise, use the sum of the weight retained to calculate the percentage on each sieve. 5. Compute the cumulative percent retained and the percent passing each sieve 6. Plot the gradation curves for the coarse and fine aggregates from the experiment on the graph provided. Plot the specified gradation curves for the coarse and fine aggregates (to be specified by the laboratory instructor). Plot the combined grading curve using 40% coarse and 60% fine aggregate.SIEVE sizes US. Standard Sleve Size Clear Opening In Inches ait 1s fe MIN. MASS OF SAMPLE FOR SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATES Size of Particle Min. Mass of Sample in Kg, ce 20SIEVE ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Name bate Group No. Section ‘COARSE AGGREGATE Initial Weight: Sieve No, Weight Retained cum.soRetained | % Passing FINE AGGREGATE Initial Weight: Sleve No, WelghtRetained | MWA | cum seRetained | — %Passing RetainedSIEVE ANALYSIS Name Date, Group No, Section. GRADUATION CURVES P 100 _ — 90 R80 © 7 N60 T 30 40 P30 A 2 Ss 10 fs) 20 «20 «100=C«Ssti tC 4 ae" 1 N 6 SIEVE SIZELab. Ex. No. Determination of Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregates Discussion: ‘The unit welght of aggregate Is usually expressed In pounds per cuble foot. Unit weight of ‘egregate is significant in that It gives a measure of the voids In aunit volume of aggregate, The voids of ‘8Eregate depends upon many on factors, among them are size, shape and surface texture of aggregate, [Sradation, moisture content and compaction. For general information and for comparison of diferent ‘aggregates, the standard conditions used in determining the unit weight are dry and compact. StandardNo.ASTM —¢ 29-78 AASHTO 1 19-74 Essentlal Equipmer 1. Tamping rod 2. Volume measure 3.Seale Testing Procedu 1 Select approximately 60 Ib. of air-dry thoroughly mixed coarse aggregate. 2. Fill the measure one-third full, level the surface and tamp with 25 strokes, evenly distributed over the surface, 3. Fill the measure two thirds full level and tamp 25 times over the surface. Only enough force should bbe used to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate the last layer of aggregate placed In the measure. 4. Fill the measure to overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling the tamping rod lover the surface, Do not compress the aggregate. 5. Determine the weight of the aggregate In the measure and compute the unit weight. Make at least ‘two determinations. Results should agree within one pereent.TaBLE! DIMENSIONS OF MEASURE, U.S. CUSTOMARY SYSTEM. Capacity insides Wlgth Win, Thckneses of Tominal see th’) Diameter (in) (in) Metal (in) of Aggregates (ina) bottom wall vio so01 6a Z0a 020 010 % 3 8.0+0.1 115 40.1 0.20 0.10 1 % toto, 120404 020 0 1% a motor 11240 020 on 4 Taste? Dimensions of measures, Metric System Capacty inside Inside Min. Thickness of Max. Nominal Uiters) Diameter ‘Height: ‘Metal (mm) ‘Size of (mm) tend Aaaregates (mm. b) bottom val 3 mh 10 50 25 25 10 205 +2 205 +2 5.0 25 25.0 1s 254229542 so 30 375 2» 354230542 50 30 100 2) The indicated size of container may be used to test aggregates of a maximum nominal size equal to or smaller than that listed. 'b) Based on sieves with square openings.TABLES ‘Unit Welght of Water une a ee Temperature Thi kale °F °C 6 156 2366-99901 6 183 62366 998.53, 70 aa 62301 997.97 (734) (23.0) (62,274) (597.53) 78 239 62261 997.32 80 26.7 62216 996.60 5 298 62166 995.80 UNIT WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE ara SHEET Name: ate: Group No, Seaton: Aggregate: Max. Se Nom. Grad; Source: um TOTAL 7~2][3] 4 Total Weught (bs) Measure Welght (bs) Wr of Age. (ibs) Measure Vol (cu. Ft) ‘Unit we. (Ib.feu.t) ‘Sadifference from ave. “Average Unit Weight, petLab fx, No. WI Determination of Specific Gravity and absorption of Coarse Ageregates Discussion ‘Basically, specific gravity bs the ration of the weight of a given volume of material tothe weight of an ‘equal volume of water, However, there are several varlatlons ofthis definition depending upon the ‘material and purposes for which the value of specific gravity Is to be used. In concrete work, the term specific customarily refers to the density of the individual particle, not to the aggregated mass as a whole, The most common definition of specific gravity In concrete aggregate Is based upon the bulk volume of the individual aggregate in a saturated surface dry-condition ($80). The bulk (oven-dry) ‘specific gravity and apparent specific gravity are used to a lesser degree. Solid unit welght In pound per ‘cubic foot (pef] of an aggregate Is customarily defined as the specific gravity times 62.4 pet. ‘The absorption capacity Is determined by finding the weight of an aggregate under SSD condition and an ‘oven-dry condition. The dference in weight expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry sample weight Is the absorption capacity. Coarse aggregates are considered to be saturated surface-dry when they have been wiped free of visible moisture films witha cloth after the aggregates have been soaked in water for ‘along petiod of time (over 24 hours). The saturated surface-dry condition of fine aggregate is usually taken as that at which a previously wet sample just became free-flowing. Standard No. ASTM. 127-77 ARSHTOT 8! Essential Equipment (for Coarse Aggregate) 1. Seale sensitive to 0.01 in, oF 1 gm, 2. Wire mesh basket 3. Balance sensitive to. gm 4. Drying oven 5.3/8" sieve Testing Procedure 1, Soak coarse aggregate under water for 24 hours (done for you by laboratory instructor) 2, Obtain approximately kg of saturate coarse aggregate (retained on 3/8" sieve). 3. Trowel the aggregate to the saturated surface-dry condition ($0) 14, Measure SSO welght. (8) of aggregate in arto the nearest 1 gram. Do this quickly to prevent ‘evaporation.5. Place @ sample in @ wire mesh basket, and determine its weight in water (). Be sure to subtract the submerged weight ofthe basket of the basket from the total. 6, Place wet aggregate In oven and dry to constant weight (A). Leave the aggregate in oven over night. 7.From the above data (Le A, 8, and C) calculate three types of specific gravity and absorption as Sefined below: 4. Apparent pectic Gravity 2. Buk Specte Gravity (SSD) 3, Bulk Specific Gravity (ORY) 4. Absorption Percentbee bse nk at SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF AGGREGATE Name: Group No. DATASHEET FINE AGGREGATE ITEM SSD Wt. Air (0) Wt. of Pye. + Water (8) Wt of Pye. + Water + Sample (8) ‘Oven Dry Weight (A) ‘COURSE AGGREGATE ITEM ‘SSD Wt. In Ar (8) Wt. in Water (C) ‘Oven Dry Wr. (A) RESULT Coarse Fine Apparent Specific Gravity Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry) Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) Absorption Date: Section: Nom. Size: Nom Size: Source:Lab. Ex. No. Vil: Fineness of Cement The rate of hydration and hydrolysis and the consequent development of strength In a cement ‘mortar depends upon the fineness of the grinding the cement. To have the same rate of hardening in ifferent brands of cement, the fineness has been standardized as follows: The finer cement have quicker action with water and galn strength, though the ultimate Strength is not affected, Fineness also gives it more cohesiveness and reduces the separation of water at the top of concrete, However, the shrinkage and cracking of cement concrete which Increases In the rate of strength development are higher with finer cement, ‘The objective of this experiment is to determine the fineness of cement by sieve analysis, Essential Material and Apparatus: ‘Sample of Portland Cement Balance, sensitive to 0.1 gm Standard Sleve #200 Essential Procedure: (1) Accurate weigh 100 gm of cement and place It on #200 sleve. @) skdown any alr-set lumps in the sample with fingers, but do not rob It on the sieve, (3) Steving Is done by: jentle motion of the wrist for 15 minutes continuously. (4) The residue shall be the weighed and should not exceed 10 percent by weight of the cement sample.ab. Ex. No. Vil: Consistency of Standard Cement Paste Consistency one property of the fresh concrete, Is an Important consideration In securing of a Workable concrete that can be properly compacted In the forms, The term consistency relates fluidity from the driest to the wettest mixtures. The common tests to determine consistency are the “slump” test and the “ball penetration” test. These tests glve only rough measures of consistency, but they do {ve satisfactory measures of this property for most practical work. For convenience, varlous degrees of wetness of a mix may be roughly classified as dry, tif, ‘medium, wet, or sloppy. A concrete Is sald to have medium or plastic consistency when it is Just wet ‘enough to flow sluggishly ~ not so dry that it crumbles or so that water or paste rums from the mass, The principal factors affecting consistency are (1) the relative proportions of cement to ‘aggregate (2) the water is content of aggregate (3) the size aggregate (4) the shape and surface characteristics of the aggregate particles and (5) the fineness and type of cement and the kind and ‘amount of a mixture, ‘The aim of this experiment isto find out for a given cement the quality of water to be mixed to ‘ive a paste of normal consistency. Essential Materials and Apparatus: Sample of Portland Cement Balance, sensitive to 0. em. Vicat’s Apparatus Spatula Essential Procedur (2) Weigh accurately about 300 gm of neat cement sample to be tested. (2} Mix about 25% of a clean water to the cement by means of spatula. (3) After about @ minute, mixed it thoroughly with hands for at least one minute. {4) The kneaded paste is formed into a ball and tossed about sbx times from one hand to another. {5} The balls then pressed into a rubber mold and the excess paste ls removed. (6) The larger end of the rod is brought in contact with the surface of the paste and reading on the scale Is taken(7) The rod is then quickly released without any jerk and penetration noted. If the rod penetrates by 33, 1035 mm the paste is sald to be of “normal consistency”. (8) The time taken between adding of water to cement and the filling of the mold should be between 3 t05 minutes, (8) Trial pastes should be made with varying percentage of water to determine the percentage for which the desired penetration is obtained. The amount of the water Is expressed as percentage by weight of dry cement usually 30%, ‘Appropriate range Is slump of concrete for varus degrees of consistency. Consistency Slump, mm Remarks Oy (0-25 Crumbles and falis apart under ordinary handling; can be ‘compacted into rigid mass under vigorous ramming, heavy pressure and vibration, but unless care Is used exhibits voids or honeycomb. stift 15-65 Tends tostand asa plle; holds together fatly well but ‘crumbles ifchuted; with care and effort can be tamped Into solid dense mass; satisfactory for vibratory ‘compaction. Medium 50-140 Alternate terms; plastic, mushy quaking. Easly molded although some care required to secure complete ‘compaction. Wet 125-200 Pile flattens readily when dumped; can be poured into place. Sloppy 175-250 Group of mortar tends to run out of pile, leaving coarser material behind,kf ey df di de Bie ae i oo Wee edd ab, fx, No. Fale Set in Cement To.ensure sufficlent times to place concrete while It remains plastic, # minimum lint is inganed (on the time of “initial” set, which may be taken as the condition of the mass when it begins to shiffen appreciably. ASTM specification require that Initial set should nat take place within one hur. Depending ‘on the test used to determine it, initial set usually takes place within two or four hours. To ensure that the cement wil harden for use, a minimum fimit is Imposed on the time of “finat” set. ASTIA specifications requires that final set occurs within five to eight hours. The condition of initial and final set 1s determined by penetration of standard needles or rods Into a “neat” (straight) paste of specified consistency. Essential Materials and Apparatus: Sample of Portland Cement Balance, sensitive to 0.1 gm Vieat’s Apparatus Spatula Mixing container Essential Procedure: (1) Take a cement sample about 500 gm in weight. (2) Make a conical pile and mix with water. {3) Place the mixture in a rubber mould and level the top. (4) Place it in the Vicat's Apparatus. The larger and should be placed in contact of the surface of the mixture and the reading should be set at zero mark. (5) Release the plunger and after 30 seconds, read the reading on the scale, The reading should not read lessthan 352mm. (6) Level the mixture in the mould and wait for about 5 minutes for another testing. Repeat steps 4 and 5. (7) The ditference of the first and final testing in the Vieat’s needle reading should not exceed 17 mm.Lab, b4.No. x: Determination of Time Setting of Hydraulle Cement by Vicat Needle (intial Set ‘of Cement) Discussion: ‘The Initia set fsa stage in the process of hardening after which any cracks that may appear wil ‘not reunite. The concrete Is sald to be finally set when it has attained sufficient strength and hardness, Standard No. ASTM 191-71 AASHTOT 131-74 Essential Equipment and Materials: 4. Portland cement sample 2. Balance sensitive to0.1 gm. 3. Vieat Apparatus 4, #200 sieve 5, Mixing container 6. Spatula Testing Procedure: 4. Test for fineness of cement (350 gm). 2. Weigh about 300 gm. of cement accurately and make a paste with 0,085 times the water required to make a paste of normal consistency. 3. The paste Is then placed inthe rubber mold. 4. The small end of the rod Is brought in contact with the surface ofthe paste and quickly released. 5. The penetration of the needle can be read on the goals. The intial set is sald to have occurred when the needle ceases to pass a point 5 mm above the bottom of the mold. 6, The time taken from the instant of adding water to the cement up to the moment when the needle ceases to penetrate 2 point 5 mm above the bottom of the mold Is known as the itil setting of the cement. For ordinary Portland cement, the Initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes.Lad. Ex. No, xt Laboratory Concrete this Proportioning Discusston: The purposes of the experiment are: (1) to use the teal mia method described hereina Setermine optimum proportions of aggregates, cement, and water for concrete to meet specified strength requirements, (2) to learn concreting practice In laboratory environment, and (3) to observe the characteristic properties of fresh concrete, Standard No. ASTM 192469 e143 AASHTO. 7126-70 7119-74 Essential Equipment: 1.6" X6" X18“ horizontal molds 2. Five 6" X 12" cylinder molds with cover plates 3. Two large containers for stocking aggregates 2) Large mixing pans, two trowels, slump cone, tamping rod 12” rule 5. Scale sensitive to0.01 Ib, Trial Mix Design Procedure ‘This procedure is for calculating the approximate quantities of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and water needed to make up one cubic yard of non air-entrained concrete of specified Compressive strength. This calculation should be done before the beginning of the laboratory period. Results of the design shall be submitted to the laboratory instructor for his approval. 1. The following information shal be provided to each party by laboratory instructor: 1a). 28-day compressive strength required forthe concrete. 'b) Properties of the coarse and fine aggregate Including maximum aggregate ste, fineness ‘modulus of the fine aggregate, effective absorption ofthe fine and coarse aggregates. Assume normal Type 2 portland cement isto be used In the laboratory and slump of the concrete mix will be ranged between 3 and 4 in, 2. Based on the 28-day compressive strength, obtain the water cement ratio required from table for alt= entrained concrete using Type 1 portland cement.Lab. Ex.No.X Determination of Time Setting of Hydraulle Cement by Vicat Needle (Initial Set of Cement) Discussion: the Initial set is a stage In the process of hardening after which any cracks that may appear will not reunite. The concrete Is sald to be finally set when It has attained sufficient strength and hardness. Standard No. ASTM ¢ 191-71 ARSHTOT 131-74 Essential Equipment and Materials: 4. Portland cement sample 2. Balance sensitive 0.1 gm 3. Vieat apparatus 4.11200 seve 5. Mixing container 6. Spatula Testing Procedure; 1. Test for fitness of cement (350 gm). 2, Weigh about 300 gm. of cement accurately and make a paste with 0.085 times the water required to make a paste of normal consistency. 3. The paste s then placed In the rubber mold. 4, The small end ofthe rod is brought in contact with the surface of the paste and quickly released, 5, The penetration of the needle can be read on the goals. The intial set is sald to have occurred when the needle ceases to pass a polnt 5 mm above the bottom of the mold. 6, The time taken from the Instant of adding water to the cement up to the moment when the needle ‘ceases to penetrate a point 5 mm above the bottom of the mold is known as the initial setting of the cement. Forerdinary portland cement, the intial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes.Lab. Ox. No. Xt Laboratory Concrete-thlx Proportioning Discussion: The purposes of the experiment are: (1) to use the trial mix method described hereinafter to determine optimum proportion of aggregates, cement, and water for concrete to meet specified strength requirements. (2) to learn concreting practice in laboratory environment, and (3) to observe the characteristies properties of fresh concrete. Standard No, ASTM. €192469 cuan AASHTO T 12670 Tu974 ESSENTIAL EQUPMENT: 1.66" 18" horizontal molds 2. Five 6" x 12" cylinder molds with over plates 3. Two lage containers for stocking aggregates 4. Large mining pan, two trowel, sump cone, tamping od 12° rule 5. Seale sensitive to 0.01 Ib. ‘rial Mix design Procedure This procedure is for calculating the approximate quantities of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, and water needed to make up one cubic yard of non air-entrained concrete of a specified ‘compressive strength. This calculation should be done before the beginning of the laboratory period. Results of the design shall be submitted tothe laboratory instructor for his approval. 4. The following information shal be provided to each party by laboratory instructor: {2} 28-day compressive strength required forthe concrete. (b) Properties ofthe coarse and fie aggregate including maximum aggregate sie, fineness modulus ofthe fine aggregate, effective absorption ofthe fine and coarse aggregate. (c) Assume normal Type 1 portland cement ito be used in the laboratory an slump ofthe concrete ‘mix will be ranged between 3 and 4 in.2. Based on the 28-day compressive strength, obtain the water cement ratlo required from table for entrained concrete using Type 1 portland cement, 3. Based on the W/C the maximum aggregate size and FM of the fine aggregate, and using the table, ‘compute the quantities ofthe coarse aggregate (ac), fine aggregate (af), cement (c), water (wc) for hydration, and water (wao) and (waf) needed to bring the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate in the ‘SSD conditions for one cubic yard of concrete by ACI method. Record these results in the data sheet. 4. divide all the quantities determined in step 3 by 27 to obtain the estimated quantities of the materials, (ac, af, C, We, Wac, Waf) for one cuble ft. may be needed. Consult the laboratory Instructor for the amount of concrete needed. Laboratory Batching Method: 5. Weigh the amount of coarse aggregate (ac), determined in Step 4, store in a container. {Add the amount of water of for effective absorption (Wac) tothe aggregate and mix them thoroughly Weigh the amount of fine aggregate (af) (Waf) mix them thoroughly. Record all the weights in the data sheet. 6. Welgh the quantity of cement {c) and put ina larger mixing pan. Welgh the amount of water for absorption (Waf) mix them thoroughly. Record all the weights in the data sheet. 7. Coarse and fine aggregates contalned In Step $ are added Into the miking pan to produce a concrete mix with the desired slump of 3 to 4 In, and with good workability. This can be done by first ‘using only 2/3 of the coarse and fine aggregates and thoroughly mixing the aggregates with the paste, Then test the slump (see step 8 for sump test). At this pot, the slump ofthe mixture should be greater than 4”. Gradually add small quantities of fine or coarse aggregate (or both) and thoroughly remix the concrete and test the slump. Repeat this process until the mix reaches the desired slump. As the limiting slump is approaching, the batch should be carefully examined in order to judge which aggregate to add. ‘The correct amount of sand isthe minimum which will produce enough mortar to fil the space between pieces of coarse aggregate. In general understanding creates harshness (lack of toweling ability) and show lack of cohesiveness whereas oversanding decreases “yleld” and may result In greater potential volume change. When the batch is judged to b satisfactory, the remaining supplies of aggregates are weighed and recorded inthe data sheet. 8. In testing the slump, the mold shall be dampened and placed in the mixing pan. The mold shall be firmly held down against the pan. Fill the slump cone with concrete in three layer, each approximately one-third of the volume of the mold. Each layer shall be rodded with 25 strokes, distributed uniformly over the cross-section of the cone. The rod shall lightly penetrate the previouslayer, After the top layer has been rosdded. The surface of concrete shall shall be struck of with a trowel So that the cone is exactly filed, The cone shall be Immediately removed from the concrete by ralsing It carefully in a vertical direction, The slump shall be measured immediately by determining the difference ‘between the height of the mold and the height of the subsided concrete, After the slump measurement {s completed, the side of the concrete frustum should be tapped gently with the tamping rod. The ‘behavior of the concrete under these treatment Is a valuable Indication of the cohesiveness. A well roportioned mix will gradually slump to lower elevation and retain its original form while a poor mix willerumple, Segregate and fall apa 9. Before iting the concrete nto a cylinder molds, determine the weight of exch cylinder mold {and record the weight in the data sheet. The cylindrical concrete specimen shall be formed by placing the concrete in the cylinder mold In three layers of approximately equal volume. Each layer should be ‘rodded with 25 strokes using 8 tamping rod. The strokes should be alstibuted uniformly over the cross section of the mold, Also the cylinder mold filed with conerete should be tapped gently with the tamping rod. This treatment will help to consolidate the concrete and to drive out the air bubbles trapped in the concrete After the top layer has been rodded, the surface ofthe concrete shal be struck ‘out with a trowel. Three cylinder concrete specimen shall be made. Measure the weight of each cylinder mold filed with concrete and record the welghts In the data sheet. Cover each with a greased glass plate. 20. The beam specimen shall be formed by placing the concrete In a steel beam mold in two layers of approximately equal volume. Each layer shall be rodded with n strokes (one strokes per 2 ‘square inches) cover the top surface of the beam with a greased steel plate. 11. After 24 hrs, test specimen shall be removed from the molds and stored in the curing room. 12. Compute the unit weight of concrete, the weight of materials for making one cuble yard of concrete and the “cement factor” for the concrete mix. Record these results In the data sheet. Table for Compressive Strength of Concrete for Varlous Water-Cement Ratlo, Probable Average for Compressive Strength at 28 days, Water-Cement Ratio pl (Type I Cement) Chas Non-Air-Entrained femece Alr-Entrained Concrete 036 ‘6000 4800 04s 5000 3800 056 4000 3300 61 3500 2700 0.67 3000 2300 078 2500 2000‘Table for Bulk Volume of Coarse Aggregate (cu. ft.) Per Cuble Yard of Concrete Maximum site of Mictalaet tac Aggregate (in) 24 26 28 30 v8 135 130 124 110 % 159 154 148 143 x v7 167 162 1 192 186 184 176 np 202 197 192 2 aa 205 200 194 3 na 216 216 205 ‘Table for Appropriate Mixing Water Requirements for Different Slumps and Maximum Sizes of ‘Aggregates ‘Alrntralned Concrete Non-AirEntained Concrete Maximum | Recommended Approximate Sueot | Total —- mount AP. inane Water, b/eu. yd. of Water, Ib/eu. yi of Concrete Concrete 36 73 310 340 3603 350 385 419 % 75 300 25 340 25 335 365 385 % 6 25 300 as 2 310 340 360 1 6 260 238 300 15 300 25 340 1A 5 240 265 2s 4 25 300 315 2 5 2s 250 265 0s 260 235 300 3 4 210 2s 03 240 268 - 6 3 185 200 02 210 235(CONCRETE TRIAL MIX DATA sane ue croup Wo,__ Seton seatwe dn Aegean Esso Conon Tie ewerter sows ws Absorption e__freshater__ Seawater Fe reste x Design Strength ps Coarse Aggregate, % wc fr stent voiture wc tor expovre tine Awerte x wicterus conse never “ van PROER] MRGER Tat | wee | wea | aut | a | een | nemoning | Und Mere stump Weraity ‘wr. Container + Conerete Wt. Container = wr. Concrete = Vol. of Container Unit Wt. of Conerete= Fine Aggregate Percentage of Total Aggregate. Wt. for 1 yd3 of Concrete, Cement Factor Coarse Age. Fine Age. Total Water.Lab, Bx. No. Xt: Slump Test of a Concrete Aslump tests mate by measuting the settlement of a 12 ~In, (300 mm) high, formed In mold that hasa shape of afrustum of a cone Essential Material and Apparatus: Slump one Device Portland Cement Sand and Gravel Spade ‘Standard Sieve, 1” Container Mixing box Essential Procedure: (1) Take a sample of cement, sand and gravel (2) Wash the sand and gravel thoroughly with a waters that wil be free from itt and cay. (3) Weigh equal amount of sand and gravel fora total of about 15 kg. and place them In a mixing box. ‘Add 2 kg. of cement, add water, using a water-cement ratlo of 0.45, 0.55, or 0.65. Keep precise records of the amounts. Its convenient to measure the water ina beaker (1L = 1 kg.). Mix them thoroughly. Use a misture of 1:2:4. {8) Put the concrete mixture to the slump cone device up to depth of 4 In. then tamp with a rod evenly distributed over a cross section. Tamp it 25 times. (5) Again add to the device another portion of the concrete mixture another 4 In. deep and tamp with rod another 25 times. (6) Add a concrete mixture to the device until its full. Rod It again for 25 times of a depth of 4 in. and then level the top ofthe cone, (7) Gently lft the slump cone device by lifting It from the handle. (8) Measure the distance of setting and compare the result to the allowable slump shown on the previous table,Lab. Ex. No. Xt Test For Weight Per Cublc Foot, Vield, and Alr Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete Discussion: ‘This tests covers the determination of the weight per cubic foot of freshly mixed concrete and ‘ives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and the air content of the concrete. Yield Is defined as the volume of the concrete produced from the mixture of known quantities of the competent materials, Standard No.ASTM 138-77 AASHTO T 121, Essential Equipment: 1. Balance 2. Tamping Rod 3. Measure 4, Strke-Off Plate 5. Calibration Equipment Testing Procedure: 1. Compact measures smaller than 0.04 ft3 (10 dm3) by rodding because of the danger of excessive lors of entrained alr. For measures 0.4 ft3 (10 dm3) or larger, base the selection of the method of consolidation on the slump unless the method is stated in the specification under which the work Is. ‘being performed. The methods of consolidation are rodding and internal vibration. Rod concretes with a slump greater than 3 inch (75 mm). Rod or vibrate concrete od 1 to 3 in. (25 to 75 mm). Consolidate concrete witha slump less than 1 in. (25 mm.) by vibration. 2, Rodding ~ Place the concrete in the measures in the three layers of approximately equal volume. Rod ‘each layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod when the O.S ft3 (14 dm2) or smaller measures are used and SO strokes when the one cubic feet measure is used. Rod the bottom layer throughout its depth but the rod shall not forcibly strike the bottom of the measure. Distribute the strokes uniformly over the cross section of the measure and for the two layers penetrate about 1 in. / (25 mm) into the underlying layer. After each layer is rodded, the sides of the measure smartly ten or more times until no large ‘bubbles of air appear on the surface and voids left by the tamping rod are closed. Add the final ayer so as to avoidd overfiling3. On completion of consolidation the measure must not contain a substantial excess or deficiency of concrete, An excess of concrete protruding approximately 1/5 in, ( 3mm.) above the top of the mold is ptimum. A small quantity of concrete may be added to correct a deficiency. Ifthe measure contains a ‘reat excess of concrete at completion of the excess concrete with a trowel or scoop immediately following completion of consolidation and before the measure is struck-off 4, Struck-off ~ After consolidation strke-off the top surface ofthe concrete and finish it smoothly with the first strike-off plate using great care to leave the measure just level full. The strike-off is best ‘accomplished by pressing the strike-off plate on the top surface of the measure to cover about two thirds of the surface and with-drawing the plate with vertical pressure and a sewing motion to cover the whole surface of the measure. Several final strokes with the inclined edge of the plate will produce a smooth finished surface. 5. Cleaning and Weighing ~ after strike-off, clean all excess concrete from the exterior ofthe measure and determine the net mass ofthe concrete in the measure to an accuracy consistent with the requirements Caleulation: 1, Unit weight (Density) ~ calculate the net density of the concrete in pounds (or kilograms) by subtracting the mass of the measure from the gross mass, Calculate the mass per cubic foot (or cubic ‘meter) by multiplying the net mass by the calibration factor forthe measure used. 2. Vields ~ calulate the yield, V. (volume of conerete produced per batch) by avoiding the total mass of all materials batched, W. by the density, W. determined in procedure 6.1. The total mass ofall materials batched is the sum of the cement, the fine aggregate in the condition used, the mixing water added tothe batch and any other solid or liquid materials used. 3. Relative Yields relative yiels isthe tio ofthe actual volume of concrete obtained tothe volume as designed forthe batch calelated as follows: Y Rvs Where: Ry = relative yield Y = volume of the conerete which the batch was designed to produces.yd(m). 4, Cenvent Content — calculate tha actual cement content as follows: NeXt Y Where: N = actual cement content. b/d (kg/m) Nz= mass of cement in batch. (ka). 5. Ait Content calculate the air content as follows: OrWhere: ‘A = air content (percentage of voids) inthe concrete T= theoretical mass ofthe concrete computed on an airfre basis. b/A? (or ke/m') W = density (unit weight) of concrete, Ib/ft’ (or kg/m’), and \V = total absolute volume of the computed ingredients inthe batch, 0(m’)Lab. Ex, No, NIV Determination of Ale Content of Freshly Mix Concrete Ry the Volumetric \ thod Discussion: type of aggregate, Whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight, This testis one of the essent ‘This metho covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any test in the Preparation of a concrete test specimen. Standard No. ASTM C 173-78 AASHTO T 196-74 Essential Equipment: Airmeter Bow! Top Section Funnel ‘Tamping Rod Strike-off Bar Measuring Cup Syringe Pouring Vessel 10. Trowel 1. Scoop Calibration of Apparatus ‘The volume of the bowl of the airmeter, in cubic feet or cubic meters shall be determined by accurately weighing the amount of water at 21, JC namely 62.3 bof. A glass plate shall be used to cover, the bowl to remove excess water and to ensure that the container is full. Testing Procedure: 1 Rodding and Tepping ~ Using the second, sided by the trowel if necessary, fill the bow! with freshly mixed concrete in three layers of equal depth. Fod each layer 25 times with the tamping rod and tap the sides ofthe bow! 10 to 15 times after ench rodding Striking Off — after placement ofthe third layer of the concrete strike off the excess coneretewith the strike-off bar until the surface is flsh withthe top ofthe bowl. Wipe the flange of the bowl clean. ‘Adding Water ~ Clamp the top section into position on the bowl, insert the funnel, and add the ‘water until it appears in the neck. Remove the water and adjust the water level, sing the rubber syringe, until the bottom of the meniscus is level with zero mar Attach and tighten the serew cap. Agitating ang Folling - Invert and agitate the unit until the concrete settles free from the base, and then, with the neck elevated, roll and rock the unit until the air appears to have been removed from the concrete. Set the apparatus upright, jar it lightly, and allow it to stand until the air rises to the top. Repeat the operation until no further drop inthe water column is observed.5. Dispelling Bubbles - when all the air has been removed from the concrete and allowed to rise to the top of the apparatus, removed the screw cap. Add, in I-cup increments using the syringe, suficient isopropyl alcool to dispel the foamy mass on the surface ofthe water. 6. Reading - make a direct reading ofthe liquid on the neck, reading othe botom ofthe meniscus, and estimating tothe nearest 0.1%, Cateulation: Calculate the air content of the content in percent by adding to the reading from 6 the amount of alcohol used in accordance with $,Lab. EX.No.NV Determination of Discussion: ‘observe the behaviour of concrete under compressive londing and study the fractu inressive Strength of Concrete ‘The objective ofthis experiment isto determine the compressive strength of the concrete, 10 ifthe concrete under ‘compressive loading. This tet isthe standard test used to determine the compressive strength of concrete Standard No. ASTM 39-72 AASHTO 722-74 Essential Equipment: Testing machine with 200,000 Ibs. capacity or compression machine. Concrete cylinder Capping apparatus Compressometer ‘Testing Procedure: ‘Remove the concrete cylinder from the curing room and surface dry the cylinder. Cap the conerete cylinder. ‘Artach the compressometer tothe cylinder. Make sure the compressometer is properly positioned and dial gage attached tothe compressometer will respond properly Place the cylinder in the loading machine, Zero the load needle. Adjust the loading head ntl a small load (about 50 Ibs) is applied to the cylinder, Zero the dal gage reading. For high strength concrete (above 4,000 psi compressive strength) it is advisable to place a protecting shield ‘between the cylinder and the observers ‘Apply compressive load slowly and continuously until the maximum load (failure) is reached. During the testing take simultaneous load readings from the load dial and deflection readings from deflection gages at intervals indicated by laboratory instructor. Record the loads and the corresponding deflection readings on the data sheet. Failure of the cylinder is imminent during the test when the 32 load indicator is slowing down and finally stops while the deformations indicated in the deflection gage continues in an increasing rte, When the load indicator stats to drop from the maximum load in the datasheet. Remove the cylinder from the testing machine, detach the compressometer from the cylinder, put the cylinder back in the machine, and reapply the compressive load until the eylinder is toally crushed, Release the load and raised the loading head. Examine closely the type of failure of the cylinder.jummary of Hardened Concrete Properties we Curing Conditions CompressiveLab, Ex. No.XVI_ Determination of Tensile Strength of Cylinder Concrete Specimens Discussion: ‘This method of test covers the determination of the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded cylinders and drilled cases. This test Is not as Important as the compressive test of cylindrical concrete samples since it will determine the split tensile strength of concrete, Standard No. ASTM = 496-71 ARSHTO T 198-74 Essentlal Equipment: 1. Testing machine 2. Bearing bar 3. Plywood strips Testing Procedure: 1, Measure the dimensions of the cylinder. Draw diameter lines on each and of the specimen in the same axial plone. 2. Center one plywood strip along the center ofthe lower bearing block ofthe testing machine, Place the eyinder onthe plywood strip and align zo that the lines marked onthe ends of he specimen are vertical and centered over the plywood strips. Place @ second plywood strip lengthwise on the evlinder and place 92° x 2" x12" steel bar over the plywood stip, Lower the upper loading head until the assembly is secured in the machine. 3. Apply the compressive load slowly and continuously unt falure. Record the maximum applied load. Examine the type of allure. Compunstion: 4. Compute the spit ten strength Sp = 2% Where: Sy =Splting tensile strength F = Maximumload aplied L eLength of concrete D = Diameter of concrete sample Ultimate toad:Lab. Bx. No. XVI ‘Test For Flexural Strength of Concrete Discussion: This method covers the determination of the flexural strength of small size concrete specimens by the use of a simple beam with center point loading. Standard No, ASTM 496-71 AASHTO. T 198-74 Essential Equipment: 1. Testing machine 2, Flexure testing attachment Testing Procedure: 41, Measure the dimensions of the beam and record them in the data sheet. 2. Place the concrete beam in the flexural attachment and position the assembly in the compression ‘machine. Adjust the loading head untilit sin contact with the top of the assembly. 3. Apply load slowly until beam breaks. Examine the type of failure. Record the maximum load, Computation: 1, Compute the modulus of rapture (maximum flexure stress at fallure) My oF R= en jodulus of rapture P= maximum load applied pan length average width of specimen H_ = average depth of specimen Unimateload=___Mp Sketch of Falled Section ab. Ex. No. XVII Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow BlocksDiscussion: This task seeks to determine the ultimate compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks. The Procedure ofthe test Is similar to the test for compressive strength of concrete, Essential Equipment: 1. Compressive machine Testing Procedure: 11, Place the bottom of a concrete hollow block on a compression block made of 1 inch plywood. Place ‘another 1 Inch plywood on top of the conerete hollow block, 2. Apply the compression load slowly on the plywood unt fallure is attained. 3. Test a total of three hollow blocks for each batch. Computation: 1. Compute the ultimate compressive stress of concrete hollow blocks. Maximum compressive Load Ultimate compressive Stress = Mesimum ounptensset ‘Compute the average value forthe three samples tested, Lab. Ex.No.XIX Test For Compression of Wood Parallel To The Grain Discussion: ‘The purpose of this experiment Is to determine the strength of wood under compressive loading. Standard No, ASTM D 143-83 D 198-84 Essential Apparatus: 1, Testing machine 2. Load Indicator 3, Bearing blocks 4. Compressometer Procedure: 4, Measure the cross section and length of the specimen to the nearest 0.01 In, Record the dimensions. of the specimen of the specimen, 2. Place the specimenin the machine.3. Apply the load continuously until the specimen falls, Record the maximum load. 4. Drawa sketch in perspective, indiating the grain of wood and manner of failure. Computation: 1. Compute the compressive strength Total Load ‘rea of Bearing