Example Nr 2. Beams.

A simply supported beam 7.00 m span is laterally supported at the third points and carries un factored uniform loads
of 18.5 kN/m and 9.4 kN/m permanent load. In addition the beam carries at mid span un factored concentrated load
of 50 kN permanent load and 50 kN imposed load. Find a universal beam of grade Fe 430.

Solution:
Geometry, materials and loads.

Factored loads:

Imposed loads: q = 1.6 x 18.50 = 29.60 kN/m

Q = 1.6 x 50.00 = 80.00 kN.

Permanent loads: g = 1.3 x 9.40 = 12.20 kN/m

G = 1.3 x 50.00 = 65.00 kN.

Fe 430; fy = 275 N/mm2 (assume t ≤ 40 mm)

Step 1. Maximum bending moment and shear force.

max M =
(29.6 + 12.2)x7 2 + (80 + 65)x7 = 509.8 kN − m
8 4
max V =
(29.6 + 12.2)x7 + (80 + 65) = 218.8 kN
2 2
Step 2. Required plastic modulus.
M 509.8 x10 2 (kN − cm)
W pl = = = 2039 cm3 . Tray 533 x 210 x 92 UB.
f y γ M1 2
27.5 (kN / cm ) 1.1

Step 3. Selection of the profile.

The relevant section properties are:

h = 533.1 mm w = 0.92 kN/m It = 76.2 cm4

d = 476.5 mm A = 118 cm2 Iw = 1.6 x 106 cm6
tf = 15.6 mm Iy = 55400 cm4
w = 10.2 mm Iz = 2390 cm4
b = 209.3 mm Wel,y = 2080 cm3
Wpl,y = 2370 cm3
 209.3 2 = 6.70 < 11x0.92 OK
235 15.6
Class of section. ε= = 0.92 . The section is Class 2 at least.
275 476.5 = 46.7 < 83 x0.92 OK
10.2
Step 4. Resistant moment. (for class 2 section).

W pl f y 2370 x 275 x10−3

M pl , Rd = = = 592.5 kN − m
γ Mo 1.1
Check of self-weight of the beam. (w = 0.92 kN/m)
Factored weight: 1.3 x 0.92 = 1.2 kN/m
Additional moment: (1.2 x 72)/8 = 7.35 kN-m.
Total moment: 509.8 + 7.35 = 517 kN-m < 592.5 kN-m OK.

Step 5: Check for shear.

Maximum shear force, VSd = 218.8 + (1.2 x 7)/2 = 223 kN.

Shear resistance of section.

d 476.5
= = 46.7 < 69 x0.92 = 63.5 OK . Shear buckling resistance must not be verified.
tw 10.2

V pl , Rd =
(
AV f y 3 ) = 1.04 x533.1x10.2(275 3 ) x10 −3
= 816.4 kN > 233 kN OK .
γ Mo 1 .1
VSd 233
and = = 0.27 < 0.5 Therefore, no reduction of design resistance moment is required.
V pl , Rd 816.4

Step 6: Check for deflection.

5wL4
For uniformly distributed load: δ =
384 EI y
PL3
For concentrated load: δ = 5 14 14 2
and EI y = 2.1x10 x55400 x10 = 1.1634 x10 N − mm .
48EI y
5 x9.4 x70004 50 x103 x70003
Dead load deflection: δ LL = + = 5.59 mm.
385 x1.1634 x1014 48 x1.1634 x1014
5 x18.5 x70004 50 x103 x70003
Imposed load deflection: δ IL = + = 8.04 mm .
384 x1.1634 x1014 48 x1.1634 x1014

L 7000
Allowable deflection for imposed load δ =
= = 20 mm. > 8.04 mm OK .
350 350
Total deflection δ max = 5.59 + 8.04 = 13.63 mm .
L 7000
Allowable total deflection δ = = = 28 mm > 13.63 mm OK .
250 250
Step 7: Check for lateral – torsional buckling.

χ LT β wWol , y f y
M b, Rd = . c = 209.3 = 6.70 < 10 x0.92 = 9.2 .
γ M1 tf 15.6
The section is Class 1 and β w = 1 .
Determination of Mcr.
Lateral support to the beam is provided at the ends at the third points. Therefore the effective buckling length is
L = span/3 = 7000/3 = 2333 mm.
The critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling is:
π 2 EI z
I w L2GI t
M cr = C1 + . C1 = 1.132 for the worse condition; G = 80 Gpa
L2 I z π 2 EI z
G 80000
and 2 = 2 = 0.039
π E π x 210000
1.132π 2 x 2.1x105 x 2390 x10 4 1.6 x1012 0.39 x 23332 x76.2 x10 4
M cr = + = 2.67 x109 N − mm .
23332 2390 x10 4
2390 x10 4

π 2 EW pl , y π 2 x 2.1x105 x 2370 x103

λLT = = = 42.9
M cr 2.67 x109
42.9
λ1 = 93.9ε = 93.9 x0.92 = 86.8 and λ LT = = 0.4942 > 0.4
86.8
For rolled section curve a is used. Therefore χ LT = 0.9250
3
0.9250 x1x 2370 x10 x 275
M b, Rd = x10− 6 = 548 kN − m > 517 kN − m
1.1
Therefore, resistance of the member is adequate in bending.

Step 8.1. Check for web crushing (at the support).

( )
R y , Rd = S s + S y t w f yw / γ M 1 ; Where Ss = 75 mm; Sy – is the length over which the applied force is effectively
distributed.
⎡ 2⎤
1⎢ ⎛ bf ⎞⎛ f yf ⎞⎛ σ f , Ed ⎞ ⎥
S y = 2t f ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎜1 − ⎟ at the end S y is half .
2⎢ ⎝ tw
⎜ f yw ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ f yf ⎟ ⎥
⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎦
Check if bf < 25 tf ; 209.3 < 25 x 15.6 = 390 OK.
σ f , Ed = 0 at the sup port.

Then S y =
1
[ ]
2 x15.6 209.3 10.2 = 70.66 mm and Ry , Rd =
(75 + 70.66)10.2 x 275 x10−3
2 1.1
R y , Rd = 371.3 kN > 223 kN OK
8.2 Check for web crippling.

Crippling resistance:

Ss = 75 mm < 0.2 d = 0.2 x 476.5 = 95.22 mm. OK.

⎡ tf ⎛ t ⎞⎛ S ⎞⎤
Ra , Rd = 0.5t w2 Ef yw ⎢ + 3⎜ w ⎟⎜ s ⎟⎥ / γ M 1
⎢⎣ t w ⎜ t f ⎟⎝ d ⎠⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎦

Ra , Rd =
0.5 x10.2 210000 x 275 [ (15.6 10.2) + 3(10.2 15.6)(75 476.5)]10 −3
= 660.6 kN > 233 kN
1.1
Interaction at mid-span. Where the member is also subjected to bending moments, the following criteria should be
satisfied.
FSd M Sd
+ ≤ 1 ; Substituting the value of Mc,Rd = 592.5 kN-m
Ra , Rd M c , Rd
(80 + 65) + 517 = 1.09 < 1.5 OK .
660.6 592.5
8.3 Check for web buckling (at the support). Ss = 75 mm.

Ss 75
beff = 0.5 h 2 + S s2 + = 0.5 533.12 + 752 + = 306.7 mm
2 2

I beff tw3 t
i= = = w
A 12beff hw 12

assuming that l = o.7 d = 0.7 x 476.5 = 333.6 mm.

tw 10.2
Radius of gyration of the web is: i= = = 2.94 mm
12 12
333.6 235 113.5
λ= = 113.5; λ1 = 93.9ε = 93.9 = 86.8; and λ= = 1.31
2.94 275 86.8
h 533.1
= = 2.55 > 1.2 and t f = 15.6 mm ≤ 40 mm
b 208.7
Using buckling curve c for solid section χ = 0.3848.
The buckling resistance of the web is: Rb , Rd = χβ A Af y / γ M 1; β A = 1; and A = beff t w
A = 306.7 x10.2 = 3124 mm.
0.3848 x1x3124 x 275
Rb, Rd = x10−3 = 300.5 kN > 223 kN . OK .
1.1
Step 9. Check for flange induced buckling.
d ⎛ E ⎞ Aw
≤ k⎜ ⎟
tw ⎜ f yf ⎟ A fc
⎝ ⎠
c 209.3 2
= = 6.7 < 10ε ; therefore, the fange is class 1; k = 0.3
tf 15.6
d 476.5
tw
=
10.2
= 46.7 < 0.3 210000
275
(
533.1x10.2
209.3x15.6
= 296 ok . )
Step 10. Check for transverse force on the web.
In the absence of shear force the web of a member subject to transverse force in the plane of the web shall also
satisfy the following condition:
2 2
⎡σ x, Ed ⎤ ⎡σ z , Ed ⎤ ⎡σ x, Ed ⎤ ⎡σ z , Ed ⎤
⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥ −⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ≤1
⎣⎢ f yd ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ f yd ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ f yd ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ f yd ⎦⎥
σ x , Ed − Is the design value of the local longitudinal stress due to moment and axial force at the point.
σ z , Ed − Is the design value of the stress at the same point due to the transverse force.
fy
f y,d =
γ Mo
σ x , Ed and σ z , Ed shall be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension.
The point to be considered is the joint between flange and web.

σ x , Ed
M
= Sd
(h 2 − t ) = fl 517 x106 533.1 2 − 15.6
x = 234 N / mm 2
3
Wel h 2980 x10 533.1 2
2

σ z , Ed =
FSd
=
(80 + 65)x103 = 134 N / mm2 ; assume S = 75 mm
( )
S s + t fl t w (75 + 15.6)x10.2
s

Therefore:
2 2
⎡ 234 ⎤ ⎡ 134 ⎤ ⎡ 234 ⎤ ⎡ 134 ⎤
⎢ 250 ⎥ + ⎢ 250 ⎥ − ⎢ 250 ⎥ ⎢ 250 ⎥ = 0.66 < 1 OK .
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦