MANUSCRIPT SPEECH TOPIC SHIFTING

- manuscript speech is a presentation method - This strategy refers to changing the subject in
where the speakers deliver the presentation a conversation because the persons involved
with a paper or teleprompter that usually has in the conversation do not find the current
been pre-written to give a piece of topic interesting.
information. - The communicators do not only ask about one
topic from the beginning until the end.
NOMINATION
- It is done without explicitly announcing the
- This is the first communication strategy that a change of topic or it may be a new one.
speaker should be familiar with.
Ex. I saw Billy with someone short-haired the other
- A speaker carries out nomination to
day. By the way, has his ex already moved on?
collaboratively and productively establish a
topic. REPAIR
- In other words, this strategy is being
- In conversation, repair means the correction
employed when you try to open a topic with
by the speaker of a misunderstood utterance,
people you are talking to.
either through self-initiated repair, or
Ex. I was absent yesterday because I had a fever. corrected by others.
- Speakers address the problems in speaking,
RESTRICTIONS
listening and comprehending that they may
- The second strategy that communicators must encounter in a conversation.
know. - A speaker recognizes a speech error and
- A speaker is limiting a topic for conversation. repeats what has been said with some sort of
- This sometimes happens when a person wants correction.
to focus on a certain aspect of the issue under
Ex. I told you to stop smiling, I mean, laughing while
deliberation or when time to discuss is very
we are listening to the homily.
short
FOUR VARITIES OF REPAIR
Ex. What he did was very wrong right?
Self-initiated self-repair
TURN-TAKING
- This repair is both initiated and carried out by
- Another communication strategy that we
the speaker of the trouble source.
must be cognizant of in order to become
effective communicators. Ex. I’m going to Bianca’s --- I mean Bella’s birthday
- It is the process by which people decide who party on Sunday.
takes the conversational floor.
Other-initiated self-repair
- A turn is the time when a speaker is talking.
- This repair is carried out by the speaker of the
Ex. May I speak, sir? I believe we are already out of
trouble source but initiated by the recipient
the topic.
Ex. A: I’m going to have my final examination next
TOPIC CONTROL
week.
- Another strategy that communicator have to
B: What?
master.
- It means regulating or manipulating the topic A: I said I am going to have final examination next
of conversation and how long we want the week.
other person may talk.
- To elicit specific information from a Self-initiated other-repair
conversation is to control what is said and - Here the speaker of a trouble source may try
when. and get the recipient to repair the trouble –
Ex. How often do you drink water? How many times for instance if a name is proving troublesome
have you experienced being hydrated? to remember.
Ex. Charles: I need to pack my things tonight for - The word impromptu means “done without
our recollection Satuday, so I need to get being planned, organized, or rehearsed.” It’s
another ummm… delivering a speech without any prior
preparation.
Ramon: Another bag?
SPEECH WRITING PROCESS
Charles: Yes, that’s right! A bigger bag.
1. Conduct an audience analysis

- This is the primary step in speech writing in

Other-initiated other-repair
which a speaker must look into the profile of
- Here, the recipient of a trouble source the target audience.
initiates and carries out the repair. This is
5Ws in Knowing Your Audience and Occasion
closer to what is conventionally called
“correction.” Who are your audience

Ex. Angie: Aren’t you glad that today is Sunday? – their age, interest, education levels, etc.

Betty: Sunday is actually tomorrow What is the expectation of the audience

– theme, mood, length, etc.

When is the occasion

– theme must be in line with the occasion and

time

Where is the place of the meeting

TERMINATION
– this will affect the delivery of the speech if
- This last communication strategy refers to
ending the conversation. it is open air, closed and crowded room, etc.
- It refers to the conversation participants’
Why did the group form the occasion and why are you
close-initiating expressions to end in a
invited
conversation.
– remember that the audience have the
SAMPLE EXPRESSIONS
reason for their coming, so as speaker you
• Pre-closing must be able to hit their expectations

• It’s been nice talking to you.

• Follow-up

• I’ll give you a call. 2. Determining the purpose of the speech

• Closing - The purpose for writing and delivering the

speech can be classified into three – to inform,
• I look forward to seeing you again.
to entertain, or to persuade.
Ex. S1: So that’s it for our plans in the upcoming
3. Selecting a topic
Council elections.
- Speaker must choose a topic that would
S2: Okay, all done.
make a difference and achieve his purpose
S3: Finished. whether to inform, to convince or to entertain

S1: See you in class. 4. Narrowing down a topic

S2, S3: See you later. - This refers to being specific and focused by
extracting the main points.
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
5. Data Gathering
 - The phase when the speaker collects ideas, summary, emphasizes the message, and calls
information, sources, and references relevant for action. The aim is to leave the audience
or related to specific topic. The materials can with a memorable statement.
be taken from other people, and from
The following are suggested methods to end your
yourself.
speech.
6. Selecting a speech pattern
✔ Challenge
- This is the organizational pattern you will use
for the body of your speech ✔ Problem or Question

Spatial Pattern – This pattern organizes the speech ✔ Summary

according to the physical structure of the subject or
✔ Citing Back the Important Points
how the topic actually happens in space. This is a
pattern that is suitable in describing a physical ✔ Suggestion to Action
relationship among people, places or things.
✔ Prediction
Topical Pattern – This pattern is most often employed
when speakers take their main topic and decide which ✔ Anecdote
the most important sub-topics are. This pattern of
✔ Quotation
organization includes types, categories or such
classification as advantages and disadvantages, cause ✔ Conclusion
and effect, problem-solution.
In the introduction of a speech, the speaker
7. Preparing an outline. deliver a preview of the main body points, and in the
conclusion, he delivers a review.
- An outline is a hierarchical list that shows the
relationship of your ideas and it will serve as 11. Editing/Revising.
the skeleton of the speech. Outlining your
speech is very important in ending up with a - This involves correcting errors in mechanics,
successful speech. An organized speech is easy such as grammar, punctuation, capitalization,
to understand and remember. unity, coherence, and others.

8. Creating the body of the speech. 12. Rehearsing.

- This provides explanations, examples, or any - This gives an opportunity to identify what
details that can help you deliver your purpose works and what does not work for you and for
and explain the main idea of your speech . The your target audience. Some strategies include
Body is the heart of the speech and contains reading your speech aloud, recording for your
the bulk of the information. The main idea is own analysis or for your peers or coaches to
found in the body. It is there where you can give feedback on your delivery. The best thing
expound further the idea you want to convey to remember at this stage is “Constant
to your listeners. practice makes perfect.”

9. Preparing the introduction. PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

The foundation of your speech. The primary 1. Articulation

goal is to get the attention of your audience and This focuses on making individual sounds clear
present the subject or main idea of your speech. The and intelligible and making it sure that the audience or
following are some methods of beginning speech. the target listeners comprehend what the speaker is
saying.

2. Modulation

10. Preparing the conclusion A change in volume, timing or pitch. It makes

a speaker interesting to listen to and it is what makes
- In this part, the restates the main idea of the words and phrases stand out. It is the change of
your speech. Furthermore, it provides
stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of the voice and an
inflection of the voice.

3. Stage Presence

It refers to the certain charisma and charm

that a speaker or performer possesses that draws in
an audience and commands their full attention. Stage
presence is, above all, expressed confidence.

4. Facial Expressions

It can bring a speech to life so it should be

natural and authentic. It can help you connect with
the audience.

5. Body Posture and Movement

A powerful speaker shows confidence through

body posture and movement. Using body to
communicate effectively positively and effectively with
the audience.

6. Rapport with the Audience

The process of building an understanding and

harmonious relationship or bond between the speaker
and the target audience. When everything is in
harmony such as the speech is right and interesting;
your audience receive and comprehend the speech
well, then rapport happens.