WIND LOADING
In accordance with EN1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 and the recommended values
Building data
Type of roof; Flat
Length of building; L = 14420 mm
Width of building; W = 11200 mm
Height to eaves; H = 13080 mm
Eaves type; Parapet
Height of parapet; hp = 400 mm
Total height; h = 13080 mm
Basic values
Fundamental basic wind velocity; vb,0 = 22.0 m/s
Season factor; cseason = 1.00
Direction factor; cdir = 1.00
Shape parameter K; K = 0.2
Exponent n; n = 0.5
Air density; = 1.250 kg/m3
Probability factor; cprob = [(1 - K ln(-ln(1-p)))/(1 - K ln(-ln(0.98)))]n = 1.00
Basic wind velocity (Exp. 4.1); vb = cdir cseason vb,0 cprob = 22.0 m/s
Reference mean velocity pressure; qb = 0.5 vb2 = 0.303 kN/m2
Orography
Orography factor not significant; co = 1.0
Terrain category; III
Displacement height (sheltering effect excluded); hdis = 0mm
The velocity pressure for the windward face of the building with a 0 degree wind is to be considered as 1
part as the height h is less than b (cl.7.2.2)
The velocity pressure for the windward face of the building with a 90 degree wind is to be considered as
2 parts as the height h is greater than b but less than 2b (cl.7.2.2)
Peak velocity pressure - windward wall - Wind 0 deg and roof
Reference height (at which q is sought); z = 13480mm
Displacement height (sheltering effects excluded); hdis = 0 mm
Roughness length (Table 4.1); z0 = 300 mm
Roughness length (Category II); z0,II = 50 mm
Minimum height (Table 4.1); zmin = 5000 mm
Maximum height; zmax = 200000 mm
Terrain factor; kr = 0.19 (z0 / z0,II)0.07 = 0.215
Roughness factor; cr = kr ln(z / z0) = 0.82
Mean wind; vm = cr co vb = 18.0 m/s
Turbulence factor; kI = 1.0
Turbulence intensity; Iv = kI / (co ln(z / z0)) = 0.263
Peak velocity pressure; qp = (1 + 7 Iv) 0.5 vm2 = 0.58 kN/m2
Structural factor
Building type; Concrete
Structural factor (Annex D); csCd = 0.923
Peak velocity pressure - windward wall (lower part) - Wind 90 deg
Reference height (at which q is sought); z = 11200mm
Displacement height (sheltering effects excluded); hdis = 0 mm
Terrain factor; kr = 0.19 (z0 / z0,II)0.07 = 0.215
Roughness factor; cr = kr ln(z / z0) = 0.78
Mean wind; vm = cr co vb = 17.2 m/s
Turbulence factor; kI = 1.0
Turbulence intensity; Iv = kI / (co ln(z / z0)) = 0.276
Peak velocity pressure; qp = (1 + 7 Iv) 0.5 vm2 = 0.54 kN/m2
Peak velocity pressure - windward wall (upper part) - Wind 90 deg and roof
Reference height (at which q is sought); z = 13480mm
Displacement height (sheltering effects excluded); hdis = 0 mm
Terrain factor; kr = 0.19 (z0 / z0,II)0.07 = 0.215
Roughness factor; cr = kr ln(z / z0) = 0.82
Mean wind; vm = cr co vb = 18.0 m/s
Turbulence factor; kI = 1.0
Turbulence intensity; Iv = kI / (co ln(z / z0)) = 0.263
Peak velocity pressure; qp = (1 + 7 Iv) 0.5 vm2 = 0.58 kN/m2
Peak velocity pressure for internal pressure
Peak velocity pressure – internal (as roof press.); qp,i = 0.58 kN/m2
Pressures and forces
Net pressure; p = csCd qp cpe - qp,i cpi;
Net force; Fw = pw Aref;
Roof load case 1 - Wind 0, cpi 0.20, -cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
F (-ve) -2.16 0.58 -1.26 10.40 -13.14
G (-ve) -1.06 0.58 -0.68 10.40 -7.04
H (-ve) -0.70 0.58 -0.49 83.17 -40.61
I (-ve) -0.20 0.58 -0.22 57.54 -12.77
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = -73.56 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 kN
Walls load case 1 - Wind 0, cpi 0.20, -cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
A -1.20 0.58 -0.75 37.72 -28.46
B -0.80 0.58 -0.54 108.77 -58.90
D 0.80 0.58 0.31 188.61 58.60
E -0.51 0.58 -0.39 188.61 -72.84
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for overall section; Fl = Fw,wE = -72.8 kN
Net windward force for overall section; Fw = Fw,wD = 58.6 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.86; as h/W is 1.168
Overall loading overall section; Fw,D = fcorr (Fw - Fl) + Fw,h = 112.6 kN
Roof load case 2 - Wind 0, cpi -0.3, +cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
F (+ve) -2.16 0.58 -0.97 10.40 -10.14
G (+ve) -1.06 0.58 -0.39 10.40 -4.04
H (+ve) -0.70 0.58 -0.20 83.17 -16.61
I (+ve) 0.20 0.58 0.28 57.54 16.09
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = -14.70 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 kN
Walls load case 2 - Wind 0, cpi -0.3, +cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
A -1.20 0.58 -0.47 37.72 -17.58
B -0.80 0.58 -0.25 108.77 -27.52
D 0.80 0.58 0.60 188.61 113.02
E -0.51 0.58 -0.10 188.61 -18.42
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for overall section; Fl = Fw,wE = -18.4 kN
Net windward force for overall section; Fw = Fw,wD = 113.0 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.86; as h/W is 1.168
Overall loading overall section; Fw,D = fcorr (Fw - Fl) + Fw,h = 112.6 kN
Roof load case 3 - Wind 90, cpi 0.20, -cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
F (-ve) -2.16 0.58 -1.26 6.27 -7.92
G (-ve) -1.06 0.58 -0.68 6.27 -4.25
H (-ve) -0.70 0.58 -0.49 50.18 -24.50
I (-ve) -0.20 0.58 -0.22 98.78 -21.92
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = -58.59 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 kN
Walls load case 3 - Wind 90, cpi 0.20, -cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
A -1.20 0.58 -0.75 29.30 -22.11
B -0.80 0.58 -0.54 117.20 -63.46
C -0.50 0.58 -0.38 42.12 -16.08
Db 0.79 0.54 0.28 125.44 34.73
Du 0.79 0.58 0.30 21.06 6.40
E -0.48 0.58 -0.37 146.50 -53.99
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for upper section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE Aref,wu = -7.8 kN
Net windward force for upper section; Fw = Fw,wu = 6.4 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.85; as h/L is 0.907
Overall loading upper section; Fw,u = fcorr (Fw - Fl) + Fw,h = 12.0 kN
Equiv leeward net force for bottom section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE Aref,wb = -46.2 kN
Net windward force for bottom section; Fw = Fw,wb = 34.7 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.85; as h/L is 0.907
Overall loading bottom section; Fw,b = fcorr (Fw - Fl) = 68.8 kN
Roof load case 4 - Wind 90, cpi -0.3, +cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
F (+ve) -2.16 0.58 -0.97 6.27 -6.11
G (+ve) -1.06 0.58 -0.39 6.27 -2.44
H (+ve) -0.70 0.58 -0.20 50.18 -10.02
I (+ve) 0.20 0.58 0.28 98.78 27.62
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = 9.05 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 kN
Walls load case 4 - Wind 90, cpi -0.3, +cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
A -1.20 0.58 -0.47 29.30 -13.65
B -0.80 0.58 -0.25 117.20 -29.65
C -0.50 0.58 -0.09 42.12 -3.93
Db 0.79 0.54 0.57 125.44 70.92
Du 0.79 0.58 0.59 21.06 12.48
E -0.48 0.58 -0.08 146.50 -11.72
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for upper section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE Aref,wu = -1.7 kN
Net windward force for upper section; Fw = Fw,wu = 12.5 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.85; as h/L is 0.907
Overall loading upper section; Fw,u = fcorr (Fw - Fl) + Fw,h = 12.0 kN
Equiv leeward net force for bottom section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE Aref,wb = -10.0 kN
Net windward force for bottom section; Fw = Fw,wb = 70.9 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.85; as h/L is 0.907
Overall loading bottom section; Fw,b = fcorr (Fw - Fl) = 68.8 kN
