COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES-PHASE-1

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

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 Revolutionary Activities

Q. – Names of Leaders.
- Institutions Phase – I Phase – II
- Publication 1900 - 1915 1922 - 1930
- Conspiracy Lases

Q. Causes behind the Activities

Swadeshi Political Failure of Failure of Reactionary

Movement Vaccum Moderates Extremists Policies

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 Revolutionary Activities

- Revolutionary Activities (Map - India)

1. Bombay 2. Bengal 3. N. India 4. Abroad

- Origin on Bombay

1879 - Vashudev Balwant Phadke

- Ramosi peasant revolt

- By 1880s & 1890s

- Rise of Tilak
- Aggressive writing in press

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 Revolutionary Activities

June 1897

- Rand Murder Chapekar brothers

- Why?
- Plague in Poone
- Epidemic Declared
- Plague committee W.C.Rand(ICS)
- Started insulting people
- :. Chapekar brothers killed rand & Ayrest
- Hanged Chapekar

- Tilak – Kesari & Maratha

- Historical writing
- Bhagawat Gita
- Tilak jailed for 18 months

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 Revolutionary Activities

By 1899 - Rise of Vinayak Savarkar & Ganesh Savaekar.

- Establishment of Mitra Mela, Studied @ fergusson college
- Facinated by young Itacy Mazzini Guirella warfare
- Wrote Mazzini Charitra
- By 1904 Abhinav Bharat
By 1906 - Went to London @ India house Pandit Shyamji Krishna Verma
- Foundation of Free India society - Meeting with Gandhi
- Learning Guerilla warfare, bomb making Art.

July 1909 - Murder of Curzon wylie by Madanlal Dhingra

Shyamji→ Paris, Geneva

Savarkar Dhingra Caught & Hanged

- Arrested & DeportedPRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

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 Revolutionary Activities
By December 1909

- Shooting Down @ DM Jackson by Anant Kanhere

- DM of Nasik – Jackson insulted Ganesh Savarkar
- :. Anant Kanhere shot him
- Pistol sent from London by Vinayak Savarkar
- :. Savarkar arrested & Imprisoned Andamans (1910)

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 Revolutionary Activities

Bengal

- Anushilan Samiti – Body building Society @ Gymkhana / Akhara

- Initially Diff. Bodies & Hence Diff. Leaders

- Satish Chandra Basu Sarla Devi - Jatindranath Banerjee

- Pramanath Mitra - Aurobindu
- Barindranath Ghose Published Bhavani Mandir
- Bhupendranath Dutta
- Both published Yugantar, Sandhya.

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 Revolutionary Activities

- By 1905 – Anushilan Samiti – Two Branches

- Dhaka Anushilan Samiti - Yugantar Group – Calcutta

- Pulin Behari Das - Started by Aurobindo, Barindranath

- Motivated by P.Mitra & Bipin Chandra Pal - Bhupendranath Dutta (Brother of Vivekananda)
- Barrah Dacoity (1908) - Jatindranath Banerjee (Bagha Jatin)
- Bairjal Conspiracy (1913) - Ras Behari Bose
- Pulin jailed @ Andaman
- 1920 Founded – Bharat Sevak Sangh

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 Revolutionary Activities

Q. Working of Yugantar Group?

India Abroad

- By early 1907, Swadeshi Movement - Sending members to foreign places

- Rise of revolutionary activities - Awareness among Indians
- Taraknath Das, G.D. Kumar America
- Hemichandra Kanungo Sent to Europe for revolutionary activities

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 Revolutionary Activities

- Bomb made @ Alipore (Maniklata Gardens)

- Muzzaffapur (1908) - :. Arrest of 34 persons
- Notorious Judge Kingsford - Ghose Brothers
- Chaki & bose thought of killing him - Barindra – Deported @ cellular
- Threw bomb on horse carriage - Aurobindo – Depended by CR Das
- But, due to some mis-information - During trial many investigations & witness
- The bomb was thrown on Mr.Kennedy’s carriage also shot dead
- Killing of Two kennedy sisters - Narendra gosain (approver) – 1909
- Praful Chaki – Shot Himself - Shamsul Aslam (Dysp) killed @ court
- Khudiram Bose – hanged premises – 1910
- Now police investigation→ who made this bomb - Jatin & other Arrested
- Later on by 1911, jatin released by lack of
Evidence.

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 Revolutionary Activities

- By 1914 WW-I
By 1911 – Annulment of partition→ Bengal - Bagha Jatin & Ras Baheri Bose (Bengal)
- Shifting of capital to Delhi - Virendranath Chatopadhyay (Germany)
- Ras Behari Bose & Sachin Sanyar - Berlin Committee
- Throwing bomb @ Viceroy Hardinge - Indo – German Plot
- Ras Behari Bose will take part in Ghadar - Fund Raising Done by Dacoity
- Later on went to Japan, settled there - Police came to know @ Arms Delivery
- Hotel restaurant opening - Encounter @ Balasore, Bagha injured later
on died.
1942 – Established Indian Independence League
- Given – Order of the rising Sun
- Took part in forming In a – 1943

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 Revolutionary Activities

Pagdi Sambhal Movement (1907)

Q. Punjab & N. India
- March 1907, Banke Dyal
- Punjab canal colony Act – Bari Doab - Lala, Ajit singh arrested but released
- Land given to new settlers later on released
- Later on law changed - Rai Chand Falan, Bhai parmanand arrested
- :. Reaction from public – Leaders

Lala Lajpat Rai Sardar AjitSingh

- Bharat Mata Society
- 1907 50 years of 1857 wanted to revolt

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 Revolutionary Activities

Outside India Revolutionary Activities

Europe North America

Q. India House work?

London Paris Berlin
- Serve as residence of Indian students
1. London – Shyamji Krishna Verma - Promote nationalism
- Blelonged to Kathiawar, Gujarat - Published journal The Indian socio-logist
- Qualified Law, Cambridge - Students – V.D. Savarkar Madanlal Dhingra,
- Worked as Diwan in princely states Lala Hardayal
- By 1905 Went back to England - 1909 – Murder of William Curzon Wylie
- Formation of India House Indian Home rule society - Savarkar Deported
- Dhingra – Hanged
- Shyamji Paris Geneva – Died @ 1930
- 2003 Ashes brought to India by Modi

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PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
 Revolutionary Activities

2. Paris 3. Berlin
- Madam Bhikhaji Gama - Virendranath Catopadhyay
- Worked as Pol. Sec. to Dadabhai Naoroji - Founding of Berlin committee
- Welcome the formation of India house - Rename→ Indian Independence Committee
- Relocated to paris India society - Supported by Lala Hardayal & Bupendranath
- Newspaper Vande Matram Dutta
- Also “Madan’s” talwar - Champakraman Pillai
- Took part in second international @ stutgart, Germany - Indo – German Plot.
- Represented first flag
- Was asked for extradition but the French refused

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THANK YOU

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COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
THE GHADAR

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

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INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
WWI→ GHADAR, HOMERULE

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Background
Q. Nationalist response during war?

Hum bhi support karte Ek mauka aur diya Loha garam hai...mar do
hain....Swaraj milega na...! hathoda

Effects can also be seen→ Scattered Revolts & Mutinies

Berlin Committee in Europe
Scattered Mutiny by Indian Soldiers→ Singapore
Ghadar Movement

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The Ghadar Hindustan
Zindabad

Ghadar- Ek prem
katha
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 The Ghadar

- North America
- Origin - Punjabi Migrants
- Leaders - Settled @ west coast
- Impact - Canada & USA (Map)
- How it Began? - Not accepted by local people
- International movements - Laws passed for not allowing migrants to own
property
- :. Got together – Started political Activity

England Paris North America

Geneva
Berlin

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 The Ghadar

- How it Began?
- By 1907 – Anushilan Samiti in Bengal
- Sending TarakNath Das & G.D.kumar to North America

Free Hindustan Swadesh Sevag Home

- Circular – E – Azadi by Ramnath puri

- By 1910 Vancover authorities pressurized Hence they shifted to seattle united India house
- By 1913, Bhagwan Singh Preached violent overthrow of British
- Coming of the Lala Hardayal

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 The Ghadar

- Lala Hardayal
- Punjabi Family
- St. Stephen Sanskrit
- Cleared ICS
- Wrote Against British
- 1909 Went to Paris met came wrote in Vande
Matram

- Lala Hardayal
- Came in contact with an Samajist
- Went to USA,
- Set up Guru Gobind Singh Sahib educational
scholarship

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 The Ghadar

- By May 1913 – Lala Hardayal Founded

- Meeting @ Portland (Map)
- Hindi Association | Pacific coast Hindustan Association

Leaders

Lala Hardayal Sohan Singh Pandit Kanshi Barkatullah

Ram Chandra Kartar Singh Sarabha
Bhauna Ram Maroli - Harnam Singh
- Bhai Parmanand - Rahmat Ali Shah
TUndaliat

- Public meeting, collection of funds - $ 10k

- Establishment of yugantar Ashram @ San Francisco
- Starting of weekly newspaper Ghadar
- By Nov.1913 Hindi Association Hindustan Ghadar Party
Renamed

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The Ghadar Q. The Ghadar
leadership?

Sohan Singh Bhakna

Barkatullah Bhagwan Singh
Lala Hardayal

Other Leaders

Ramchandra, Bhai
Parmanand,

intended to bring about a revolt in India

Kartar Singh Sarabha

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 The Ghadar

Ghadar newspaper Active members in other countries

Japan China Philipines Malay Singapore S.A Mexico

- Published in newspaper war against British

- Urdu & Gurumukhi - Strong Patriotism
- Amgrezi Raj Ka Dushman - “Angrezi Raj Ka Kalha Chitta”
- Ghadar Di Goonj
- Writings in poems…..
- Recalling the Revolt of 1857…….

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 Kranti layenge....
The Ghadar
Q. The Ghadar programme?

organize assassinations of officials

Publish revolutionary and anti-imperialist literature

work among Indian troops stationed abroad

procure arms and bring about a simultaneous revolt in all British colonies

intended to bring about a revolt in India

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 The Ghadar

Q. Revolt Conditions - Catalyst

1. Arrest of Lala Hardayal 2. World – War – I 3. Komagata Maru

& Escape to Switzerland

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The Ghadar
The Komagata maru incident

Name of a ship which was carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh and Punjabi Muslim would-be immigrants, from
Yokohama(Japan)- Hongkong-Singapore -Vancouver

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 The Ghadar
The Komagata maru incident

Name of a ship which was carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh and Punjabi Muslim would-be immigrants, from
Yokohama(Japan)- Hongkong-Singapore -Vancouver

Were turned back by Canadian authorities after two

months of privation and uncertainty

British Interference in Canadian affairs

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The Ghadar The Komagata maru
Ship ko India
In between, Start of WWI
incident bhejo....

British order for ship to return to India

Ship finally anchored at Calcutta in September 1914

Inmates refused to board the Punjab-bound train

Badla liya
jayega

Police Action→22 got killed

Ghadarites got infuriated, time to

take on the British

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The Ghadar The Komagata maru
incident

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The Ghadar The Komagata maru
incident

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 The Ghadar
Ghadar
Ghadarites→Urged fighters to go to India
21 Feb 1915...

Kartar Singh Saraba. and Raghubar Dayal Gupta left for India

21 Feb 1915 decided as date of revolt

British Intelligence→ CID

Major leaders were arrested

Later on, Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal were

asked to lead the movement

The Defence of India Act passed, in March 1915

End of Ghadar Movement

Ras Behari Bose→ Japan

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 The Ghadar

Q. Indian impact 21 Feb 1915

- Entry of Ghadaries @ Punjab

- Kartar Singh Sarabha Toured villages
- Tried to motivate people
- But people Not Ready
- Ghadarites Before they could revolt got arrested
- Sachin Sanyal & Ras Baheri Bose called in from Bengal
- Lahore conspiracy Defense of India Act, 1915
- Raja Mahendraprat & Barkatullah Afghanistan
- Exile Govt Formed
- Berlin Committee
- Singapore Mutiny
- Outcome of the Ghadar ?

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 Assessment of Ghadar??
The Ghadar
Positive

Achievement→ Ideology level

Enriched militant nationalism with a completely secular approach

Militarily, it failed Q.Why?

lacked an organized and sustained leadership

Lala Hardayal→ Unsuitable

preparation required at every level—organisational, ideological,

financial and tactical strategic

Next→ Home rule Movement

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 UPSC Prelims-1998
Q. Who was the leader of the Ghadar Party?

A. Bhagat Singh

B. Lala Hardayal

C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

D. V.D. Savarkar

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 UPSC Prelims-2005
Where were the Ghadar revolutionaries , who became active during the
outbreak of the World War I based?

A. Central America B. North America

C. West America D. South America

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THANK YOU

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COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
HOME RULE MOVEMENT

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Home Rule Movement

- Origin
- Why?
- Leaders
- Features
- Outcome

Entry Of Gandhi Gandhian Movement

1915
1916 1917 1918 1919

Home Rule

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 Home Rule Movement

Origin Itna sannata kyun hai

bhai..!
16 June 1914 Tilak out of jail → Mandalay Why so silence ?
- Political Vacuum
Lala USA

Ashram Aurobindo Pal Retired

- Moderates W/O any popular support

- Thought of entering congress, but stopped by moderates
- Assured loyalty to the moderates as well as crown
- Some moderates also were unhappy; wanted to reunite
- Simultaneously, annie besant started building political movement on the basis of Irish Home Rule.

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 Include Jab tak jodenge nahi
Not tab tak chodenge
Tilak in
possible...! nahi....Congress...
congress

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 Home Rule Movement

By 1915 – Annie Besant Newspapers new India & common weal

- Organised public meetings, Theosophical Society Tilak
- Created awareness
- By December 1915 – Extremists allowed to join congress - Started political activity
- But the demand for Home Rule wasn’t accepted by congress - Didn’t wanted to arouse moderates
- Given timeline of september1916, that she can start her Home - Set up village association in Maharashtra
Rule league if congress doesn’t starts…….
- Tilak free for political Activity.

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 Home Rule Movement

April 1916
- Tilak’s Home Rule league formed April 1916
- Belguam Bombay provincial conference - Annie Besant’s follower
- Started Home Rule groups
- Jamnadas Dwarkadas shankarlal banker, indulal
yagnik Young India (newspaper)
Demarcation of Areas (Map)
Annie Besant - By Sep 1916 Adyar
Tilak - Formation of Home Rule League
- George Arundale
Rest of India - Annie Besant
- Maharashtra (No Bombay)
- B.P.Wadia
- CP
- Berar

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 Home Rule Movement

April 1916
- Tilak’s Home Rule league formed April 1916
- Belguam Bombay provincial conference - Annie Besant’s follower
- Started Home Rule groups
- Jamnadas Dwarkadas shankarlal banker, indulal
yagnik Young India (newspaper)
Demarcation of Areas (Map)
Annie Besant - By Sep 1916 Adyar
Tilak - Formation of Home Rule League
- George Arundale
Rest of India - Annie Besant
- Maharashtra (No Bombay)
- B.P.Wadia
- CP
- Berar

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 Home Rule Movement

Tilak’s League of Action

- Tour of Maharashtra - By July 1916
- Popularising of demand - Tilak Became Popular
- Formation of linguistic states - 23 July 1916 Happy Birthday gift
- Education must for non-Brahmins stressed why Govt. hires more - Govt. Notice Show cause Notice ₹ 60000
of Brahmins Bond
- Removal of untouchability - Got depended by Jinnah
- Publishing pamphlets in local languages - Lost in lower court
- Opening of different branches - Exonerated by high court
- Gandhi writing in Young India
- By April 1917 19000 members
Total

Berar Maharastra
CP

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 Home Rule Movement

- Annie Besant’s league of Action

- Started in Sep. 1916 @ Adyar
Active
- 200 Branches opened up
Inactive
- But no structure, hence less growth of members
- Promoting political education, discussion
- Establishing Libraries Reading
- Organise social works
- More than 3 lakh copies sold of pamphlets
- Moderates also joined – Jawaharlal Nehru, B.chakravarti,
J.Banerjee

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 Home Rule Movement

- By Dec 1916 Lucknow session of Congress

- Home Rule Volunteers Lucknow
- Trans named as Home Rule express
- Congress special
- Home Rule special

Q. Significance ?

- After 10 years extremists allowed entry in congress

- More than 1000 delegates attended
- Joint meeting of two leagues
- Muslim league-congress pact
- By Jan 1917 popularising of Home Rule league

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 Home Rule Movement

- Govt. Reaction
- Banning of students Them leaders Joining Home Rule
- Suprssion
- June 1917 Besant, wadia & Arundace arrested
- Tilak Passive Resistance
- Gandhi collection of signature by S.Banker & Jamnadas Dwarkadas M.M.Malaviya M.A.Jinnah S.N.Banerjee
- 1000 Signatures Tej Bahadur Motial Nehru
Sapru
Dec
- By August 1917 Reuase of annie Besant Becomes the
president of congress 1917
- Public Reaction
- Renouncing of Knighthood S. Subramania Aiyar.

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 Home Rule Movement

By 1918 Diffusing for Home Rule

Why

Moderates Tilak Annie Besant

- Pacified by the - Wanted to continue with passive - Left W/O support

reforms talks resistance - Leaders less
- Didn’t attend - Later on went to England for a
congress sessions legal case
- July 1918 reforms - Valentine Chirol Indian Q. Impact of Agitation?
published unrest
- Backbone
- Rural – Urban linkage
- Organisation
- Self Govt.
- Entry of Gandhi facilitated
- Lucknow Pact-1916

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 UPSC Prelims-2013
Q. Annie Besant was
1. Responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement

2. The founder of the Theosophical Society

3. The president of the Indian National Congress

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3

(c) Both 1 and 3

(d) All of these

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Lucknow Pact
Mont-Ford Reforms

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Home Rule Movement
Q. Assessment?

Positives

1.Established link between the town →the country

2.Shifitng of movement

Initially, Only Educated classes were participating

Now, masses were participating

3.This mass of people→ got trained for Gandhian style of politics

4. Lucknow Pact

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Home Rule Movement
Lucknow Session of Congress 1916

Q. What is the importance of this session?

readmitted the Extremists led by Tilak to the Congress fold

Lucnow Pact between Congress and Muslim League

Ab shoes mat phenkna...!!

Mr. Jinnah...u are
ambassador of Hindu-Muslim
unity

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Home Rule Movement
Lucnow Pact
The Muslim League + Congress= joint constitutional demands

The Congress accepted the Muslim League's

position on separate electorate We accept
separate
electorates

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AC Mazumdar
Home Rule Movement
Q. Assesment-Lucnow Pact?
Positive-
Negative Fallout?? Did congress committed a mistake?
Minority secured that
majority will not dominate
The acceptance of the principle of separate electorates them

Implied→ Muslim league & Congress are two separate political entitites

Hence,→Two-Nation theory

Hindu-Muslim Unity→???
Not much steps taken

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1919
Also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

1. Demarcation of the central and provincial subjects

Central Legislature→ Central List

Provincial Legislature→ Provincial List

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1919

Dual scheme of governance started→ ‘Dyarchy in Provinces

Provincial subjects

Transferred Reserved

Who makes laws?

Transferred subjects → Governor with the aid of ministers responsible to the legislative Council

Reserved subjects, →Governor and his executive council without being responsible to the legislative Council

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1919
3.Bicameralism and direct elections in the country

Indian Legislative Council

Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly)

Welcome….

4. 3/6 of the Viceroy’s executive Council→ Indian

Communal representation→ Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1919
Communal representation→ Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans

Separate Electorates→ Only Muslims can vote for Muslims, Introduced through Morley Minto
Reforms (1909)

Samiullah- Candidate from Dacca

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1919
5.Office of the High Commissioner for India in London 10 years ke baad ek
commission bhenge

Establishment of a public service commission

Appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its

working after ten years of its coming into force

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THANK YOU

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COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
GANDHIAN HISTORY

Presented by Pratik Nayak

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MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
AGE OF GANDHI

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 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Home Rule Movement

- Origin
- Why?
- Leaders
- Features
- Outcome

Entry Of Gandhi Gandhian Movement

1915
1916 1917 1918 1919

Home Rule

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Recap
Formation of Congress 1885

Moderates
1900s
Extremists

Swadeshi Movement 1905

Surat Spilt 1907

1900s to 1912
Revolutionary Activities- Phase I

Ghadar Movement 1913 to 1915

Home rule movement 1916 to 1918

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Gandhian Era
Q. Type of Questions asked?

Gandhi before India→ i.e. In Africa

Political organisation

Publication

Form of Protest

Novel feature about Protest

Almost each and every thing about Gandhiji is Important

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JOURNEY OF MOHAN TO MAHATMA

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 Mohan to Mahatma
2nd Oct, 1869
Karamchand Gandhi + Putlibai
Mohandas K Gandhi

1876-83 Shifts to Rajkot, Attends School

Got Married to Kasturba

1884-85
Meat Eating, Bhavnagar Study @ Shamaldas
College, Drops out

1888 Goes to London

Follows Anglicised approach

1889 Enlightenment- Towards Religion

Vegetarian Diet Movement

1891 Completes Education

Nov. Comes Back- Practices @

Bombay High Court

1892 Struggle/ No Cases

Bombay
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Rajkot
Gandhi Before India
Plz come to
Africa...
Born @ Porbandar→ 2nd October 1869

Father was the Diwan of the Rajkot state

landed at Durban in 1893 on a one-year

contract to sort out the legal problems of Dada
Abdullah Okay...for a
year..chalega..

Dada Abdullah

But this one year was converted into 22 years.

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 Mohan to Mahatma
1893 Goes to South Africa
Cancelled By Dada Abdullah Durban To
Pretoria- Racism
Decides To Fight

1894 Foundation- Natal Indian Congress

Enrols@ SA, Sup. Court-

Fight For Right

1896 Comes Back @ Rajkot

Publishes “The Green Pamphlet”
Tours For Indians In SA

1897 Sails Back To SA

Takes Part In Boer war.

1899
Ambulance Corps-
Awarded Medal
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 Mohan to Mahatma
1901 Sails Back To India
Attends Congress@ Calcutta session
Dec.1901 Raises Indian Issues In SA

1902 Tours With Gokhale

Practise Started @ Rajkot & Bombay
Called Back To SA- Anti-Asiatic Act Transval

1903
Sails Back To SA.
- Established Transval British Indian Assn.
- Publish Indian Opinion

1904 Reads John Ruskin’s: Unto This last

(given by Henry Polak)
Phoenix Indian Settlement
Guide To Health

1905 Partition Of Bengal

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Mohan to Mahatma
1906 Homerule- Support for India
Disinterested in worldly possessions
- Bramacharya Vow
- Passive Resistance Oath

1907- 1908 - series of 8 articles in Gujarati on "Ethical Religion"

- Satyagraha used instead of Passive Resistance
- Asiatic Registration Act→ Black Act

1909 - Sails To England

- Writes To Tolstoy on Passive resstance
- Coming Back To SA
- Writes Hind Swaraj Ship- Kildonan Castle
- Congress Resolution @ Lahore

1910 -Reply from Tolstoy

-Foundation Of Tolstoy Farm

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Mohan to Mahatma
1911 Immigrants Bill Restriction
loyalty to King-Emperor on coronation

- Gokhale Visits SA.

1912 - Tour Of SA.
- Gives up Western Dress.

1913 Searle Judgement

- Supreme Court.
- Poll Tax ₹ 3 Indentured Labours.
- Transval March .

1914 - Passing Of Indian Relief Act.

- Sails for England→ India

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Mohan to Mahatma
9 Jan. 1915 Reaches India Pravasi Bhartya Divas

May 1915 Kochrab Ashram

(1917- Shifting @ Sabarmati)

1915- 1916 Bharat Darshan

1915 onwards

1917 Indentured Labour Agitation

April- Champaran

1918
Jan- Mar 1st Fast Ahemdabad & Kheda.
Viceroys War Conference→ Supports 1st World War

1919

- Rowlatt Satyagraha- 6 April, Arrested

- Jalianwala Bagh- 13 April, 1919
- Stopping Of Satyagraha- Himalayan Blunder
- Navjivan Writing.

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi Before India
Meeting
arrange karo
Journey from Durban to Pretoria

Full of racial humiliations

bundled out of a first-class compartment by a White

man

@ Pretoria convened a meeting of the Indians there

prepared to leave for India, once work got over but was stopped by Indians

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi Before India Nahi chalega
aisa bill
Q. 1st issue to be raised by Gandhiji in South Africa?

Raised the issue of the bill to disenfranchise Indians

Starting of Political activity in SA

Gandhi in Africa

1894 to 1906 1906 onwards

Moderate Phase Passive Resistance- Satyagrahi

petitioning and sending memorials

believed that if all the facts of the case were presented to the Imperial Government, the British
sense of justice and fair play would be aroused and the Imperial Government would intervene on
behalf of Indians who were, after all, British subjects

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi Before India
Starting of Political activity? 1894 to 1906-‘Moderate’ phase

setting up of the Natal Indian Congress

starting a paper called Indian Opinion

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi Before India Lagta hai Dharna
dena padega ab...!
1906→ Phase II

Use of the method of passive resistance or Satyagraha

civil disobedience

Q. Satyagraha→ First used when?

Certificates with
Government Act→ compulsory for Indians to take out Fingerprints...Only for
Indians
certificates of registration which held their finger prints

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi Before India Koi certificates nahi
sath rakhega....

11 September, 1906

Indians resolved that they would refuse to submit to this law and would face the
consequences

Okay...Peace... Aap
fear of jail had disappeared voluntary register kara
dena

Meeting between General Smuts & Gandhiji

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhiji Before India Ab dekho ye
phasenge....!

Smuts had played a trick

Gandhiji retaliated by publicly burning their registration

certificates

I’ll burn
certificates

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhiji Before India

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhiji Before India
August 1908

New Legislation→ Restrict Indian immigration

number of prominent Indians from Natal crossed the frontier into Transvaal to defy the new immigration laws and
were arrested

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhiji Before India
1909

Gandhiji’s visit to London at the Invitation of Indian Community

Wrote Hind Swaraj on return Journey

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhiji Before India
Set up Tolstoy Farm German architect friend, Kallenbach

Tolstoy Farm was the precursor of the later Gandhian ashrams

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhiji Before India Political Developments by 1912-13

Welcome to
Africa Guruji...
In between Gokhale paid a visit to South Africa

Agreement between Gandhi &

Government

Okay...No more
atyachaar.....

Discriminatory laws against Indians

would be removed

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 This is
Gandhiji Before India Africa.....hahah....

But later on, Satyagraha was resumed in 1913 due to:

1. Resistance to the poll tax of three pounds that was imposed on all ex-indentured
Indians

2. Supreme Court which invalidated all marriages not conducted according to Christian rites and registered by
the Registrar of Marriages

Implication, Hindu, Muslim and Parsi marriages were illegal and the children born through these marriages
illegitimate

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi Before India Andolan...ab nahi
rukenge...

Country wide Satyagraha started by Gandhiji

Pattern→Arrested, Released, Arrested

Series of negotiations

Government of South Africa conceded the major Indian demands

Okay...galti ho
gayi..chalo baat karte
hain
•poll tax,
•the registration certificates
•marriages solemnized according to Indian rites,

Gandhiji returned to India, in January 1915

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi Before India

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhiji in Africa- Summary Not its turn for
India

1. Non-violent civil disobedience

2.Gandhian Method→ Blue print was created

3.South Africa→ Net practise→ Experiment

Prepared him for leadership

4. Faith was created, that masses can sacrifice

All India leadership of social classes→ Muslims, Parsis, Sikhs etc. were based in Africa

5. Gandhiji learned→

the hardest way, that leadership involves facing the ire not only of the enemy but also of one’s followers

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in Africa- Summary
SWOT analysis

7. Africa → Net practise → evolving his own style of politics and leadership

8. Moderate style won’t work, so in India directly Gandhian style

already knew the strengths and the weaknesses of the Gandhian method

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in India 1916*→ Home rule movement
started
1915→no public stand on any political issue India lives in its
villages

Spent the year travelling around the country

organizing his ashram in Ahmedabad

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Gandhi in India
Q. Why no participation by Gandhi in Homerule movement??

He was deeply convinced that none of these methods of political struggle were really viable; the
only answer lay in Satyagraha

1917-1918→ Background political developments

Satyagraha...is the
When does Gandhi involves himself in Struggle? only answer

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in India
When does Gandhi involves himself in Struggle?

Champaran in Bihar

Ahmedabad and Kheda in Gujarat

Q. feature of these struggles?

related to specific local issues

they were fought for the economic demands of the

masses

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in India
Champaran Satyagraha 1917

Commercialisation of Agriculture

Growing Indigo in 3/20th Land→ .

Tinkathia system

Indigo grow
Ji Huzoor..... karna
padega

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in India Champaran Satyagraha 1917

1910 onwards→German synthetic dyes forced indigo out of the market

Huzoor, demand nahi

Aila...nahi grow karne k paisa
hai...humko force mat kijiye Bhaav nahi aa raha
lagega...!!! Okay...don’t grow...but for
Indigo k liye hai Indigo ka
that extra rent dena padega

Planters→keen to release the cultivators from the obligation of cultivating indigo

Demanded→ enhancements in rent and other illegal dues as a price for the release

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Aila...nahi

Gandhi in India Champaran Satyagraha 1917 grow karne k

paisa
lagega...!!!

Raj Kumar Shukla, →persuade Gandhiji to

come to Champaran to investigate the
problem

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Aila...nahi

Gandhi in India Champaran Satyagraha 1917 grow karne k

paisa
lagega...!!!

Raj Kumar Shukla, →persuade Gandhiji to

come to Champaran to investigate the
problem

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Gandhi in India Won’t go...I am on a
Champaran Satyagraha mission here

Gandhiji,→ ordered by the Commissioner to immediately leave the district

Started Investigation with other leaders

Mahadev Desai and

Narhari Parikh

Brij Kishore, Leaders of

Anugraha Prasad Sinha, Champaran
Mazhar Ul Haque

Rajendra Prasad
J.B. Kripalani

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Champaran Satyagraha
Gandhi in India I have evidence of 8000
peasants

Government appointed a Commission of Inquiry

nominated Gandhiji as one of its members

evidence collected from 8,000 peasants

tinkathia system needed to be abolished

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Champaran Satyagraha
Gandhi inIndia
Recommendation by the Commission

1.peasants should be compensated for the illegal enhancement of

their dues

2.Gandhi’s compromise with the planters

refund only twenty-five per cent of the money they had taken illegally from the peasants

within a decade, the planters left the district altogether

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in India 20% se zyada nahi de
Ahmedabad 1918 35% increase chaiye sakta...

dispute between workers and the mill

owners

Why dispute?

Plague bonus

Mill owners

Q. How did Gandhiji became involved?

Mill Workers

When conflict scaled up, the British collector called Gandhiji to resolve the problem

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in India Tribunal theek rahega....

Ahmedabad 1918

Gandhiji persuaded the mill owners and the workers to agree to

arbitration by a tribunal

Matters in Tribunal→ Stray strike by workers

Ab 20% chaiye to lo...warna

naukri bhi jayegi

Mill owners offered a twenty per cent bonus and threatened to

dismiss those who did not accept their terms

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 35% increase sahi hai.... Workers
Gandhi in India strike karo...mein tumare saath
hoon
Ahmedabad

Gandhi on the basis of a thorough study of the production costs and

profits of the industry as well as the cost of living, that they would be
justified in demanding a thirty-five per cent increase, in wages

Okay bapu... Andolan..

Advised the workers to go on strike

After some days, the workers began to exhibit

signs of weariness, decline in attendance

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Now m goin on fast unto
Gandhi in India death....!

Ahmedabad

After some days, the workers began to exhibit signs of weariness,

decline in attendance

Gandhiji decided to go on a fast

If the strike led to starvation he would be the first to Bapu sab thak gaye
starve, and the fast was a fulfillment of that promise

Q. What next?

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Now m goin on fast unto
Gandhi in India death....!

Ahmedabad

Fast had the effect of putting pressure on the mill owners and they
agreed to submit the whole issue to a tribunal

Let the tribunal decide...

Later,Tribunal awarded the thirty-five per cent increase

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in India
Kheda

Peasants of Kheda district were in extreme distress due to a failure of crops

Appeals for the remission of land revenue were being ignored

No rain...Crop failure...pls
lagaan maaf kar do
Haaha...Doogna
lagaan dena
padega

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Mein grass k upar bhi
Gandhi in India tax loonga

Kheda

Revenue Code→ If crops 1/4th the normal yield then total remission

Enquiries by members of the Servants of India Society, Vithalbhai

Patel and Gandhiji confirmed the validity of the peasants’ case

I was also the president of

Gujarat Sabha

advised the withholding of revenue, and asked the peasants to ‘fight

unto death against such a spirit of vindictiveness and tyranny

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Gandhi in India Collect only from
those who can
Kheda pay...!!

The Government had issued secret instructions directing that

revenue should be recovered only from those peasants who
could pay

Public declaration of this decision would have meant a blow to

Government prestige

The movement was withdrawn

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

THANK YOU

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
NON COOPERATION AND KHILAFAT

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

JOURNEY OF MOHAN TO MAHATMA

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Mohan to Mahatma
2nd Oct, 1869
Karamchand Gandhi + Putlibai
Mohandas K Gandhi

1876-83 Shifts to Rajkot, Attends School

Got Married to Kasturba

1884-85
Meat Eating, Bhavnagar Study @ Shamaldas
College, Drops out

1888 Goes to London

Follows Anglicised approach

1889 Enlightenment- Towards Religion

Vegetarian Diet Movement

1891 Completes Education

Nov. Comes Back- Practices @

Bombay High Court

1892 Struggle/ No Cases

Bombay
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Rajkot
 Mohan to Mahatma
1893 Goes to South Africa
Cancelled By Dada Abdullah Durban To
Pretoria- Racism
Decides To Fight

1894 Foundation- Natal Indian Congress

Enrols@ SA, Sup. Court-

Fight For Right

1896 Comes Back @ Rajkot

Publishes “The Green Pamphlet”
Tours For Indians In SA

1897 Sails Back To SA

Takes Part In Boer war.

1899
Ambulance Corps-
Awarded Medal
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
 Mohan to Mahatma
1901 Sails Back To India
Attends Congress@ Calcutta session
Dec.1901 Raises Indian Issues In SA

1902 Tours With Gokhale

Practise Started @ Rajkot & Bombay
Called Back To SA- Anti-Asiatic Act Transval

1903
Sails Back To SA.
- Established Transval British Indian Assn.
- Publish Indian Opinion

1904 Reads John Ruskin’s: Unto This last

(given by Henry Polak)
Phoenix Indian Settlement
Guide To Health

1905 Partition Of Bengal

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Mohan to Mahatma
1906 Homerule- Support for India
Disinterested in worldly possessions
- Bramacharya Vow
- Passive Resistance Oath

1907- 1908 - series of 8 articles in Gujarati on "Ethical Religion"

- Satyagraha used instead of Passive Resistance
- Asiatic Registration Act→ Black Act

1909 - Sails To England

- Writes To Tolstoy on Passive resstance
- Coming Back To SA
- Writes Hind Swaraj Ship- Kildonan Castle
- Congress Resolution @ Lahore

1910 -Reply from Tolstoy

-Foundation Of Tolstoy Farm

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Mohan to Mahatma
1911 Immigrants Bill Restriction
loyalty to King-Emperor on coronation

- Gokhale Visits SA.

1912 - Tour Of SA.
- Gives up Western Dress.

1913 Searle Judgement

- Supreme Court.
- Poll Tax ₹ 3 Indentured Labours.
- Transval March .

1914 - Passing Of Indian Relief Act.

- Sails for England→ India

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Mohan to Mahatma
9 Jan. 1915 Reaches India Pravasi Bhartya Divas

May 1915 Kochrab Ashram

(1917- Shifting @ Sabarmati)

1915- 1916 Bharat Darshan

1915 onwards

1917 Indentured Labour Agitation

April- Champaran

1918
Jan- Mar 1st Fast Ahemdabad & Kheda.
Viceroys War Conference→ Supports 1st World War

1919

- Rowlatt Satyagraha- 6 April, Arrested

- Jalianwala Bagh- 13 April, 1919
- Stopping Of Satyagraha- Himalayan Blunder
- Navjivan Writing.

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Moderates, Tilak out of Jail, Starting
Arrival in India 1915 of Home Rule

1917
Champaran
Home Rule Movement
1918
Ahmedabad

Kheda 1918
End of Home Rule Movement

Kheda 1908

Mont-Ford 1919 Mont-Ford Reforms

Reforms

Rowlatt Act- Satyagraha

Khilafat & Non Cooperation 1920s

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat and Non Cooperation

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Period between 1919-1920

- Jalianwala Bagh Massacre

- Govt. under pressure appointment of the hunter committee
- Public campaign by the morning post ₹30000
- By 1919

WW-I End Rowlett Act Jalianwala Bagh GoI Act 1919

- Paris peace - Martial Law
conference

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

India in 1919 Inka to kuch karna padega

•People were getting restless

Why?

1918→ End of WW-I

Economic condition→ Inflation

The Rowlatt Act, The Jallianwalla Bagh massacre

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms→ Dyarchy

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

India in 1919
Simultaneously, in background

By 1916, Congress+ Muslim league→ Common fight

The Lucknow Pact (1916)

Rise of young Muslims who advocated militant nationalism

By 1920 Khilafat Issue.....@ Paris Peace Conference

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat Movement
WW-I

Allied Powers Vs. Central Powers

Ottoman Empire

Khalifa

May 1920

Treaty of Sevres with Turkey

Completely dismembered Turkey

Protest started in all over the world, by fellow Muslim leaders

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat Movement

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Rowlett Satya Graha

Paris Peace Conference

- Winning forces vs. losing powers

- Germany lost – Treaty of Versailes
- Turkey lost – Ruled by the Khalifa / Caliph
- Treaty of Sevres Khalif to be removed
- Launching of pan Islamic Movement
- Forming of Khilafat Committee @ Bombay by Ali brothers
- Joining by other members Hakim Ajmal khan, M.A. Ansari, Maulana Abul kalam Azad
- Nov. 1919 Gandhi invited @ meeting Go non-violent
- By march 1920 Mohd Ali @ Paris Charter of demands

- Khalifa→ Control over sacred places

- Jazirat-Ul-Azab Mustremain under Muslim sovereignity (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine)

- How it got converged into Non-cooperation movement ?

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Non-Cooperation

9 June 1920 - Kilafat committee @ Allahabad Gandhi to lead movement

- 22 June Gandhi wrote to Viceroy
By 1 Aug. 1920 - Launching of Khilafat & NCM
- Emotional Start
- Hartal & Fast

Sep. 1920 - Congress meeting @ Calcutta

- Acceptance of non- cooperation

Dec. 1920 - Cong meeting @ Wagpur

- Surrender of titles
- Boycott schools-colleges
- Law courts, foreign cloth

May 1920 - Aicc special session

- Eurther course of action
- 1 Aug. 1920 passing of Tilak
- Boycotting of elections led by CR Das, M.Mmalaviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
 Non-Cooperation
Feb 1920

Punjab wrongs Constitutional advance

Khilafat question

June 1920

All-party conference at Allahabad

programme of boycott of schools, colleges and law courts

Gandhi was asked to lead the programme

August 01, 1920

Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was

formally launched

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Non-Cooperation

September 1920 Calcutta

Congress approved a noncooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were
removed and Swaraj was established

Q. What was Programme of Congress??

boycott of government schools and colleges

boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through panchayats instead

boycott of Legislative Councils

boycott of foreign cloth and use of khadi instead

renunciation of government honours and titles

the second phase could include mass civil disobedience including

resignation from government service, and non-payment of taxes
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
 Non-Cooperation
September 1920

Approval of Non Cooperation program by congress

Aim: Khilafat, Punjab Wrongs, Establishment of Swaraj

December 1920, Nagpur

Endorsement of Non Cooperation Programme Sacchai ke raste par chalo...

Changes in Congress Creed

Before,Swaraj through Constitutional means

Now, Swaraj through Peaceful & legitimate means

Changes in Congress Organisation

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Non-Cooperation

Important organisational changes were made

1. Setting of 15 members Congress Working Committe (CWC)

2. Provincial Congress Committees (PCC) on linguistic basis

were organised

3. Ward and Village committees was organised

If the non-cooperation
programme was
implemented completely,
4. Entry fee was reduced to four annas Swaraj would be ushered in
within a year

This adoption gave it a new energy, and the years 1921 and
1922 saw an unprecedented popular upsurge

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Non-Cooperation

By Jan 1921 Considerable success

- Gandhi + Ali Brothers All India tour

- 90000 students Boycotted schools & colleges
- 800 + New Institutions set up
- Revival of Swadeshi Spirit
- Bengal CR Das & Subhas Bose
- Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai
- Boycott of Courts lawyers giving up practise

CR Das M. Nehru M.R. Jaykar Siafudin C.Raja T. Pradasam

Kitchlew Gopalchari

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Non-Cooperation

- Govt. Realising
Boycott of Foreign cloth & Goods - Losing of Revenue
- ₹ 102 crore (1920-21)
- ₹ 57 crore (1921-22)
- Bonfire
- :. Publishing details of great men in
- Picketing of cloth, liquor
History who drank liquor
- Mention by Prabhudas Gandhi
- Gandhi’s visit @ Madurai Discarding clothes
- Promotion of charkha, membership drive
- Tilak Swaraj fund ₹50 lakh collected Moses Alexander Julius Napoleon
Leaser Bismarck

By July 1921 - Mohd Ali Muslims should Italy away from Govt. service Army religion doesn’t allows

Nov. 1921 - Visit of prince of wales @ Bombay

- Hartal all over country

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat movement
Highlights
Gandhi accompanied by the Ali brothers- Mohammad Ali
and Shaukat Ali undertook a nationwide tour

90,000 students left government schools and colleges

Joined around 800 national schools and colleges which

cropped up during this time

Jamia Millia,
Kashi Vidyapeeth, Development of Nationalist Education
Gujarat Vidyapeeth
Bihar Vidyapeeth

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat movement
Highlights

lawyers gave up their practice

Heaps of foreign cloth were burnt publicly

Picketing of shops selling foreign liquor and of

toddy shops

Congress volunteer corps emerged

local Congress bodies were asked to start civil disobedience

Tilak Swaraj Fund

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat movement
Highlights
lawyers gave up their
practice
Heaps of foreign cloth were burnt publicly

Picketing of shops selling foreign

liquor and of toddy shops

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat movement
Highlights

No-tax movement against union board taxes in Midnapore (Bengal) and in Guntur
(Andhra)

In Assam, tea plantations,

steamer services, Strikes
Assam-Bengal Railways

Rise of Local Struggles→

as Awadh Kisan Movement (UP),
Eka Movement (UP),
Mappila Revolt
(Malabar) and the Sikh agitation for the removal of mahants in Punjab

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Non-Cooperation

Indirect Effect

No tax movement Tana Bhagat EKA Awahd Akali Moplah

- Midnapore (Bengal) Sect. Movement Kishan Movement Riots
- Andhra Pradesh Sabha
Madari Pasi Nankana
Tragedy

- Bijolia Movement @ Mewar

- Bhilb tribal movement
- Motilal tejawat
- Bengal CR Das & SC Bose Basanti Deb Arrested
- Labour movement & trade unionism

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

December 1921
Congress appointed Gandhi the sole authority on the issue I will start Civil
Disobedience if.........

February 1, 1922

Gandhi threatened to launch civil disobedience from Bardoli

(Gujarat) if

(1) political prisoners were not released, and

(2) press controls were, not removed

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Khilafat movement What you
wanna talk
about...?
Q. Government Response??

Talks between Gandhi and Reading

Government came down heavily on the protestors

Volunteer corps were declared illegal

Public meetings were banned

Let’s talk
Press was gagged

most of the leaders barring Gandhi were

arrested

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Khilafat movement
Hahaa....not
gonna do
I will start Civil Disobedience anything
if.........

But, the movement had hardly begun before it was

brought to an abrupt end→
Chauri Chaura Incident
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
 Khilafat movement
Chauri Chaura Incident

Police here had beaten up the leader of a group of

volunteers

Agitated crowd torched the police station with policemen

inside

Violence prompt Gandhi to withdraw the movement

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 No more protest.....!
February 1922
Violence at Chauri Chaura

February 1922

CWC meeting at Bardoli

Resolution to stop all activity that led to breaking of law and to get down to
constructive work, instead

March 1922

Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in jail

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Khilafat movement People have not
understood what is non-
Q. Why Gandhiji Withdrew the Movement??
violence
people had not learnt or fully understood→nonviolence

signs of fatigue among people

Not possible to sustain any movement at a high pitch for very long

Violent movement →easily suppressed

Chun chun k
marunga sabko

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat movement
Q. Changes in Turkey ?

Central theme of the agitation—the Khilafat question—also

dissipated

November 1922
Mustafa Kamal Pasha ,deprived the Sultan of political
power and made turkey into Secular State

Later on, Caliphate was abolished

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Khilafat Non-cooperation movement
Q. Assessment?? Positives

1. Involvement of Muslims

2.Nationalist sentiments →reached every nook and corner of the country

3. Politicised every strata of population—the artisans, peasants, students, urban poor, women,
traders etc.

4.Myth→ Colonial rule was invincible

It was broken and Challenged by Satyagraha through mass struggle

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Khilafat Non-cooperation movement
Q. Assessment?? Negatives

Involvement of Muslims

Q. But why involvement?

Due to Religious issue. Hence→ Towards Communalisation

Initially Muslims Joined→ Religious Issue

Role of National leadership→ Converting Religious issue into Secular issue for long term approach

Hence, they failed. After the end of this movement, large scale Muslim participation could not take
place

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Tana Bhagat Movement (1914-1919)

tribal uprising

leadership of Jatra Oraon

Why Protest?
Taxes imposed on them by the British

Opposed the zamindars, the banias (moneylenders), the

missionaries, the Muslims and the British

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Awadh Kisan Sabha

Peasant Movement→ Kisan

Exploitation by Powerful Landlords/ Taluqdars

How?
Arbitrary ejectments→ Bedakhli
Exorbitant Rents
Illegal Rents
Renewal fees→ Nazranas
Inflation→ World war going on

Reaction from Peasants

How?
Gauri Shankar Mishra, Indra Narain Dwiwedi, MM Malaviya→
UP Kisan Sabha→ feb 1918

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Awadh Kisan Sabha

Gauri Shankar Mishra, Indra Narain Dwiwedi, MM Malaviya→

UP Kisan Sabha→ Feb 1918

Emergence of Baba Ramchandra→ Sanyasi

Born in Maharshtra, Stayed in Fiji for some time
Roamed in villages with a copy of Ram Charitmanas
Mobilised peasants, Invited JL Nehru to join Movement

Oct 1920→ Formation of Awadh Kisan Sabha, Merged with UP

Kisan Sabha

No work till bedkhali is stopped

No begar
Boycotting those who doesn’t takes part

Linking with the Non Cooperation movement

Violence on Jan 1921→ Rai Bareilly, Peasants shot dead
Passing of the Awadh Rent (Amendment) Act→ 1922
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Eka Movement

Peasants movement agains the extraction of Rent

50% higher than the recorded rent

Peasantas at Hardoi, Sitaur, Barabanki got together

Leadership of Madari Pasi

Oath
No beggar
Not leaving the field in case of eviction
Not paying more than the fixed land revenue

Protesting against the exploitation

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Moplah Revolt

Moplah→ Muslim leasehoders→ Kanamdars

Or Cutivators→ Verumpattadars

Zamindars→ Hindus
Exploitation?
High rent
Renwal fees
Lack of security of tenure
Historical revolt → 1880s

Khilafat issue→ local issues merged

Yakub Hasan, K Madhvan Nair, P Moinuddin

Arrest of Ali Musaliar→ Turned violent

Against British and also against the Hindu landlords

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Bijolia Movement

Peasant movment in Mewar

Related to Bijolia Jagir
Land revenue and other taxes
started after the accession of Rao Sawai Kishan Singh ji to
the jagir in 1894

Bhoop Singh alias Vijai Singh Pathik arrived in Bijolia and

organized the peasants under the Bijolia Kisan Panchayat[
Continued till the year 1941

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THANK YOU

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
SWARAJISTS AND NO CHANGERS

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Period Between 1922-1927

Period Between 1922-1927

Different Social Reforms Rise of Political & Economic Peasant & Labour
Movement - Vaikom Satyagraha - Communalism Reforms Movements
(Satyagraha) - Akali Movement - Caste Movements - Communist
- Nagpur Movement
- Borsad

- Emergence of new leaders Subhash & Nehru

- Revolutionary Activities
- Swawaj Party

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 Swarajist

The Period from 1922 – 1929

Political Vacuum

Swarajist Revolutionary - Constructive work by Congress

Phase - II - Satyagraha

- Feb 1922 – Ending of NCM

- March 1922 – Gandhi in Jail.
- PM Lloyd George Polity of Repression
- Section of leaders questioned sudden withdrawal of NCM
- During NCM Boycott took place.

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

March 1922 Break k baad milta hoon

Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in jail

Leadership Vacuum

What to do
Nationalist leaders issued bewilderment on withdrawal of movement

Congress→ 3D
Disintegration, Disorganisation and Demoralisation

1.Clash of Ideologies in Congress Origin due to leadership

vacuum
2.Resurgence of Revolutionary Terrorism

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swarajist

Dec 1922 Gaya Session

Congress→2 Groups

- Wanted Change - Continue Boycott

- Pro changers - No Changers
- Participate in council elections - Not taking part in Elections

- C.Raja Gopalchari
- C.R. Das
- Rajendra prasad
- Motilal Nehru
- Vallabhbhai Patel
- Hakim Ajmal Khan
- M.A.Ansari
- N.C. Kelkar
- J.L.Nehru
- S.C.Bose
- Local Self Government
- Ahmedabad- Vallabhbhai Patel
- Bombay- Vitthalbhai Patel
- Patna- Rajendra Prasad
- Allahbad- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Calcutta- Subhash BosePRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Swarajists and No Changers Lets enter
councils....and bring
C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan swaraj...

end to the boycott of legislative councils

Nationalists could enter them to expose the basic weaknesses of

these assemblies

use these councils as an arena of political struggle to arouse

popular enthusiasm

to 'end or mend‘ these councils

Advocating entry into legislative councils came to be known as

the Swarajists

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swarajists and No Changers
'No-changers'

opposed council entry

Advocated ,concentration on constructive work

continuation of boycott and noncooperation

No taking part in
councils.

C. Rajagopalachari M.A. Ansari Rajendra Prasad Vallabhbhai Patel

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swarajists and No Changers

Q. Swarajists' Arguments?
Q. No-Changers' Arguments??

Entering the councils would not negate the non-

Parliamentary work would lead to neglect of
cooperation programme
constructive work
Time of political vacuum→ council work would serve to
enthuse the Constructive work would prepare everyone for the
masses and keep up their morale next phase
of civil disobedience

Intention was to use the councils as arena of political

struggle

Entry of nationalists would deter the Government from

stuffing the councils with undesirable elements who may
be used to provide legitimacy to government measures

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swarajists and No Changers
We want
December 1922, Gaya Session
congress to
Humra
accept
Proposal reject
Swarajist
defeat of the Swarajists' proposal of 'ending or mending' kar diya...!
programme

C.R Das and Motilal Nehru resigned

formation of Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party

Can’t accept your

programme...afsos...!

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swarajists and No Changers Haan to bolo..Nehruji
Baat karne se hi
baat banti hai
December 1922, Gaya Session kya karien

formation of Congress-Khilafat
Swarajya Party

So, what next?

Split like 1907?

Keep me in the
loop...
Both sides wanted to avoid a 1907 type split and kept in
touch with gandhi who was in jail

realised the significance of putting up a united

front

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

March 1922
Break k baad
milta hoon
Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in jail

Leadership Vacuum

Clash of Ideologies

Pro Changers vs. No changers

December 1922, Gaya Session

Defeat of Swarajists Proposal

September 1923, Delhi

Compromise between Swarajists & No Changers

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swarajists and No Changers Okay...u can contest as a
group within congress

Swarajists were allowed to contest elections as a group within the Congress

Swarajists →accepted the Congress programme

Mann nahi
manta..lekin ek baar
try karne do

Q. Gandhi's Attitude towards Swarajists?

Initially opposed to the Swarajist proposal of council entry

Gradually moved towards a reconciliation

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Okay...u can
December 1922, Gaya Session contest as a
group within
Dekha mera congress
Defeat of Swarajists Proposal kamaal

September 1923, Delhi

Compromise between Swarajists & No Changers

Swarajists to contest within Congress

November 1923 elections

Swarajist→ Wins42 out of 141 elected seats

clear majority in the provincial assembly of Central Provinces

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swarajist

- Dec 1922 Gaya Congress Proposal rejected of C.R.Das & M.Nehru

- 1 Jan 1923 Formation of Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party Resignation of C.R.Das & M.Nehru from congress

- Sep 1923 Special session of congress @ Delhi M.A.Azad. Swarajist allowed to contest elections NCM Can be
practiced inside the councils
- Gandhi Still not in favour though

- Nov. 1923 Elections conducted in of councils & central assembly

1. Central Leg. Assembly 42/105
2. C.P 40/54 (Only Majority)

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swarajist
Don’t support
Swarajist

- Gandhi – still against Swarajist in jail

Swaraj Party
- Feb 1924 Gandhi out of Jail due to ill
Health
- June 1924 Ahemdabad
AICC – Resolution Against Swarajists

Inside Council Outside Council

- Govt. Will Create split

- End /End Councils Dekha mera
- Boycott within councils kamaal
- not taking part in any committees Started arresting those Swarajist who had soft
- Stopping drain of wealth corner towards revolutionaries
- Labour rights
- Getting popular - By Nov. 1924 Joint Statement
- Now Swarajist allowed officially by Gandhi
- Dec. 1924 Belgaum Session.

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Belgaum Session→ Named as Vijaynagar session

only session chaired by Gandhi,

Spinning made main activity
helped different factions of Congress come
together
Pampa Sarovar (the well created to supply water
to the convention

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
 Swarajist

Q. Swarajists Work analysis

- Entered leg assembly in Feb. 1924

- 40 members + Joints by other Indian members (Malaviya, Jinnah)
- Formation of nationalist party
- Started work in the assembly?
- Demanded reforms, pol prisoners to be released developing of industries
- Defeating Important policies of the Government.
- Public Speeches

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swarajist
Dekha mera
kamaal

- Demanded provincial Autonomy

C. Vijayaraghavchariar
- Dominion Status

M. Nehru - Demand of – Constituent Assembly Indian constitution

- Round table conference

- Reforms Enquiry committee (Muddiman Committee)

Govt.
- Lee Commission constituted
Shant baithiye..... Pls
1925 - Vithalbhai Patel becomes speaker maintain decorum of
the house

1928 - Defeat of public safety bill.

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swarajist

Splitting
Q. End of Swarajists?

- Office Acceptance – Privileges

- Joining of Different committees Responsivist Non – Responsivist
- M.Nehru Skeen Committee. - Contince non Coperation
- V. Patel Speaker - Work for reform - M. Nehru
- Ramaswamy jyengar Public accounts committee - Accept official post
- Elitist attitude - Hindu Interest
- Later on death of C.R.Das - M.M Malaviya
- Communalism Muslim league - Lala Lajpatrai Support the Govt.
Hindu Mahasabha (1925) - N.C. Kelkar
- Riots started - M.R. Jaykar

- Gandhi on21 day fast (1924)

- Sabarmati compromise
- Next Election – Nov. 1926

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swarajists and No Changers
Q. Why council entry programme fizzled out? By 1924

1.Weakening of Swarajists Position→ Communal Riots

2.Leadership Vacuum→Death of C.R. Das in 1925
3.Split →Responsivist Vs. Non-responsivist lines

Responsivists → Group within Swarajists→advocated cooperation with the Government and

holding of office wherever possible to protect the Hindu interests

Madan Mohan Malaviya Lala Lajpat Rai

N.C. Kelkar

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swarajists and No Changers
Q. Why council entry programme fizzled out?

Anti National ho aap

N.C. Kelkar Madan Mohan Lala Lajpat Rai Motilal Nehru

Malaviya

Accused the Non-responsivists like Motilal Nehru of being anti-Hindu

In 1926 elections they failed as a party in disarray, and did not fare well

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

1924

Weakening of Swarajists→ Communal Riots

1925

Death of Founder→ CR Das

Split→ Responsivits, Non Responsivits

1926, Elections

Fails in elections
Not much Contribution later on except,

1929

Defeat of Public Safety Bill

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swarajist

- Disintegration of Nationalist Party

Swaraj Party Hindu Mahasabha Independents

- Nov. 1926 Elections

- Heavy losses for the Swarajists

- By 1927 Communalism on rise

Revolutionary Activities
Different Satyagraha Remerger of Swarajist within Congress
Labour Movement
Change of Govt. In England
Arrival of Simon

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swarajists and No Changers
Q. No Changers-Assesment?

Ashrams sprang up where young, men and women worked, among tribals and lower castes

National schools and colleges were set up

Significant work was done for Hindu-Muslim unity

Removing untouchability, boycott of foreign cloth and liquor, and for flood relief

National education benefited the urban lower middle classes and the rich peasants only

Popularisation of khadi was an uphill task

No emphasis was laid on the economic grievances of the landless and agricultural labourers
comprising mostly the untouchables

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Muddinman Committee
- Sir Alexander Muddinman → Chairperson
- Why Constituted?
- Role of Swarajists in the House
- Enquire into the issues resulted out of the Government of India Act
1919

- Wanted to have Indian Members, but M. Nehru rejected joining it

- Other Indian Members joined it→ Who ?
• Sir Sivaswami Aiyar
• Dr. R P Paranjape
• Sir Tejbahadur Sapru
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah

• Report submitted in the year 1925

• Outcome→?
• Dyarchy not successful,
• Non official Indian members duties were reformed
• commended the appointment of a Royal Commission

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Skeen Committee
- Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
- enabled 10 Indians to be sent to Sandhurst for training "We have been 150 years under this
- Debate on Indian Sandhurst, Resolution RE Establishment of a Military government. You have deprived the
College, people of India of arms. What have
- Jinnah had pressurised the Commander in Chief in the Assembly in you done”
Feb. 1925

- Setting up of the Skeen Committee in 1925

- Skeen Committee (also known as the Indian Sandhurst Committee)

was set up to answer the three most important questions confronting
Indianisation in 1925.
- Motilal Nehru became part of that committee

- How could the supply of Indians for the King's Commission be

improved and increased?
- Was an Indian Sandhurst desirable and practicable?
- If an Indian Sandhurst was set up would it replace the existing
arrangement of providing Commissioned Officers to the Indian army ?

- Final Establishment of the IMA in 1932 @ Dehradun

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PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
THANK YOU

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY