Bengal Partition , 1905
1905 - 1915
In 1903 , proposal for Bengal partition was laid on pertext of governance .
In July 1905 , Viceroy Curzon announced partition of Bengal on lines of religion .
East Bengal = Bangladesh and Assam with Muslim majority .
West Bengal = Bengal , Bihar , Orissa with Hindu majority .
October 1905 partition was implemented . With this Indian freedom struggle entered
2nd phase .
Leaders as Surendranath Banerjee : Bengalee
Krishna Kumar Mitra : Hitabadi
Bal Gangadhar Tilak led protests in Pune and Bombay
Lala lajpat Rai and Ajeet Singh led protests in Punjab and northern India
Bal Gangadhar Tilak started to celebrate Ganpati Festival and Shivaji festival to
increase his popularity
He released Magazines as Kesari in Marathi
Maharatta in English
Gave slogan : Swaraj is my birth right , and I shall have it
Annual INC Session , 1905
Held in Banaras
Presided by Gopal Krishna Gokhale
This session sanctioned the begining of Swadeshi and Boycott movement .
Swadeshi Movement
Rabindranath Tagore wrote ‘ Amar Sonar Bangla ‘ , which led to later became national anthem of
Bangladesh
Bakim Chandra Chatterjee’s ‘ Vande Matram ‘ became song of freedom struggle . It is taken from
novel ANAND MATH .
Abindranath Tagore broke European tradition of painting , and started to paint on Indian themes .
His famous painting “ Bharat Mata “ invoked patrotism .
British goods were bycotted , foregin goods were burnt on streets . Swadeshi colleges and schools
were established
VO Chidambaram Pillai founded Bharat Steam Navigation Company
Acharya PC Ray founded Bengal Chemical Factory .
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Known as Lokmanya Tilak .
Also called Father of Indian Unrest
Newspapers : KESARI , MAHARATTA
Books : GITA RAHASYA
ARCTIC HOME OF VEDAS
Popularised idea of Swarajya
Established : New English School
Deccan Education Society
Fergussen College
Started Lathi clubs to attract more youth , Anti-Cow killing societies .
Founded Shri Shivaji Fund Committee for celebration of Shiv Punya tithi .
SEVA SAMITI
Established by Hridya Nath Kunzru , a member of Servant Society of India , which was founded
by G K Gokhale .
Function : To improve status of suffering classes through social service and education
Established in 1917 in Allahabad
He was also a member of constituent assembly
Formation of All India Muslim League
Sayyid Ahmed Khan already sowed seeds
1905 , partition of Bengal , Muslims of East Bengal saw as a opportunity
and it was opposed by INC .
All India Muslim League created by Agha Khan , Nawab Sallimullah of Dhaka
Facilitated by Viceroy Minto
Purpose : To create political organisation in interest of muslim masses , not to promote
religious disharmony
Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined in 1913
Annual Session of INC , 1906
Held in : Calcutta
President : Dada Bhai Naroji
After Swadeshi and Boycott movement , differences started to emerge b/w extremist
and Moderate leaders .
Clash b/w 2 groups was avoided by Dada Bhai Naroji
Resolution :
Demanded self-rule .
SURAT SPLIT , 1907
Originally , Nagpur was chosen for 1907 session .
But due to increased differences b/w moderates and extremists , venue was shifted to
SURAT , so that Tilak must not contest elections .
President : Rash Bihari Bose ( moderate leader )
Moderates captured Cobgress machinery , didn’t allow Extrimists to speak . This led to
fight b/w 2 sections , leading to SURAT SPILT extremists were not considered part of INC
anymore
Tilak in Mandale jail for 6 years
Lala Lajpat Rai for 1 year
Chidambaram Pillai and Bipin Chandra Pal
for 6 months .
Policy of Suppression by Br
Policy of appeasement
by Br
Indian Council Act , 1909
( Morley - Minto Reforms )
Background : Muslim league had demanded seperate electorate and 2 Indians
in Viceroy’s executive council , one being Muslim .
One Indian member allowed in Viceroy’s Executive council . Satyendra Prasad
Sinha became 1st member ( Law member )
Number of official and non-official members were increased from 16 to 60 .
Majority still remained with Officials
for 1st time system of seperate electorate for Muslims was used . Lord Minto
known as Father of Communal Electorate .
On provision of discussion of budget , Indian members were allowed to
vote and ask supplementary questions .
in provincial legislature , non-officials were allowed to be in majority .
Electoral college was created which consisted of mainly rich people ,
traders , rich merchants , group of teachers , representatives of local
govts .
Delhi Darbar 1911
Attended by King George V of Britain
2 announcements : Annulement of Bengal partition
: Capital shifted from Calcutta to New Delhi
This was condemned by Congress in 1911 Calcutta Session .
Gandhi in S. Africa
1893 : Landed in South Africa to sort out legal problem of his client Dada Abdullah
Moderate Phase ( 1894 - 1906 )
Created Natal Indian Congress in 1894 .
Concentration on prayers , petitions and sending memorials .
During 2nd Boeir War , he created Ambulance Corps of Indians to take care of
afflicted . Given title Kaiser-i-Hind .
Passive Resistance Phase ( 1906 - 1914 )
3 issues : Indians forced to carry registration certificate all the time , Marriage
not conducted acc to Christian methods were invalidated , Movement of
Indians were restricted .
He motivated Indians to break the law by entering into Transval province of
Natal
He was inspired by John Ruskin’s book : Unto this Last , and created PHONEIX
FARM to train satyagrahis .
He reached India on 9th January 1915 .
Mahatma Gandhi
Hind Swaraj in 1909
Idea about how India can acquire true Independence .
2 major issues were discussed
1. Criticism of modern civilization pushed aggresively by Br
2. Possible course of action to create ideal society
Swaraj meant : not only political freedom from Br , but complete freedom
from their ideology .
Rise of Revolutionary Movements
Disappointment among youth from working pattern of Moderates .
WHY
Suppression of extremist leaders .
Discriminatory and exploitative regime .
Initial Activites
1st example of revolutionary nationalism in India : Vasudev Balwant Phadke
around 1876-1877 in Maharastra . Created group of Bhils , Dhang , Mahars
and Ramosi and conducted raid on company treasury , captured Pune for
few days .
He is called as FATHER OF INDIAN ARMED REBELLION
Around 1897, Plague occured in Poona . Committee under Rand was formed to deal with this .
But harsh methods were used . Chapekar Brothers assassinated 2 Br officials Rand and Ayerst .
They were hanged .
This is 1st example of political assassination in India as these 2 officers
were considered responsible for plague atrocities .
BENGAL
ANUSHILON SAMITI :
Created as a body - building society in 1902 , with Bengal partition it turned into a revolutionary
organisation .
3 branches : Calcutta = Barinder Dutt
Bhupender Dutt
Dhaka = Pulin Bihari Das
Midanpore = Gyanendra Nath Bose
Objective : conduct Swadeshi dacoti , killing unpopular Br officers , traitors and informers
Yugantar : magazine by Barindra Gosh
Sandhya Patrika : magazine by Brahma Bandhav Upadhaya
ACTIVITIES
Bomb making factory at Manicktalla
Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose tried to kill a Br officer , but because of miscalculation killed 2 Br
ladies . Prafulla Chaki shot himself , Khudiram Bose was hanged
Under Alipur conspiracy case , Aurbindo Gosh was tried in court , later he left active politics and
embarked spiritual journey
DELHI
Sachindra Sanyal and RashBihari Bose attacked Viceroy Hardinge , though
they were not completely successful , were able to injure him .
As such under Delhi Conspiracy case , Amir Chand , Awadh Bihari , Bal
Mukund , Basant were executed
MAHARASTRA
Abhinav Bharat
Group of revolutionaries created in 1904 by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar .
Ganesh Damodar Savarkar .
Earlier in 1899 , he created a group Nasik Mitra Mela . Advocated overthrow of Br rule .
In 1906 , VD Savarkar went to Br to study law . Wrote a text called “ Mazzini Charitra “ .
He also wrote “ Indian War of independence “ on revolt of 1857 .
In Br Savarkar got associated with a revolutionary group “ India House “ . In 1909
Madan lal Dhingra assassinated Curzon Wylie in London
In India , members of Abhinav Bharat Annant lakshman Kanhare , Vinayak
Deshpande and Krishna Karve assassinated Nasik magistrate AMT JAKSON . This was
called as Nasik Conspiracy case .
In Nasik Conspiracy Case Savarkar was jailed in Cellular Jail , Andaman . In 1922 , he
was shifted to Ratnagiri jail , where he defined HINDUVATTA
PUNJAB
After annexation of Punjab , it was observed that Central and eastern Punjab
was more fertile and populated as compared to Western punjab . Therefore ,
Canals were created in West part
High land revenue and high irrigation taxes were imposed . In 1907 , bill was
passed to control inheritance of land under Canal settlement
This led to political discontent .
Newspaper Punjabee by Lala Lajpat Rai
Bharat Mata by Sardar Ajit Singh
Ajit singh started BHARAT MATA SOCIETY , but was suppressed by Br
Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh were put in Mandale Jail in Burma
Outside India
Bharat Swashasan Samiti India House
Founded by SHYAMJI KRISHNA VARMA .
In Britain
Released magazine : Indian Sociologist
Madam Bikaji Cama was associated with this organisation . She founded Parsi
Indian Society in 1906 . Later , she hoisted first Indian flag at Socialist Conference at
Stuttgart
Gadar Party
Earlier situated in Vancouver in Canada , Later in Seattle in America .
HQ : San Francisco
KOMAGATA MARU INCIDENT , 1913
When ship reached at Calcutta , Indians clashed with Br which led to killing of large
number of people from Punjab .
It sparked begining of Gadar movement under leadership of Rash Bihari Bose .
Meetings of INC
1905 , Banaras GK Gokhale Swasesh and Boycott movements
1907 , Surat Rash Bihari Bose Surat split
Jinnah decried the seperare electorate
1910 , Allahabad William Wedderburn
system
Condenmed the expenditure at Delhi Darbar
1911 , Calcutta B N Dhar
1911 . JAN GANA MANA sang for 1st time .
1912 , Patna R N Mudholkar Jawahar lal nehru participated for 1st time
1st world war began , Congress promised help .
1914 , Madras Bhupendra Nath Bose
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was released from jail .
Extrimist delegates were allowed . Annie
1915 , Bombay S P Sinha
Besant presented idea of Home Rule League .
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Home Rule Movement
1915 - 1924
In 1915 Congress Session at Bombay , Ms Annie Besant proposed the initiation
of Home Rule Agitation on lines of IRISH HOME RULE LEAGUE .
TILAK’S LEAGUE :
Formed in April 1916 .
In areas of Karnataka , Berar , Maharastra and Central Province
There were 6 branches and was highly organised
Demands
Swaraj
Formation of states on linguistic basis
Education in Vernacular language
ANNIE BESANT’S LEAGUE :
Started in Sept 1916
Operational all over India with over 200 branches . Was loosely organised .
Nationalist leaders associated were - Motilal Nehru , Mohmmad Ali JInnah , Lala
Lajpat Rai , Madan Mohan Malviya .
1. Case against Tilak , defended by Jinnah
2. Annie Besant arrest
3. Montague declaration of 1917
4. Annie Besant release
5. Tilak went to Br to file a suit against Valentine Chirole who claimed Tilak as Father of
Indian Unrest in his book
6. Fading out of Home Rule Leagues
Lucknow Pact , 1916
Indian Council Act 1909
Annual Session of Congress 1916 was hels in Lucknow
President : Ambica Charan Mazumdar
Muslim League participated , which led to an agreement b/w INC and All India Partition Annulment
Muslim League known as LUCKNOW PACT
Congress accepted seperate electorate for Muslims . In WW1 , Calipah of Ottoman
Empire fought against Br
Both Congress and Muslim league demanded Swaraj from Br authority
Agreed that Muslims would be given 1/3rd representation in central
legislature .
Begining of Gandhian Phase
Returned to India in 1915 .
Organised Ashram in Sabarmati .
Toured all over India to understand grievances of people .
Started his political intervention through regional issues .
1st major appearance : Inaugration of Banaras Hind University
in 1916
Champaran Issue
( 1917 )
Indigo cultivation encouraged by Br for blue DYE
Agreement with cultivators was known as Tinkathia system . ( 1 bigha = 20 Kathia ) .
As per agreement , cultivator had to grow indigo on 3/20th of their land holding .
By end of 19th C , German synthetic blue dye forced Indigo out of market .
Tinkathia agreements were abolished , yet cultivators forced to grow Indigo on for
lesser price .
A local leader : Rajkumar Shukla persuaded Gandhi to intervene .
Gandhi ji went ahead with his investigation and was supported by : Dr Rajendra
Prasad , Brij Kishore , J B Kriplani , Mahadev Desai , Mazhar-ul-Haq .
Finally , Br govt gave 25% compensation back to cultivators .
Ahemdabad Issue
( 1918 )
In 1917 , a plague hit Ahemdabad , destroyed cropping and killed lots of people
Due to which PLAGUE BONUS was given to mill workers .
After plague , the bonus was discontinued , but because of WW 1 there was an
inflation which made living difficult for workers
They demanded increase in wages to combat inflation .
Gandhiji persuaded one of the mill owners , Ambalal Sarabhai , to submit the
issue to tribunal , he denied .
Gandhiji decided to observed hunger strike
Pressure was created on mill owners , and entire issue submited to tribunal
Finally , tribunal justified 35% increase in wages .
Kheda Issue ( 1918 )
There was crop faliure . As such peasants demanded remission on land
revenue .
G K Gokale’s organisation SERVANT SOCIETY OF INDIA conducted a survey and
justified the issue of peasants .
Gandhiji was assisted by leaders as Sardar VallabhBhai Patel , VitthalBhai
Patel , Indulal Yagnik .
Gandhiji advised peasants to withhold revenue . People’s lands were
confiscated , yet they protested peacefully .
Finally , revenue collection was suspended , only those who are able to pay
revenue were asked to pay .
Rowlatt Satygraha
Rowlatt Bill : aimed at curtailing the civil liberties of Indians in name of curbing
terrorist violence .
Gandhi initiated all India Rowlatt Satyagraha which included protests , mass-ralley ,
procession , prayers and fastings .
Confusion in starting date of Satyagraha led to early start of protests in Delhi ,
Ambala , Amritsar , Ludhiana which led to violence in many cities .
JALLIAWALLAH BAGH , AMRITSAR
Br authority arrested local leaders SATYAPAL and SAIFFUDDIN KITCHLEW , which led
to unrest . Moreover big Br force was called in Amritsar .
On 13 April 1919 , Baisakhi day , large crowd gathered for festivites at Jalliawallah
Bagh . Br commanding officer General Dyre opened fire upon unarmed crowd
Gandhi returned his title Kesar Hind and Rabindranath Tagore renounced his
Knighthood
General Dyre hailed as Lion of British Empire
Hunter commission was appointed , but it gave a mere warning to General Dyre .
Due to overwhelmimg violence , Gandhi withdrew Rowlatt Satyagraha .
Government of India Act ,
1919
( MONTAGU - CHELMSFORD REFORMS )
BACKGROUND
WW 1 started in 1914 , India helped
Lucknow Pact 1916
August declaration 1917 by Montagu : Goal is slow realisation of responsible govt in India .
Office of High Commissioner for India was set-up in London . Functions as
of Secretary of State . Salary paid by Indian revenue .
3 Indians were allowed in Viceroy’s executive council .
Central legislature was made Bicameral : Legislative Assembly ( lower house ) : 145
: Council of States ( upper house ) : 60
Some members were elected and some were nominated .
To resolve any deadlock , provision for joint sitting was proposed .
At Provincial level , Dyarchy : Dual Government , was introduced .
Subjects were categorised as : Central subject , eg : Defence , foregin policy etc
: Provincial subjects
Transferred Subject Reserved Subject
By Governer and Indian ministers By Governer and his executive council .
eg : health , edu , agri , local govt . eg : law order , finance , irrigation
In case of faliure of machinery at Provinces , transferred subjects were to be
administered by Governer and his council .
Act provided , after 10 yr , commission to be appointed to study machinery of Govt :
Simon Commision
Khilafat Movement
WW 1 , 1914
Allied Powers Central Powers
Sultan of Ottoman Empire was called : CALIPH 1. Britain 1. Germany
Caliph was seen as spiritual and religious leader ,
as he was considered to be successor of Prophet
2. France VS 2. Austria-Hungary
3. Japan 3. Bulgaria
Mohammad . 4. Russia 4. Ottoman Empire
WW I ended in Nov, 1918 . Indian Muslims asked for 5. Italy
better treatment of Caliph . But after war , Br
disrespected the position of Caliph .
This enraged Indian muslims and they created Khilafat Committee in 1919 . Important
members were :
1. Shaukat Ali
2. Mohammad Ali
3. Ajmal Khan
4. Hajrat Mohani
5. Maulana Azad
In Nov 1919 , All India Khilafat Conference was convened . Gandhi was president and he
advocated united action of Hindu and Muslim against Br exploitation by boycotting foregin
goods .
Non-Cooperation Movement
Background : Rowlatt Act , Jalliawallah Bagh Incident , Appreciation of General Dyre
and ill-treatment of Caliph .
Annual Session , 1920
Held at : Nagpur , President : Vijay Raghvacheriar .
Proposal was made related to non-cooperation .
Differences b/w Gandhi and CR Das were melted out . By this time Annie Besant , Bipin
Chandra Pal and JInnah left Congress .
Gandhiji was given approval to initiate non-cooperation movement . It included
boycott of Br goods and services , public institutions , educational institutions etc.
Swadeshi was to be promoted and the promotion of Khadi and Charkha .
Developments
Started on 1 August 1920 .
Goal of Congress : To attain self-government , through extra constitutional means of
mass struggle .
1. Boycott of foreign articles , titles , judiciary and educational institutions was
successful. Leaders as Rajendra Prasad , C Rajgopalachari left the profession of law .
2. Many educational instutions were established as : Gujrat Vidyapeeth , Kashi
Vidyapeeth , Bihar Vidyapeeth , Jamia Milia Islamia .
3. Khadi and Charkha became symbol of movement .
4. Major political leaders were put in prison .
5. On 1 Feb 1922 , Gandhiji gave an ultimatum that if in 1 week prisoners are not released
, then he will initiate CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE from Bardoli .
6. On 5 Feb 1922 , In Chauri Chaura in UP , masses were protesting against Br authority .
The policemen resorted to violence . In retaliation masses burnt 22 policemen inside
the police station .
7. This affected Gandhiji and he withdrew Non Cooperation Movement on 12 Feb 1922 .
8. At this time ,many people became critical of Gandhi .
9. In March 1922 , Gandhiji was put in prison for 6 years .
INC
1922 Annual Session at Gaya
Swarajists No Changers
CR Das , Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan Sardar Patel , Rajendra Prasad , C Rajgopalachari
wanted to end boycott of Council entry . were not in favour of council entry .
Came to be known as Pro Changers . They stuck to the constructive programme by
On Jan 1923 , Khilafat Swaraj Party was Gandhiji .
created with CR Das as President and They came to be known as No Changers .
Motilal Nehru as Secretary .
In 1924 , Gandhiji released from Jail on Health grounds . He inclined to give council entry a try , even
when he was opposed to it .
in elections , Swarajists got 42 out of 101 seats . In 1925 , Sardar Vitthalbhai Patel was 1st Indian
speaker of Central assembly .
In 1926 , declaration of Simon Commission made .
On advise of Gandhiji , Swarajist resigned from Council .
RESPONSIVISTS
When Swarajist resigned , some Indian leaders were not in its favour .
They wanted to hold office whenever possible and work on reforms .
They were : Madan Mohan Malviya
: Lala Lajpoat Rai
: NC Kelkar
During Gandhiji’s South India visit in 1921 , at
: MR Jayakar
Madurai , he changed his attire to Simple Dhoti
and Shwal , and shaved his head .
It was to identify himself with poor people .
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