BS Sta PRACTICAL 1 4 Graphical Presentation of Data (Histogram, Frequency EIEN Osives) PROBLEM 1. The following data show the wage rates of a grow i P of gh histogram, frequency polygon and ogive curves, ae ——_—e. leon eee w represent throu! Hence fina Note Median. ago Rates | 56-62 63-67 | 68-72.| 78-77 18-8? | 89°87 | 88-92 95-975 3 eS 3 | i | 10 | wf s).— yee SOLUTION ‘Aim, To represent the following data through histogram, frequency polygon , ogive curves. _ Procedure : Histogram Ahistogram is a set of vertical bars whose areas are proportional to the frequencie represented. Histogram can be constructed for a grouped frequency distribution wig crelusive or continuous classes. Following are the steps to construct a histogram: 1. If inclusive or discrete are in the distribution, make the continuous. Plot the continuous classes of the variable on X-axis. 2. (a) When width of the classes are uniform (equal), take frequency on Y-axis and construct rectangles with frequencies as their heights. () When width of the classes are unequal, the following steps are used : (@® Compute adjusted frequency (A.F.) by dividing the frequency of eath class by the corresponding adjustment factor which is given by Class Width - Least class width (i) Now construct rectangles on the given classes with adjusted frequent) their heights. hae aon Mode can be obtained graphically using a histogram. 2 Soin the top ght SHES ee dal dem Wy eee modal class with top right comer of the promis modal clase vith meee! Straight line. Similarly, join the top left corner 3. From the meee {OP lft comer ofthe post-modal class. th abscissa of the point whan to ne ines: drop a perpendicular to the Hatt jy frequency distribution. e perpendicular meets the X-axis is the Mode ® Ogive Curves Adjustment Factor = There are two typ. i th 7 » For ‘less that, Gales es ‘Gan ee fan ogive curve and ‘greater than’ oH 3 : ‘n cumulative frequencies (I.e.f.) are plotted against . ; oul (g.c-f.) against the lower limits of Qf the classes. These two curves intersect. kpt For represen rodinn from opive ‘ ion point of ogives drop a perpendi arom the intersection point. of o Perpendicul, Ease of the point where it meets the X-axig abi + Locate OM y-axis and from that. point draw a line parallel to x-axis Meetiy give curve. From the point this | (or) greater than ogive curve. F) nae toa ondicular to x-axis and the point where it meets the x-axis isthe J etribution. This is used if either of the ogives is drawn, : srequency potion cular to X., vhere it is the vrosponding frequency distribution, hs co axis and the edian of the ing less, rve, drop median of Meets the cu: nting the frequeney data grouped in continuous or n discrete _ For roprene aes interval. For each interval a point is located directs ape ne Dat with a Orthat its vertical distance represents the frequency of inte va ‘ ‘ale, These points marked at the top of successive verticals are then Joined w rough straight lines to obtain the frequency polygon. ‘Suppose 1, *2 “case fo POINES (45 fis Ors Fo, rectly above the mid. val measured on the x, are the mid-points of the classes whose frequencies (in, fn) are plotted on the graph paper and are fi, fo, From the histogram, Mode = 75. stogram, ae tag. . are joined Ath straight lines. The point (x1, fi) is joined with (xo,0) and (x, f,) is joined with es ;,0) through dotted lines and the polygon is obtained. Wage Rates Number of CL. | Lef. | es Workers (P) a: bee 58-62 2 5T.5-62.5 2 | 5 63-67 6 62.5-67.5 8 | 63 68-72 8 67.5-72.5 16 | 59 1317 15 12.5-11.5 31 49 78-82 10 T15-82.5 41 34 83-87 12 82.5-87.5 53 | 24 88-92 5 87.5-92.5, 58 2 93-97 6 92.5-97.5 64 | 7 98-102 1 97.5-102.5 65. 1 HISTOGRAM AND FREQUENCY POLYGON 16: 14 12 8 £10 NA c g 8 g S 6 Si 4 rR 2 "| \ 2 — 0 875 625 675 725 775 825 B75 925 975 1025 No. of Workers 4204 Verification : fixfo My =1+ 52 te x C= lo + 2h-f-h"” 75.416, OGIVES 0.575 625 675 725 775 825 B75 925 975 1025 Median : From the above graph, median is 78.25 Verification : 77.5 — 82.5 is the median class N 4027715 ea As Median =/+ Median = 78.25cae PRACTICAL 2) truction of Histogram, Frequenc: C Cons! Ogive Curves using MS-Eeeer IO" ne | M 1. From the following table, draw (i) Histogram (ii) Frequency polygon EI pROBLI (iii) Ogive curves. | ge Frequeney curve) 10-20| 20-80| 30-40| 40-50] 50-60] 60-70] 70-80] 80-00 | o0-100 yw | 22 | 35 | 40 | 60 | 52 | 40 | 30 | 5 ym the following table, draw (i) Histogram, (ii) F; Ogive curves. | (/\{ remuency polygon y0-15 | 15-20 | 20-25 | 25-30 | 30-35 | as40 40-45 S/ 1 19 27 15 6 6 4 Weekly Wages No. of Workers 50-55, 55-60 | 60-65 | 65-70 | 70-75 | 75-80 4 2 2 2 2 | 2 Weekly Wages | 45-50 No. of Workers 4 PROBLEM 3. From the following table draw (i) Histogram, (ii) Frequency polygon or Frequency curve, (iii) Ogive curves. —T Class _ | 10-13] 13-16] 16-19] 19-22 22-25 | 25-28] 28-31 31-84 34-37 | 37-40 Frequency | 8 15 | 27 | 51 | 75 | 54 | 36 | 18 L 9 |7 Aim : To construct Histogram, Frequency polygon and Ogive curves using MS- EXCEL. — Formulae and Procedure : Drawing Histogram for Frequency Distribution Step1 : Enter the data. Step 2 Mark the cells then go to toolbar and select chart. Step3: Select from the chart type column and from chart sub-type select. ~Sten4_:' Press next-button Steps: Enter “Histogram”, “Marks” and “No. of Students”. : ; Under : Chart title, category (x) axis and category (9) axis: Then pres \ next button,ee a ies iep 6 + Select “As object in” and press finish-button, » Si, Step 7 + Using right-button of the mouse, click on one of the bars, Step 8 : Select format data series. Step 9 : Click over options. Step 10 : Replace 150 of gap width by zero and press OK-button, Drawing Frequency Polygon Step 1 : Enter the data. Step2 : Enter the words “L.L” (Lower Limits) and “UL? (Upper Limits; Step3 : Enter the word Mid-Values” and press enter-key, Melly Formula : Mid-value (M)'= (L.L + U.L/2 Step 4 : Mark the cells then go to toolbar and select. chart, Step 5 : From chart type select “scatter”. Then go to chart sub-type and po, scatter with data points connected by lines. Sele Step6 : Click over next. : Step 7 : Enter the words “Frequency Polygon”, “Marks”, “No. of Students” Under : Chart title, Value (x) axis, Value (y) axis respectively. Step8 : Press next button: Then select option : “As object in”. Step 9 : Press finish-button Frequency polygon will be displayed in shect-1 Drawing Ogive Curves Step1 : Enter the data. Step2 : Calculate Less than Cumulative Frequency (L.C.F.) Step 3 : Calculate More than Cumulative Frequency (M.C.F.) Step4 : Mark Cells: Less than marks, L.C.F., M.C. Step 5 : Go to toolbar and select chart. Then chart wizard will be opened. Step 6 : From chart type select “scatter”. Then go to chart sub-type and sls scatter with data points connected by smoothed lines without marker Step7 : Click over next. Step 8 +: Enter the words “Ogive Curves”, “Marks”, “No. of Students”. Under : Chart title, Value (x) axis, Value (y) axis respectively. Step9 : Press next button. Then select option ; “As object in”. Step 10 : Press finish-button. Ogive curves will be displayed in sheet-1. PROBLEM 1 Histogram Marks | 0-10 | 10-20] 20-80] 30-40 | 40-60] 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 9°" No. of 8 yw | 22 | 35 | 40 | 60 | 52 | 40) 3 ‘Students _—dlsemester Practicals . - HISTOGRAM 2. Jao? 60} g 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 Marks Frequency Polygon Here L.L. = Lower Limit, U.L. = Upper Limit, F = Frequency LL. UL. M= (LL. + UL,)/2 | F 0 10 5 8 10 20 15 12 20 30 25 22 30 40 35 35 40 50 45 40 50 60 55 60 60 70 65 52 70 80 15 40 80 90 85 30 90 100 95, 5 FREQUENCY POLYGON 70 7 60 + 50 + e & 407 5 3 g ~~ fi] F 10 5 ; \ ee 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mid-ValuesBUF esse: B.SC. Statist cane ive Curves: : Here L.L. = Lower Limit, U.L. = Upper Limit, L.C.F. = Less thay quency, M.C.P. = More than Cumulative Frequency LL. | UL. | M=(b.L.+UL/2 Lee Be or " a or 0 0 | 304 | ms » iE 2 10 8 | 296 os fa a 22 20 20° 284 BY "4 = 35 30 42) 269 40 50 45 7 a 7 | a a a a 60 50 } 117 | 187 a 7 ce 52 60 wT | in - S 6 40 70 229 5 80 a 85 30 80 269 35 | egal ine 96 5 90 299) 5 100 | 304, 0 _ Cumulative Frequency ead Histogrs Weekly Wages | 10-15 | 15-20 20-25 | 25-30 30-35 | 35-40 as 45-60 No. of Workers 7 19 27 15 6 ——___ | 6 4 : 50-56 | 55-60 | 60-65 | 65-70 | 70-75 | 75-80 4 4 2 2 2 2- “" Practicals gi seme 3g 209) HISTOGRAM No. of Workers Weekly Wages: cy Polygon imi Lower Limit, U-L. = Upper pe sida cid aa Ma (LL. + ULJ2 F 16 12.5 i 20 17.5 19 8 22.5 27 i 30 27.5 1 | Z 32.5 6 at 37.5 8 iG 42.5 7 ea 47.5 7 as 52.5 i a B15 é ae 62.5 2 70. 675 e fe 12.5 2 is 715 2 FREQUENCY POLYGON No. of Workers Mid-ValuesUSS Ogive Curves : Here LL. BEEeEeEeeeeeeee Sti Lower Limit, U.L. = Upper Limit, 1, iy Cumulative Frequency, M.C.F. = More than Cumulative Frequency, Legs hag Wages | LL. | ut. |M=(Lb.+ULI2| F ne © 10-15 | 10 15 12.5 7 10 15-20 | 15 20 17.5 19 15 20-25 | 20 25 22.5 27 20 25-30] 25 | 30 27.6 oe = 30-35 | 30 35 32.5 6 30 35-40 | 35 40 37.5 6 35 40-45 | 40 45 42.5 7 a 45-50 | 45 50 475 4 45 50-55 | 50 55 52.5 4 50 55-60 | 55 | 60 57.5 7 2 60-65 | 60 65 62.5 2 60 65-70 | 65 70 675 2 od 70-75 | 70 5 12.5 2 i 75-80 | 75 80 115 2 7 80 OGIVE CURVES 120 2 100 2 80 5 = 3 60 3 40 PROBLEM 3 Histogram [Class 10-13 | 13-16] 16-19] 19-22 | 29-95 25-28 | 28-31] 31-34 | 34-37 | 3740 [Frequency 8 15 | 27 | 51 | 75 | 54 | 36 | 48 9 zHISTOGRAM 75 No. of Workers to13 1946 1619 19-22 22-25 26-28 26-31 31-94 94-97 97-40 Class 21 Polygon Poca 2 Fa Limit, U.L. = Upper Limit, F = Frequency on UL. Me (LL. + U.L)/2 F an 13 11.5 8 As 16 14.5 15 fe 19 175 27 rs 22 20.5 Bl os 25 23.5 % ae 28 26.5 54 28 31 29.5 36 at 34 32.5 18 34 37 35.5 9 37 40 38.5 uu FREQUENCY POLYGON 80 70 » 60 2 50 B 40 Ea 20 10 0 Mid-Values[212 Ogive Curves : Here L.L. Cumulative Frequency, M.C.F. = More tha Class | LL. | UL. |M= (LL. + ULE 10-13 | 10 13. 11.6 18-16 13 16 14.6 16-19 | 16 19 11.5 19-22 | 19 22 20.6 22-25 | 22 25 23.6 25-28 | 25 28 26.5 28-31 | 28 31 29.5 31-34 | 31 34 32.5 34-37 | 34 37 35.5 37-40 | 37 40 38.5 ower Limit, U.L. = Upper Limit, 1.0,p ‘n Cumulative Frequency.” ~ Bs SSG, Lay, n Lor —MCF+ practicals z | ET « PRACTICAL 3 | diagrammatic Presentation of Data (Bar and pie) .BLEM 1. To production by four different workshops of same eo mpany is as PRO! plows * A B c rorkshoP__ D Total production G2 tonnes) 567 693 165 1215 3240 SOLUTION ‘ aim: Torepresent the given data by bar and pie and pie diagrams, gure and Calculations i proce ar Diagram ed at an equal interval, which i | Bars are spaced at an e val, which is a must. Some ti 1, Myanged side by side like organ pipes but the former pale edi tye 0 ‘ifferentiate it from the shape of histogram. In general spi their width. ‘The scale, shading, spacing and thickness of bars are decided simply with an ai that the diagram obtained should be accurate, attractive aad tas ia interpretation. : ‘4s far as possible, bars should be placed in ascending or in descending order of their lengths. However, in some cases like time series data which are to represent the variable varies with respect to time. 4, The figures at the top of the bars may be omitted if the vertical scale is properly mentioned. | 5. There should be no exception in beginning the vertical scale from 0 otherwise the | diagram would give a misleading picture about the comparative values. ace b/w bars is half of ‘Therefore here the lines or bars of uniform width with length proportional to the | values they represent one arcted from a common base line which can be either horizontal or vertical one. With an increased number of categories, width of the bars, may be decreased to the extent that they can simply be lines as well. In fact, the width or thickness of the bar has only an artistic value and has to do nothing with the interpretation of the figures. Pie Diagram | _Ple diagrams are constructed such that each item owns a segment whose area has same percentage to the total area of the circle as the represented value has with its figure, For this, the total number of degrees of the circular arc (360°) is divided into the various ¢ ‘ i he ate. For ous component parts supposing that it corresponding to the agereét’® ‘tanple if “N° is the total and ‘ny’ is one of its component figure corresponding to some item, then the angle for this item = (3) 360°.214 I . ted by 360° ordinarily, the fipart® th equivalent angles taking that the total is represen! 'Y, the first rag is drawn vertically from the centre. There after the components are arrangeq i th order of a clockwise direction. In construction of a pie-diagram the component values are converte | Workshop Production “Angle of Segment = (n,INjaep lemenredace’) |- A 567 (667 = 3240) x 360 = 63° B 693 (693 = 3240) x 360 = 779° c 765 (765 = 8240) x 360 = 850° D 1216 (1215 + 8240) x 360 = 1359° Production of different Workshops tae 2000 1500, 1500 1000 4000 500: 500 Ye 0 A B Cc D Bar Diagram Production (in tonnes) Pie Diagrampit a — ii PRACTICAL 4 = 7 matic. Representation of D: piagraM™*piagrams) using MS-Exea(eer and Pie ives the RoBLEM Following table PRO ain period: jndia | Germany | U.K. | China | New Za 33 16 20 40° [aa aland | Sweden 30 15 a simple bar diagram. over a cert Country, pirth Rate (000) resent the above data in lowing data table gives the sales rate per year of of different Bross Rep! pROBLEM 2. Fol profit and net profit. Year ‘Sales (7000 %) Gross Profit (000 2) | Ni. soxat a 10 et Profit (0002) 2001-02 135 45 7 2002-03 140 55 ° 2003-04 150 60 40 Represent the above data by a multiple bar diagram. PROBLEM 3. The growth of production of fish f for the period 1996 to 2008 is given below : | Year Marine 1996-97 5.34 — Tote Cath Tonnes) 1997-98 8.80 2.80 a 1998-99 10.86 6.70 a 1999-2000 15.55, 8.87 ui alana 16.98 1.03 Sot _ oe 17.16 11.60 er ~ | 12.47 8.42 20.89 Re Present the above data by a sub-divided bar diagram. j PROBLEM 4, T) . | families A and B. the following data relate to the monthly expenditure (in ®) of two } Light and | yiscellaneous a Food | Clothing | Rent Tiel vA uel Panis 1600 | _ 800 600 200 800 1200 | 600 500 100 00. Represey nt the above data by a percentage bar diagram.ge eee 216 aa PROBLEM 5. Draw a Pie diagram for the following data, public sector outlays. ‘Agriculture and Rural Development Irrigation, Energy Industry and Minerals ‘Transport and Communication Social Service and others PROBLEM 1 ‘Aim : To represent the given data by simple bar diagram. Formulae and Procedure : Drawing Simple Bar Diagram Step1 : Enter the given data. Step2 : Mark the cells then go to toolbar and select chart. Step 3: Select from the chart type and from chart sub-type select, Step4 : Press next-button. Step5 : Enter “Simple Bar Chart”, “Country” and “Birth Rate”, Under : Chart title, Category (x) axis and cate; i Next tate "gory (y) axis. Then ress Step6 =: Select “As new sheet” and press finish-button. Step7 : Asa final step, save the file. Country India | Germany U.K. China Newzealand | Swedes Birth Rate (’000) 33 16 20 40 30 | ub | SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM § «0 7 3 35 33 2 30 30 B 25 a 20 20 16 2 he 15 | eae 5 5 oO India Germany UL China Newzeland Sweden ea, — |First semester Practicals PROBLEM 2 : ay ‘Aim :'To ropresont the given data by multiple bar diagray Formula and Procedure : Drawing Multiple fa a © Dingra : Enter the given data. oo step 1 Step 2: Mark the cells then oto toolbar and select ch Step: Select from the chart type and from chart wat Stop 4: Press next-button, “LYE select, Step 5: Enter “Multiple Bar Chart”, “Years and ; “Sale”, Gr Under : Chart title, Catepory (x) axis an sa 088 Profit Next-button, BOTY (y) axis siep 6 : Select “As new sheet” and press finish. Step7 : Asafinal step, save the file. + Net Progen ®. Then pross button. Year| Sates C000R.) | Gross Profit -000 Rap ) | Net P Son 120 2 | “eft 7000 Rs.) 2001-02 185 oo 7 2002-03 140 55 i 35 2008-04 150 60 | a MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM Sales ('000 @) 1 Gross Profit (000 2) CNet Profit (000 z) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Sales, Gross and Net Profit (000 RS) Year PROBLEM 3 Hm: To represent the given data by Sub-divided bar diagre™ Formulae and Procedure : Drawing Sub-divided Bar Diag Sep]: Enter the given data. S‘ep2 : Mark the cells then go to toolbar and select chart———— Select from the chart type and from chart sub-type select, Step 3 Press: next-button. og : a Step 5 : Enter “Sub-divided Bar Chart”, “Years and “Marine and Thana p Step5 = ‘Under : Chart title, Category (x) axis and category (y) axig me Next-button. ; my, Step 6 : Select “As new sheet” and press finish-button, Stop 7 : Asa final step, save the file. Year Marine | _‘Inland | Total anny 6.84 218 ma) 1996-1997 e an 1997-1998 8.80 1998-1999 10.86 6.70 17.58 1999-2000 15.55 8.87 24.49 2000-2001 16.98 11.03 | ie 2001-2002 17.16 11.60 23.75 2002-2003 12.47 8.42 eae 2 5 | 2 | : 5 8 Bland 2 Marine Sh x v FF PK SS Sh SS FS Pos FSF FS SX Year PROBLEM 4 Aim : To represent the given data by a Percentage bar diagram. Formulae and Procedure : Drawing Percentage Bar Diagram Step 1 : Enter the given data. Step2 : Mark the cells then go to toolbar and select chart. Step 3: Select from the chart type and from chart sub-type select. Step 4 : Press next-button.ee 1 seniestet practicals . e 5. + Enter “Percentage Bar Chart, “Items of Bxpenditur Pe 19 Step® "under : Chart title, category (x) axis and category (yy scr ettaaes? Next-button. x18. Then press + Select “As new sheet” and press finish-button, Step + 2As a final step, save the file, Step : Ttems of 1600 ace re 800 Ci - 600 Rent Light and Fuel 200 Miscellaneous 800 Expenditure Espenditure for Family Expendita pa Percentage DExpenditure for Famiy(a) Expenditure for Famiiy(A)| Items of Expenditure PROBLEM 5 Aim : To Tepresent the given data by a Pie diagram. ; Formulae and Procedure : Drawing Pie Diagram Step1 ; Enter the given data. Step2: Mark the cells then go to toolbar and select chart. Step3: Select from the chart type and from chart sub-type select. Bed: 5 ease next-button. = 5: Enter “Pie-Chart”, ‘The press Next-button. fies * Select “As new sheet” and press finish-button. * Asa final step, save the file.220 Beis Wt = ‘Sector Paw, iG eS ntage ‘Agriculture and Rural ‘Development ae [irrigation _ rn Energy one Industry & Minerals 14 ‘Transport, Communication, etc. tbo Social Services and others 161 PIE-DIADRAM Agriculture and Rural development B Irrigation @ Energy @ Industry & Minerals @ Transport, Communication etc @ Social services and othersfate utation Of Measures of Comp! Dispersion RNBL M(Geteulate mean, m median, mode, PI ee i —-39-50 | 80-40 40-50 | 50-60 [a 7 8 18 30 SOLUTION ‘Aim : To calculate mean, Procedure : where Q:=1, + » median, mode Q.D,, Mp Mean® == Roe Mode slash fo i 2A. — (fo+ fe) UM Cantral Tendency and and §.). 224 Median =) 4 (N2—M) 4” Qn. See (GNA Dh: Qa ly +S Os ja : 1 = MD. =D AIX-X] SD. = 2 Sha? me | Calculation : | Cf | Mid-vatue] fx, fe? | he3 1] fle] 4 25 100 2500 34.1 136.4 12 35 280 9800 24.1 192.8 30 45 810 36450 41 253.8 60 55 1650 | | 90750 41 130 15 65 975 | | 63375 59 88.5 85 75 750 56250 15.9 _ 93 85 680 | | 57800 25.9 iat 100 95 665 || 63175 35.9 ee = = 5910 |] 380100 | 1412 Mean x =e Uine - 100 = 59.1 Median =14 2h., median clas: where N/2 = 50; 1=50, f= 30, M = 30,h= 10 (50 — 30) 10, 20 x10 Median =50+~ gq = 50+ 35 +50 + 6.67 = 566, wie fino. Mode =1+ 57" (f+ fy) Here modal class is 50 — 60 1 = 50, fy = 30, fo = 18, fo = 15, = 10 (30-18) 10___ 5 , 120 Mode = 50+ 5,39 —(18 4 15) ~ 90 + 97 = 54.44 N/A = 100/4 = 26 i.e., Q: class is 40-50 1, =40, fy = 18, M, = 12, h = 10 (NA-My)h Q ahaa - 12) 10 = 40 4 BFPO = 49 BO _ ar.29 3N | “FT = 75 ie, Qg class in 60-70 | 1s =60, fs = 15, Ms = 60, h = 10 | (3N/4-My)h — (75-60) 10 150 | Qs = ly FS = 60 + SE = 69 5 150 i 70— 4 ap. = ae Qi 7.22 _ 11 99 M.D. about mean S.D. = _ [380100 oa | -{ Too 7 69-D* = 17.55 Conclusion : ~For the given frequency distribution the yalues of measures of central tendensss® dispersions are : —e _Mean_= 59,1.r _semestet practical | fi ee, . PRACTICAL & a, computatio of Non-central and v Feoey Comphite the first four mo; Ey rribiients to the following a Central Moments ments about t] i data. he point 45 and first fe 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-60] e55 four ;——__—_ 60 7 1 20 69 108 = 0-70 | 70-89 ‘SOLUTION 2 ‘aim : To compute first four non- central moments and first fou procedure + T central moments, Non-central moments are : 1 wy Hh Xd fui 1 Bel =h? SD fu? a us) = 18S ful 1 Ha! = TAD fruit where w= Central moments are : Hs Buta’ pa! + 2004") ~ Ba = Hal — Ayes! poy’ + Gus! Qy') — 3 Gay’ Calculation : CL. i SAD! 2 2 ‘ . fi | Mid-value| u;="75 fur | fu? | fou? | fie 10-20 1 15 -3 3 9 -27 81 20-30 20 25 2 —40 go | -160 ed 3040 |) 69 35 a 69 o | 0 | ® 40-50) 108 45 0 0 0 ale lo og 50-60 |) 78 55 1 78 7 re | see 60-70 22 Pa 2 44 7 ae te 2 5 3 6 | © i082 Total_| 300 zs = 16 | 343 1 Non-central moments.~ Bie. si PE 0 0 = 173.33 00 = 35400. Central moments ny =0 7 114- (0.533) = 119.72 ee ig — He (es) + BUY , Me 9173.38 — 3(114) (0-533) + 2(0.533)? = 8.6532 peg — Apts’ Hs! + Oa" (4)? - 3041" ye tn'95400 — 4(173.33) (0-533) + 6(114) (0.533)? — (0.5336 224.599 Conclusion : / / The non-central moments are ji’ = 0.583, pig! = 114, pts! = 173.33, pus’ = 35400 ‘The central moments are #41 = 0, #2 413.72, ws = 8.6532, 144 = 35224.599. py-and-py coefficients and Shappard’s correlation for Computation-of + grouped data. ; PROBLEM. Calculate f, and fp from the following distribution and Shaparis correlation. “Age | 25-80 | 80-35 | 35-40 | 40-45 | 45-50 | 50-55 | 55-60 | 60-65 | i frequency 2 8 18 27 25 16 7 | 2 i SOLUTION ; ‘Aim : to calculate B; and B2 coefficients and Shappard’s correlation. Procedure : ‘The first four central moments are given by dma Gee Noga hy = DH *P ma = RD ACD a4 Ha? Bo Shappard’s correlations are 2 he Corrected 2 = #275 iid pay = haa Corrected p44 = #4—H2 > + 546 1 where h is width of interval. . alAiler—®) | fi Ce) Fae 84.38 | 590.99 |-10159.16 797.62 | 1188.77 |-14491.09 129.42 | 930.53 | ~6690.51 -69.13 129.49 | -283.59 70.25 197.40 554.70 124.96 975.94 | 7622.07 89.67 | 1148.67 | 14714.50 35.62 634.39 | 1298.53 0.05_ | 5796.19 | 9565.45 6925 “tos = 44.69 : x)= ~ Mm = NDA Gi-¥) = Tog = 0.00047 ~ 0 1 =p _ 5796.19 _ Ma = 3 fi-EP = TYE = 55.2018 i =)s _ 2565.45 _ Hs = yD fi G3 = Tos = 24.4328 : 850814.67 ff = yD hei-z) = 2 2 Bs? _C4AB2B% 4 roesg Bx = 71,5 = (66.2018)8 = 0.003549. 105 = 8102.9968 Shappard’s corrections : i — Corrected Ha = Ma 75 5.2018 — 75 = 5. WT, Corrected Ma = Ha-Ha + 345 (FT oy = 8102.9968 — (55.2018) “2 * 340 (5) = 7431.203. Conclusion : y ‘The first four central moments f; and Be coefficients are 44 =0 p2= 55.2018 1 = 24.4328 pr, = 102.9968 = 0.003549 By = 2.6591 fe ‘ - is near to oe the distribution is symmetrical. Since : <3, cu curve of ‘tition is patikurtic curve, Shappard's corrections are : Comected yp = 63.185 _ Comected y.4 =7431.203,= Se, PRACTICAL 7 % Computation of Coefficient of Skewness PROBLEM. Calculate Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness to the following data : GI. | 0-10 ] 10-20] 20-80] 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | ao-99 Peveree anual | 80-90 tf 2 6 iL 20 40 15 45 | 25 | 49 | 9-159 SOLUTION Aim : To calculate Bowley’s and Karl Pearson's coeffi data. Procedure : Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness = Mean —Mode 2 medi Bowley’s coefficient of skewness = But Quad medion 3 @ where Mean¥ =i 3 fixi i QV2=Ca)h (i-foh Median =1+——— al+ Ech ae (WA-CDh 7 a =4+ MA i (BN/A= Cy) h Qs =hh+ eee coh A Calculation : CL fi | Mid-vatue| u=*5 | fu, ee ae Hi 10-20 2 5 5 —10 50 2 10-20 6 15 4 ta og ; 20-30 1 25 -3 33 pg a 30-40 20 35 -2 —40 80 39 40-50 40 45 -1 —40 40 9 50-60 75 56 0 0 0 154 60-70 45 65. 1 45 45 199 70-80 25 15 2 50 100 224 80-90 18 85 3 54 162 242 90-100 8 95 4 32 128 250 250 = = 34 800 =Mees =A+hii Ls fur ere = yee 30 a Mean X =05-+10(24) = 56.46 S.D.o =h ik Bfiu? - (a)? 80 ¢ - =(34/2607 = 178 (NA-C)A Q =ht a 2.5 — =404 6 oT 10 = 45.875 (N/2 — C; Median =1+ Reece (2- 9) 10 =50+ SueuEe EeaEE = 56.13 ori | GNIAR Co) jo = ls¢ =60+ (187.5 e 10 = 67.44 Modal class is 50-60 1250, fo = 40, ft = 75s fa = 45, h = 10 (75 = 40) x 10 Mode = 50 +5575 — (40 + 45) Mode = 55.385 Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness Mean= Mg _ 56.945 = 85. 385 _ 5.9599 =s Bowley coefficient of skewness Qs + Qy-2 Md _ 67.44 + 45.87 —2 x 56.13 _ 9 quse. = Qs-& 6744-4687 Conclusion : Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness = 0. 0539 ee coefficient of skewness = 0.0486 ence the distribution is positively skewed distribution.sey" 228 mm PRACTICAL 8 i asures of Central Ten ane j Computation of Meas tires & ewness, kK , Dispersion and Coeffi ie EXCEL Urtosig ty intral moments and centr, Mop first four no} eo pm te following data 0-10 |. 10-20 [20-80 | 30-40 | 40-50 [3 PS Frequency 12 30 15 10 : 3. Xe e first four non-central moments and cent, and te ed pan Peo Se aing date? Oo SH ryss a. Class [10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 | 30 22 { a Frequency _| 18 PROBLEM 8. Calculate the first four non-central moments and central rim, and also find B and 2 from the following data : 15-25 | 25-35 | 35-45 | 45-55 at 14 Class 13 Class 5-15 Frequency | 15 9 PROBLEM 4. Calculate the first four non-central moments and central moms and also find f; and fz from the following data : 4 5 [eee | 2 3 | | 3 7 | eee] L fi 1 Aim : To calculate the first four non-central moments and central moments and find beta-1 and beta-2. Formulae and procedure : Non-central moments : ‘ > px? ya! = > Axticals ater Prat! EN “a 229 oe" : : : N=3 fh ms moments ? contrat eo) jig = Variance = 12! ~ yy? Mg =H3 Byey'nta’ + 2041" | jig = rea = Ane Te + Giz'gt1® = 341 feasure of skewness and Kurtosis : Ne 7 Xt Bi =p yn =VBi> Ba Ba = yg?” ye = 62-8 ess Ter tl. ts = 0, Ha 0, then the distribution is positively skewed. 1B, # 0445 < 0) then the distribution is negatively skewed. fp = 0. #o= 0» then the distribution is symmetric. curto! : the distribution is Lepto kurtic curve. sis Tf Bp> 3: t2> 0 then If Bo <3; 12< then the distribution is Platy kurtic curve. If Bo = 3, Yo = 0 then the distribution is Meso kurtic curve. PROBLEM 1 Calculation : ee Class | Frequency | L-L. | UL. mid-| px, | fx? value 0-10 8 0 10 5 40 200 10-20 12 10 | 20 | 15 | 180 | 2700 20-30 20 20 | 30 25 500 12500 30-40 30 30 | 40 | 35 | 1050 | 36750 40-50 15 40 | 50 | 45 | 675 | 30375 50-60 10 50 | 60 55 550 | 30250 60-70 5 go | 70 | 65 | 325 | 21125 Total | 100 3320 | 133900 Non-central moments :wowed ati i “| < 2 31%? _ 133000. 1399, y= 100 Hea! = 3 21% 6044000 _ go440, N 100 - 3 axe 3, 1%" 298712500 go57195 N = 100 2067 Variance = 12’ — (#41') = 236.76, Ha = Hs! — Syta't' + 241’) = 264.336 = pg! — Apig'iy' + 6ta'(e')? — BQ4y'4 = 141290.1072 Measure of Skewness and Kurtosis : Bs® fi = 257 0.00526487 v1 = VBr = 0.072559 Ha =ig=2i Ba = 73 = 2.520548695 : Ye = B—3 = 0.47945 Since B: # 0, us>0 and fz <3, yz <0 then the distribution is positively skewed ad platy-kurtiecurve——— PROBLEM2 > Calculation? Class | Freque aa ney |LL.|UL.| oiue | fk | AXP | AXP 20-30 7 Mele 20 (26, 270 | 4050] 60750] 91125) soo | “30 20| 30 | 25 | 500 | 12500} 312500] 78125 40-50 22 30| 40 | 35 | 1050 | 36750 | 1286250] 450157 50-60 10 40| 50 | 45 | 990 | 44550 | 2004760] 9218 Total 100 50 | 60 | 55 | 550 | 30250 | 1663750 3360 | 128100 | 6328000 Non-central moments : > AX , 3360 ‘Too = #36rat Semester Practicals Central moments : My Hz = Variance = j1y' — (,")2 Ma = Hs! — 3yto'ny' + 24," = 21 319 Ba = Hal Apis’ + Buy 44")? — B(y)6 = 473275159 Measure of Skewness and Kurtosis : f= ao = 0.000129233 v1 = VB = 0.01136809 Hs Ba = 7/2 = 2047877762 = Ye = B2—3 =~0.9526202 Since B1 0, 4s > 0 and fy <3, 12 <0 then the distribution is positively skewed and platy kurtie curve, PROBLEM 3 Calculation : [ ete Frequency vate | | axe | nme] ame be 5/15 | 10 150 | 1500[ 15000] 150000 = 15) 25) 20 | 180 | 3600 72000] 1440000 ae 25) 85 | 30 | 330 | 9900] 297000] 8910000 fe 85) 45°) 40 | 520 | 20800] 832000 33280000 i 45/55] 50 700 | 36000 | 1750000] 87500000 4 55) 65 | 60 | 960 | 57600 | 3456000 | 207360000 oe 65 | 75 70 | 2100 | 147000 | 10290000 | 720300000 12 75 | 85 | 80 | 960 | 76800 | 6144000 | 491520000 j= _ 120 5900 _| 352200 | 22856000 | 1550460000+ Ax ya == = 348.1983 N=) f=15 Central moments : wy =0 Ma = Variance = pio! — (j4y')? = 0.9333 Ms = Hs! — Spn'na' + 2(qe'? = 1.4211 Ma = Ha! — Aps'pe + 6ytg!(iey'? — 3Qn1')* = 2.5333 Measure of Skewness and Kurtosis : ba? = FS. = 2.4839 B= a8 +4 =VBi = 1.576 _ Bo = 2.9082 Since Y2 =B2—-3 =-0.0918 laty hone gosta O and Be <3, yp <0 then the distribution is negatively skewed and