Lecture 1

Welcome to MUH101

Burkay Genç, Ahmet Selman Bozkır, and Selma Dilek

01/03/2023
Today
· course Info
· what is computation
· python basics
· mathematical operations
· python variables and types

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Course Info
· Subject : Learn Python a programming language
· Classes :
- All classes are online until further notice
- All off-class communication will be on hadi
- hadi website
- You have to follow hadi daily for new announcements

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Course Info
· Grading
- 60%: Midterm (2x)
- Midterms format will be announced during the semester
- 40%: Final Exam (1x)

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Course Info
· You are strictly forbidden to cooperate on exams
· You are strictly forbidden to search for answers on the Internet
· You are strictly forbidden to copy/paste materials from the Internet

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COURSE POLICIES
· Cooperation
- you may cooperate with your friends to understand the course material
- all exam work needs to be individual
- cheaters will be harshly penalized -> -100, F3, disciplinary committee

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FAST PACED COURSE
· Position yourself to succeed!
- do practice early
- do not skip lectures
· New to programming? PRACTICE. PRACTICE? PRACTICE!
- can’t passively absorb programming as a skill
- download code before lecture and follow along
- don’t be afraid to try out Python commands!

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TOPICS
· represent knowledge with data structures
· iteration and recursion as computational metaphors
· abstraction of procedures and data types
· organize and modularize systems using object classes and methods
· [maybe] different classes of algorithms, searching and sorting
· [maybe] complexity of algorithms

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WHERE TO GET PYTHON
· You can download your own copy, it is free
- Download Python recommended
· More advanced tasks (data science, machine learning)
- Download Anaconda
- Not recommended at this level
· You can use online compilers/IDEs
- Google Colab recommended will be used in course
- Jupyter Notebook recommended
- Python Fiddle
- PyFiddle
- Programiz
· Use a Linux distribution such as Ubuntu, Manjaro etc.
- Python comes built in

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PYTHON IDE
· What is an IDE?
- An Integrated Development Environment allows you to write programs in a programming
language and provides extra tools to help the process
- Syntax highlighting
- Code completion
- Bracket completion/matching
- Debugging
- Profiling
- more…
· PyCharm is a very powerful and popular IDE for Python
· IDLE comes built-in with any Python distribution
· Eric, Spyder, Eclipse+PyDev
· Sublime Text, VS Code, Atom, etc. are generic editors that can be extended with Python capabilities

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WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO
· Fundamentally:
- performs calculations
a billion calculations per second!
- remembers results
100s of gigabytes of storage!
· What kinds of calculations?
- built-in to the language
- ones that you define as the programmer
· computers only know what you tell them

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TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
· declarative knowledge is statements of fact.

- someone will win a Trophy before class ends

· imperative knowledge is a recipe or “how-to”.

1. Students sign up for lottery

2. Burkay opens his IDE

3. Burkay chooses a random number between 1st and nth responder

4. Burkay finds the number in the responders sheet. Winner!

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A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
· square root of a number x is y such that y ∗ y = x

· recipe for deducing square root of a number x

1. Start with a guess, g

2. If g ∗ g is close enough to x, stop and say g is the answer
3. Otherwise make a new guess by averaging g and x/g
4. Using the new guess, repeat process until close enough

g g ∗ g x/g (g + x/g)/2

3 9 16/3 4.17
4.17 17.36 3.837 4.0035
4.0035 16.0277 3.997 4.000002

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WHAT IS A RECIPE
1. sequence of simple steps
2. flow of control process that specifies when each step is executed
3. a means of determining when to stop

1 + 2 + 3 = an algorithm!

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COMPUTERS ARE MACHINES
· how to capture a recipe in a mechanical process
· fixed program computer
- calculator
· stored program computer
- machine stores and executes instructions

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BASIC MACHINE ARCHITECTURE

Basic machine architecture

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STORED PROGRAM COMPUTER
· sequence of instructions stored inside computer
- built from predefined set of primitive instructions
- arithmetic and logic
- simple tests
- moving data
· special program (interpreter) executes each instruction in order
- use tests to change flow of control through sequence
- stop when done

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BASIC PRIMITIVES
· Turing showed that you can compute anything using 6 primitives
· modern programming languages have more convenient set of primitives
· we can also create new primitives
· anything computable in one language is computable in any other programming language
- Python == Java == C == Pascal == C++ == C#
- They only differ in ease of doing something

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CREATING RECIPES
· a programming language provides a set of primitive constructs
- 2, 4.8, ‘a’, “burkay”, TRUE, +, -, *, …
· expressions are complex but legal combinations of primitives in a programming language
- 2 + 4.7
- TRUE && FALSE
- 3.0 + 2 / 5.4
· expressions and computations have values and meanings in a programming language

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ASPECTS OF LANGUAGES
· primitive constructs
- English: words
- programming language: numbers, strings, simple operators

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ASPECTS OF LANGUAGES
· syntax
- English:

“cat dog boy” not syntactically valid

“cat hugs boy” syntactically valid

- programming language:

“hi”5 not syntactically valid

3.2 * 5 syntactically valid

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ASPECTS OF LANGUAGES
· static semantics is which syntactically valid strings have meaning
- English:

syntactically valid
“I are hungry”
but static semantic error

- programming language:

3.2*5 syntactically valid

3+“hi” static semantic error

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ASPECTS OF LANGUAGES
· semantics is the meaning associated with a syntactically correct string of symbols with no static
semantic errors
- English: can have many meanings "Flying planes can be dangerous"
- programming languages: have only one meaning but may not be what programmer intended
- Trying to print the square of 5:

x = 5
print(x * 2)

## 10

· Oops! The program runs, because there are no static semantic errors. But it doesn’t do the
intended thing. Here is a corrected version:

x = 5
print(x ** 2)

## 25

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WHERE THINGS GO WRONG
· syntactic errors
- common and easily caught
· static semantic errors
- some languages check for these before running program
- can cause unpredictable behavior
· no static semantic errors but different meaning than what programmer intended
- program crashes, stops running
- program runs forever
- program gives an answer but different than expected

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EXAMPLES
· syntactic errors

print(3.a)

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

a = 5
3a + 2

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

a - 3'a'

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

· static semantic errors

3 + 'a'

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'

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PYTHON PROGRAMS
· a program is a sequence of definitions and commands
- definitions evaluated
- commands executed by Python interpreter in a shell
· commands (statements) instruct interpreter to do something
· can be typed directly in a shell or stored in a file that is read into the shell and evaluated

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OBJECTS
· programs manipulate data objects
· objects have a type that defines the kinds of things programs can do to them
-

Burkay is a human so he can walk, speak English, etc.

-

Chewbacca is a wookie so he can walk, “mwaaarhrhh”, etc.

· objects are
- scalar (cannot be subdivided)
- non-scalar (have internal structure that can be accessed)

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SCALAR OBJECTS
· int – represent integers, ex. 5
· float – represent real numbers, ex. 3.27
· bool – represent Boolean values True and False
· NoneType – special and has one value, None
· can use type() to see the type of an object

type(5)

## <class 'int'>

type(3.0)

## <class 'float'>

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NON-SCALAR OBJECTS
· Strings are non-scalar objects. They have internal structures.

name = "burkay"
print(name[2:4])

## rk

· We can construct new non-scalar objects.

· Object oriented programming is the art of programming using non-scalar objects.

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TYPE CONVERSIONS (CAST)
· We can convert object of one type to another
- Not all types are convertible!
· float(3) converts integer 3 to float 3.0
· int(3.9) truncates float 3.9 to integer 3

float(3)

## 3.0

int(3.9)

## 3

int("burkay")

## ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'burkay'

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PRINTING TO CONSOLE
· to show output from code to a user, use print command

print("Hello World!")

## Hello World!

print(3 + 2)

## 5

print("My age is", 41)

## My age is 41

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EXPRESSIONS
· combine objects and operators to form expressions
· an expression has a value, which has a type
· syntax for a simple expression
<object> <operator> <object>

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OPERATORS ON ints and floats
· i+j → the sum

· i-j → the difference

· i*j → the product

· i/j → the division

· For the sum, the difference and the product, if both objects are integers then the result is an
integer. If one or both are floats, then the result is a float.

· For the division the result is always a float.

· i%j → the remainder when i is divided by j

· i**j → i to the power of j

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OPERATORS ON ints and floats
3 + 5

## 8

3 - 5

## -2

3 * 5

## 15

3 / 5

## 0.6

32 % 5

## 2

3 ** 4

## 81

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SIMPLE OPERATIONS
· parentheses are used to tell Python to prioritize operations

3 * (2 + 5)

## 21

· operator precedence without parentheses

- **
- *
- /
- + and – executed left to right, as appear in expression

3 * 2 + 5

## 11

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BINDING VARIABLES AND VALUES
· equal sign is an assignment of a value to a variable name

# variable = value
pi = 3.14159
pi_approx = 22/7

· value stored in computer memory

· an assignment binds variable name to value
· retrieve value associated with variable name by invoking the name, by typing pi

pi

## 3.14159

pi_approx

## 3.142857142857143

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MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENTS
· you can assign multiple values to variables at once

a, b = 3, 5
a

## 3

## 5

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VARIABLE NAMING
· it is important to use clear and understandable names for variables
· also, using parenthesis in expressions helps with code readability

a, b, c = 5, 8, 3.14
d = c * a ** 2 * b

vs.

r, h, pi = 5, 8, 3.14
V_cyl = pi * (r ** 2) * h

2
Vcyl = πr h

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COMMENTS
· you can enrich your code by adding comments
- to add a comment, start a line with #
- lines starting with # are ignored by Python

# Radius, height and pi are defined

r, h, pi = 5, 8, 3.14
# The volume of the cylinder is computed
# Volume is equal to height times the base area
V_cyl = pi * (r ** 2) * h

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ABSTRACTING EXPRESSIONS
· why give names to values of expressions?
· to reuse names instead of values
· easier to change code later

pi = 3.14159
radius = 2.2
area = pi * (radius ** 2)
print(area)

## 15.205295600000001

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PROGRAMMING vs MATH
· in programming, variables do not get automatically updated

pi = 3.14159
radius = 2.2
# area of circle
area = pi * (radius**2)
print(area)

## 15.205295600000001

radius = radius + 1
print(radius)

## 3.2

print(area)

## 15.205295600000001

area = pi * (radius**2)
print(area)

## 32.169881600000004

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CHANGING BINDINGS
· can re-bind variable names using new assignment statements
· previous value may still be stored in memory but lost the handle for it
· value for area does not change until you tell the computer to do the calculation again

pi = 3.14
radius = 2.2
area = pi * (radius**2)
radius = radius + 1

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Copyright Information
These slides are a direct adaptation of the slides used for MIT 6.0001 course present (as of February
2020) on MIT OCW web site.

Original work by:

Ana Bell, Eric Grimson, and John Guttag. 6.0001 Introduction to Computer Science and Programming
in Python. Fall 2016. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare. License: Creative
Commons BY-NC-SA.

Adapted by and for:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burkay Genç. MUH101 Introduction to Programming, Fall 2022 Hacettepe University,
Computer Engineering Department.

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