LESSON 7

NATIONALISM

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM

 NATIONALISM
 Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular
nation, in particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its
country of origin (Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself, free
from outside intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and that the nation is
the only legitimate source of political authority (Finlayson, 2014).
 It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics
such as culture, language, religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to
promote national unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012).
 Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve and encourage a nation's traditional culture, and cultural
revivals have been connected to nationalist movements.

Types of Nationalism

1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)

 The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves the
concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.
 The nation's membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its status as the
ethnic group's homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a
group to promote its family and social life.
 The word "ethnonationalism" is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an explicit
ideology along these lines; the more generic word is "ethnic nationalism" and is used by nationalists
who hold such views in an informal, instinctive manner. Unsystematic. The negative type of both is
"ethnocentric nationalism" or "tribal nationalism," although "tribal nationalism" may have a non-
pejorative significance when debating African, Native American or other nationalisms that publicly claim
a tribal identity.
 Ethnic Nationalism explains that the state derives political legitimacy from its citizen’s active
involvement and the extent to which it reflects the "will of the individuals."

2. Civic Nationalism (Civil)

 Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative democracy in
nations such as the United States and France was affected by civil-national values.
 State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic nationalism. It means that
the country is a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and strength, and that
there is the person to contribute to that objective.
 The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and
strength, and where the person exists expressly in the society to contribute to that objective. This often
results in fascism (dictatorship) - generally characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism,in which
fascism is a political ideology.

3. Expansionist Nationalism
 A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in expansionism,
generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th century as European
powers indulged in the Scramble for Africa linked in the name of domestic glory, but was most closely
militarist governments in the 20th century.
  Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-determination; some countries are
believed to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore, expansionist
nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries at the cost of its neighbors.

4. Romantic Nationalism
 It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic nationalism
in it is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideals.

5. Cultural Nationalism
 The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an
instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China's many national minorities. Membership in the
nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.
 However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated into the lives of any person, particularly
the person can obtain his or her abilities at an early point of his or her own lives. (Conversi, 2008).
Cultural nationalism has been defined as a variety of non-civil or ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999).

6. Third World Nationalism

 Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a domestic
identity.

7. Liberal Nationalism
 Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic form
of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and individual rights can exist
(Tamir, 1993, Kymlicka, 1995, Miller, 1995). It is asserted that in order to lead meaningful, independent
life, people need a national identity and those liberal democracies need domestic identity to work
correctly.

8. Religious Nationalism
 Nationalism's connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a shared
religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nation's people. This
connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion's politicization and religion's converse effects
on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic
unity; a common bond between the nation's people. The support of a national identity, comparable to a
shared ethnicity, language or culture, is another political element of religion.

9. Pan - Nationalism
 Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic and cultural
communities (such as Turkish peoples).

10. Diaspora Nationalism

 Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of nationalism,
there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States and
elsewhere, etc.

11. Stateless Nationalism

 On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural minority within a
nation-state aims independence.
12. National Conservatism
 A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that focuses more on
domestic interests than conventional conservatism, while not being unduly nationalist or pursuing a far
right agenda.

13. Revolutionary nationalism

 Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic group united by a shared
sense Revolutionary nationalism is an of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism. It was
first ascribed and strongly promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In
France and Italy at the start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of "radical nationalism and
dissident society" was created.

14. Left-Wing Nationalism

 Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political
movement combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July
Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959 to oust the American-backed
Fulgencio Batista, Ireland's Sinn Féin, Israel's Labor Zionism and the African National Congress.
 LESSON 8
PATRIOTISM

 Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an alliance
with other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many distinct
emotions, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical elements, related to one's own country. One
who is patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice to his nation. He'll never live alone egotistically. For
example, for the sake of his country, a soldier makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. In essence,
patriotism is a sense of attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or political community or just
country love.
 The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from Latin (6th century)
patriota via Middle French, meaning "countryman," finally from Greek (patriotēs), meaning from the
same 2013). The abstract noun patriotism appears in the nation' (patris), meaning "fatherland" (Liddell
& Scott,2013). early 18th century.

Kinds of Patriotism

1. Patriotism of Duty
 This includes fidelity to one's nation through material acts. This is military service patriotism and other
selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals take praiseworthy
particular actions.

2. Patriotism of Affection
 This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one's internal desire for his country's well-being. The
patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily result in it; one
can truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically fulfill a patriotic duty and yet
feel apathetic about the country's welfare.

3. Patriotism of Manners
 This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one's hand over
the heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without actually needing affection
or duty patriotism.

Types of Patriotism

1. Personal Patriotism
 Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values, such as respect for the flag
or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include enlisting in the army,
public service, and participation in the political process through voting or other forms of activism.

2. Official Patriotism
 Promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and ceremonial content. It is a logical
consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the expression of the common
good of the political community.
 National monuments, and veterans’ days and commemoration ceremonies are typical examples. Often
official patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, with specific methods for handling flags, or specific
pledges and displays of allegiance.
  Official patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the national
anthem, saying a pledge, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on one's
vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.

3. Symbolic Patriotism
 In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war effort.

4. Peacetime Patriotism
 Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot does not see it as inferior.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM

 While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct connotations
were assumed. While both are people's feelings of are based on affection for their nation, the values on
which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings the country's positive values-like liberty,
justice, and equality. The patriot thinks that both their country's state system and individuals are
inherently good and working together to achieve a better quality of life.

 Nationalism emotions are based on the belief that one's nation is superior to all others It also holds a
connotation of other countries "distrust or disapproval, leading to the premise that other states are
competitors. While patriots do not degrade other countries automatically, nationalists do, sometimes to
the point of calling for the global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar opposite of
globalism by its protectionist beliefs.

 Historically, both positive and negative have been the impacts of nationalism. While it has motivated
movements of autonomy, such as the Zionist movement that formed contemporary Israel, it was also a
main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party and the Holocaust (Longley, 2019).
 LESSON 9
FILIPINO NATIONALISM

 Filipino nationalism started in the Philippines in the 1800s with an upsurge of patriotic feelings and
nationalistic ideals resulting from more than two decades of Spanish rule. This served as the backbone
of, and continues to this day, the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896
(Joaqs, 1990). These nationalistic feelings have resulted to a comprehensive campaign in the
Philippines for political, social and economic liberty.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

 The Philippines had been split into various principalities known as "barangays" in the years before the
11th century, a name originating from Malayan ship called "balangays. Datus, rajahs or sultans
governed these tiny political units (Halili, 2004). In 1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi arrived from Mexico and established the first European colonies in Cebu, European
colonization started in earnest.

 Starting with only five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks and further
strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he able to repel competing Portuguese colonizers and
lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the archipelago. The Spanish occupied the
kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo in 1571 and founded Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies
(Kurlansky, 1999).

The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism

 Originally, the word "Filipino" referred to the Philippines "Spanish criollos." The Spanish leaders
described the natives as Indians during their 333-year rule over the Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The
Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as insulars criollos, or creoles, were also called
"Filipinos" during the colonial era as well. Spanish-born Spaniards Philippine-based continental
Spaniards were referred to as Peninsulars. Those of blended heritage have been called Mestizos. The
feeling of domestic awareness originated from the Creoles, who now consider themselves "Filipino."
Three significant factors: economy, education, and parish secularization brought it to its emergence.
These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism's birth

 "The first manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s with a reform or
propaganda movement carried out both in Spain and in the Philippines with the aim of "propagandizing
the circumstances of the Philippines in the hopes that the social, political and financial life of the
Philippines would be changed by peaceful means (History of the Philippine Revolution" 2015).

OTHER CONCEPTS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

 Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of our people with the Filipino nation and
domestic community, the Philippines as our country and homeland. It goes beyond our family, clan,
tribe, village, city, province, religion, local culture and religion. It involves pride in our heroes, pride in
our flags, national anthem and other symbols of our nationhood; national pride and dignity inspired by
the willingness to serve our nation alone and with dedication, and to sacrifice for it, if necessary, with
our own lives. It is a tool of change and reform; it aims our moral and spiritual regeneration, our
liberation from ignorance, bigotry (intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of themselves),
parochialism (narrow mindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher Tanking individuals gave land
and protection and worked and fought for them in exchange); colonial mentality (the internalized
attitude of people's racial or cultural inferiority as a consequence of colonization), bribery and distorted
 elitism (an elite's advocacy or presence as a dominant component in a scheme or community In other
words, as Filipinos, it has a powerful nation identity send and a high-minded intent.

FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES

DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM

1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity

 Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value of this flag
are connected to the freedom we have today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our
flag and its anthem and even our different symbols. They provide us our identity as Filipinos or citizens
of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines.

2. Be Productive

 Do not rely on everything and then blame our government, but instead make yourself productive and
helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos are blaming the government for any adverse things
our nation would strike. True, there are some corrupt political position holders.

3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country

 We must be aware and updated on the significant issues happening in the country. Extend help to the
needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disasters like typhoons, flooding, and the like. Naturally, all of
us use media in our daily life. We could already demonstrate our nationalism to our nation by using this
media.

4. Stand Proud for Every Achievement

 Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. They are proud to be Philippines and to be
brought to the nation for the awards. For their accomplishments they unite every Filipino. We can be
proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the Football Team of Azkals, the Basketball Team of Gilas
Pilipinas and many more.

5. Patronize and Support Our Own Products

 The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and products. The manpower services we
provide are also globally competitive. Our economy will improve more if we ourselves patronize our
own products which characterize our creativity, resourcefulness, and industry.

6. Preserve the Filipino culture

 Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They are our identity. Be proud and preserve the
culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to keep them for the future generation. Migrant
Filipinos who have practically grown most of their life overseas almost always return the Philippines to
explore our lovely beaches and the feature attractions a nation with 7,107 islands offers. Filipinos
maintain a periodic TFC (The Filipino Channel) subscription to get in contact with every Filipino, forget
about homesickness while overseas, and instill the Filipino values that we see on their television.
7. Respect Everyone And Value Our Traditions

 Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will acknowledge a Filipino individual everywhere you
go because he or she has always been respectful of the elders and others, using the common but
certainly classic "ho," "oho," "po" and "opo." Even in modern times, many Filipinos show and value their
noble norms and traditions. Filipinos may have plurality in terms of divided islands, language, religion,
and ethnicity, but they share a common country love and vision for a better Philippines.

8. Speak Out Our Own Language

 Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It is our unique means of
communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language is an important tool to achieve further
unity and national development.

9. Remember and commemorate our heroes' sacrifices for our country

 There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence. Some fought
using their pens and tongues, while some used the power of their arms and weapons.

10. Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and Countrymen

 The essence of life for most Filipinos is create their family and nation a part of their enduring
engagement. They may even express their dedication b unpopular choices born to the advantage of the
majority We are strongly committed to our obligations. Filipinos create an all-out effort to work and
make private sacrifices around the clock over the weekend hard work. These values, combined with an
abundant reservoir of patience, have been inculcated by our beloved parents to our youthful minds.
 LESSON 10
PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTE A SENSE OF NATIONALISM

The Philippine Flag

 The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the provinces of the
country.

Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land)

• The Philippine National anthem

Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac)

• The national flower of the Philippines; symbolizing purity and simplicity, the flower is small, white, and
pleasantly fragrant.

Narra (Pterocarpus)
• The national tree of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is strong. sturdy, and durable - a
common rainforest tree.

Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)

• The Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged to be severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is
protected by law in the country and there is extreme punishment for any harm done to them.

Dr. Jose P. Rizal

• The National Hero of the Philippines.

Cariñosa and Tinikling

• The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.

Carabao (Water Buffalo)

• The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and hard work due to its use on many
farms in the country.

Mango
• The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.

Bangus (Milk Fish)

• The Philippines' national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many ways in which it can be
cooked.

Barong and Baro’t Saya

• The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men (untucked shirt of thin fabric displaying
Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro't Saya (skirt and blouse with no
collar) 39

"Bayan Ko" and "Pilipinas Kong Mahal"

• are Philippine national songs.

Arnis fighting
 • The Philippine national sport (stick fighting).
Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)
• The Philippine national plant. This plant is often used as h umbrella, or fan symbolizing the Filipino
resourcefulness.

Nipa Hut
• The Philippine national house typically a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.

IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce

• On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing different economic policies
1834 1873. This is the period of the development of agriculture in the country because foreigners
shared their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855 in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and
Zamboanga, in 1860 in Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban.