MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

MUMBAI
Program - CE Course Code - 22301
A
Micro Project
Report On
THEODOLITE
Submited by

1. Darshan Gaikwad
2. Suraj Ghatol
3. Aditya Mhaske
4. Aniket Patil
5. Sagar Chaudhari
6. Moinashraf Saiyyad

Guided By
Prof. A.J. Bhalerao

Lecturer in Department of Civil Engineering

Academic Year -
2023- 24
MET’s INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - POLYTECHNIC
BHUJBAL KNOWLEDGE CITY,
ADGAON, NASHIK
 MET’s INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - POLYTECHNIC
BUUJBAL KNOWLEDGE CITY,
ADGAON, NASHIK
Tel. ( 0253) 2303515, 2303267,2303268 Tele Fax : (253) 2303305
Email : [email protected]

CERTIFICATE T

his is to Certify than this Micro Project Report,

THEODOLITE

1. Darshan Gaikwad
2. Suraj Ghatol
3. Aditya Mhaske
4. Aniket Patil
5. Sagar Chaudhari
6. Moinashraf Saiyyad

The Students of First year, SEM - II Civil Engineering Department in the academic
year 2022-23
As a part of syllabus as prescribed by MSBTE- Mumbai this Project work covers
industry oriented Cos, integration of Practicals Pros. uos and that I have guided them for
the said work from time to time and I found them Satisfactorily Progressive.
The said work has been assessed bu me and I am satisfied with its course standard
level.

Prof. A.J. Bhalerao Prof. B.S. Dhande Dr. R.S. NarKhede

Project Guide Head of Department Principal
 MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Annexure –I

PART A –Micro-Project Proposal

THEODOLITE
1.0 Brief Introduction
Theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the
16th-century English mathematician Leonard Digges; it is used to measure horizontal
and vertical angles. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to swivel
both horizontally and vertically. Leveling is accomplished with the aid of a spirit level;
crosshairs in the telescope permit accurate alignment with the object sighted. After the
telescope is adjusted precisely, the two accompanying scales, vertical and horizontal,".

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project( in about 4 to 5 Sentences)

This Micro-Project aims

at
1)To Study about Theodolites

3.0 Action Plan

S. No. Details of activity Planned Start Planned Name of Responsible

date Finish date Team Members
1 Formation of Group 18/9/2023 18/9/2023 All Members
2 Selection of topic of microproject 27/9/2023 3/10/2023 Dashan Gaikwad
3 Research (content & image) 3/10/2023 7/10/2023 Aditya Mhaske
4 Collection of data 7/10/2023 11/10/2023 Suraj Ghatol
5 Analysed the collected data 11/10/2023 16/10/2023 Aniket Patil
6 Formatting of the data 16/10/2023 19/10/2023 Darshan Gaikwad
7 Analysed the final project 19/10/2023 20/10/2023 Aditya Mhaske
4.0 Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks

1 https// Shear force and bending Google Website
moment diagram
2 Guidence from our teacher
3 Text book ASU 22303 1
4 M S Word Software Software App
5 Laptop Lenovo idea pad 3 1
6 Printer Canon class image 1
 MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Annexure –II
PART A –Micro-Project Report
THEODOLITES
1.0 Brief Description
Theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to
the 16th-century English mathematician Leonard Digges; it is used to measure
horizontal and vertical angles. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to
swivel both horizontally and vertically. Leveling is accomplished with the aid of a spirit
level; crosshairs in the telescope permit accurate alignment with the object sighted.
After the telescope is adjusted precisely, the two accompanying scales, vertical and
horizontal

2.0 Aim Of MicroProject

1) To Study about Theodolite

3.0 Course Outcomes Integrated

a) To know about theodolites

b) Select the relevant information about Theodolites
4.0 Actual Procedure Followed.
First we selected the topic of micro project . we select better topic out of them .then we
discuss about that on different types of cement by the our teacher. Google also helped
us to collect other information about them then we start so collected data & typing the
introduction .
Acknowledgement resources & action plans all the parts then we point out the information
later we had completed the micro project with the help of our teacher &Google .

5.0 Actual Resources Used

S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks

1 https// theodolites Google website
2 Guidence of our teacher
3 Text book MOS 22303 1
4 M S word software Software app
5 Laptop Lenovo idea pad 3 1

6 Printer Canon class image 1

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projet

Introduction
Theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the 16th-
century English mathematician Leonard Digges; it is used to measure horizontal and
vertical angles. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to swivel both
horizontally and vertically. Leveling is accomplished with the aid of a spirit level; crosshairs
in the telescope permit accurate alignment with the object sighted.
After the telescope is adjusted precisely, the two accompanying scales, vertical and horizontal,
A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated
visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land
surveying, but it is also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and
some specialized applications suchas meteorology and rocket launching.[2]
It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical
axes and provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are
used to relate the first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other
points from the same theodolite position. These angles can be measured with accuracies
down to microradians or seconds of arc. From these readings a plan can be drawn, or
objects can be positioned in accordance with an existing plan. The modern theodolite has
evolved into what is known as a total station where angles and distances are measured
electronically, and are read directly tocomputer memory.
In a transit theodolite, the telescope is short enough to rotate about the trunnion axis,
turning the telescope through the vertical plane through the zenith; for non-transit
instruments vertical rotation is restricted to a limited arc.
The optical level is sometimes mistaken for a theodolite, but it does not measure
vertical angles, and is used only for leveling on a horizontal plane (though often
combined with medium accuracy horizontal range and direction measurements).
The axes and circles of a theodolite

Diagram of an optical readout theodolite

Preparation for making sightings
Temporary adjustments are a set of operations necessary in order to make a theodolite
ready for taking observations at a station. These include its setting up, centering,
leveling up and elimination of parallax, and are achieved in four steps:
Setting up: fixing the theodolite onto a tripod along with approximate leveling and
centering over the station mark.
Centering: bringing the vertical axis of theodolite immediately over station mark using
a centering plate also known as a tribrach.
Leveling: leveling of the base of the instrument to make the vertical axis vertical
usually with an in-built bubble-level.
Focusing: removing parallax error by proper focusing of objective and eye-piece. The
eye-piece only requires adjustment once at a station. The objective will be re-focused
for each subsequent sighting from this station because of the different distances to the
target

Sighting

Sightings are taken by the surveyor, who adjusts the telescope's vertical and horizontal
angular orientation so the cross-hairs align with the desired sighting point. Both angles
are read either from exposed or internal scales and recorded. The next object is then
sighted and recorded without moving the position of the instrument and tripod.
The earliest angular readouts were from open vernier scales directly visible to the eye.
Gradually these scales were enclosed for physical protection, and finally became an
indirect optical readout, with convoluted light paths to bring them to a convenient
place on the instrument for viewing. The modern digital theodolites have electronic
displays
.
Parts of Theodolite and Their Functions

Let's take a deep dive into the parts of theodolite mentioned as follows and learn their
function. For better pictorial understanding, the following two figures will show you
two different points of view of the theodolite as an instrument.

F ig.1. Parts
 Telescope

A telescope is a focusing instrument with an object piece on one end and an eyepiece
on the other. The graduations have an accuracy of about 20'. The telescope is mounted
on a horizontal spindle called the horizontal axis or the trunnion axis.

The telescope can be rotated in the vertical plane about the horizontal axis for the
purpose of sighting the objects. The telescope is an internal-focussing type.

An additional double-concave lens is mounted on a short tube which can move

forward and backwards between the diaphragm and the objective. This additional lens
is moved with the help of a rack and pinion arrangement attached to the spindle of the
focussing screw. The additional lens is called the focusing lens.

By moving the focusing lens, the image of the object formed by the objective is
brought into the plane of cross-hairs of the diaphragm. Due to internal focussing, dust,
etc., does not enter the telescope (because Telescope tube is closed)

The diaphragm consists of a thin glass disc mounted in a circular metal ring. This ring
is held in position in the telescope by four fine capstan-headed screws arranged at
right angles. Lines attached to the glass disc are at right angles to each other. These
lines serve as cross-hairs.
 Vertical Circle

Another important theodolite component is the vertical circle, to which a circular

graduated ring is attached. The vertical angle of the line of sight with the horizontal
axis can be measured using a vertical circle.

Index Frame

It is also known as a T-frame or a vernier frame. It has two arms, one vertical and one
horizontal. The vertical arm assists in locking the telescope at the desired level, while
the horizontal arm is useful for measuring vertical angles. The horizontal arm is also
known as the Index arm. It should be kept in mind that the index arm may go out
horizontally due to wear & Tear. Hence, during a permanent adjustment, the clip
screw is used to make the index arm horizontal.

The Standards

The standards are the frames that hold the telescope in place and allow it to rotate
about its vertical axis. These are typically shaped like the letter A; hence, standards
are also known as A-frames.

The Upper Plate

The upper plate is also known as the vernier plate. It supports the standards at its
upper surface. At its lower face, the upper plate is attached to the vertical spindle,
known as the inner spindle or the inner axis. The inner spindle rotates in the outer
spindle attached to the lower plate when the upper plate is unclamped.

The upper plate can be clamped to the lower plate with the help of the upper clamp
screw.

The upper tangent screw is used for making small movements of the upper plate after
tightening the upper clamp screw.
After the upper plate is clamped, both the upper and lower plates move together as one
unit, provided that the lower clamp is unclamped. The upper plate has two verniers,
designated as vernier A and vernier B. These verniers are fixed diametrically opposite
to each other. If the upper clamp is unclamped, the upper plate rotates with respect to
the lower plate and the vernier readings change. If the upper clamp is tightened, the
vernier readings do not change.

The Lower Plate

The lower plate is also called the main scale plate or the horizontal circle. It is
mounted on a hollow tapered spindle, also called the outer spindle or the outer centre.

The lower plate is graduated in degrees from 0° to 360° with the least count of 20
seconds. These graduations increase in a clockwise direction. The horizontal circle
readings are taken by means of the two verniers labelled as A and B. The least count
of the verniers is 20 seconds.

The lower plate is provided with the lower clamp screw. If the lower clamp screw is
tightened, the outer spindle is fixed to the tribrach, and, hence, the lower plate is fixed
in position. After

tightening the lower clamp screw, the lower plate can be rotated slightly by turning
the lower tangent screw.

The Levelling Head

The levelling head consists of two parallel plates separated by three levelling screws.
The upper parallel plate of the levelling head is known as the tribrach and the lower
one is known as the trivet stage or foot plate.

The levelling screws work in threaded holes in the tribrach arms and their lower ends
rest in recesses in the trivet. The trivet is a casting having a large hole in the centre
with threads.

The trivet can be screwed onto a metal casting at the top of the tripod when mounting
the theodolite. The trivet has a hook as the centre through which a plumb bob can be
suspended.

Plumb bob is connected to the hook at the lower end of the inner spindle. Levelling
head supports the upper part of the instrument and attaches it to the tripod. It provides
a means for levelling the instrument.
 The Shifting Head

The shifting head allows the slight movement of the instrument in the horizontal
plane while the tripod remains stationary.

The instrument is first approximately centred over the station by moving the tripod
legs. Exact centering is then achieved with the help of the shifting head.

Plate Level

A level tube, called plate level, is mounted on the upper plate. The bubble is centred
with the help of levelling screws. In some instruments, there are two plate levels.
These plate levels are mounted horizontally at right angles to each other on the upper
plate.

One of the plate levels is parallel to the trunnion axis, and the other is at right angles
to it. These plate levels are used to make the vertical axis of the instrument truly
vertical.

Tripod

The theodolite is mounted on a strong tripod when being used in the field. The legs of
the tripod are solid and framed. At the lower ends of the legs, pointed steel shoes are
provided so that they can be easily pushed into the ground. The tripod head has male
screws on which the trivet of the levelling head is screwed.

Plumb Bob

A plumb bob is a tool that consists of a cone-shaped weight attached to a long thread.
The weight is hung from the tripod stand's centre with thread, and the theodolite is
centred.

Magnetic Compass
Simpler theodolites may contain a circular compass box in the centre of the upper
plate. When we select north as a reference meridian, it will be useful.
 Applications of Theodolite in Surveying

Theodolite finds its application in a very wide area of fields as listed below;

o Navigation
o Meteorology

o Surveying
o Measurement as well as laying out the angles and straight lines
o Aligning of walls
o Formation of Panels
o Plumbing building corners, columns etc.
o Tacheometric Surveying
o Finding the difference in the level
o Ranging Curves

Uses of Theodolite in Surveying

There are various uses of theodolite in surveying as mentioned below:

o To determine the vertical and horizontal angles and with the help of this we can
also calculate the distances, mostly used for navigation purposes.
o To determine the difference in elevation between the points. In road
construction, this helps the surveyor a lot in calculating the cut and fill and
basically the earthwork requirement on the site.
o To locate the points on a line so that important points can be marked in massive
survey lines and detailing could be done with ease.
o To prolong or extend the survey lines in case of extension of projects like roads,
railways and laying of pipelines.
o To set out the grades and ranging of curves. With the help of this, various cross-
sectional elements in roads and railways can be calculated.
Errors in measurement
Index error
The angles in the vertical axis should read 90° (100 grad) when the sight axis is
horizontal, or 270° (300 grad) when the instrument is transited. Half of the difference
between the two positions is called the index error. This can only be checked on transit
instruments.
Horizontal axis error
The horizontal and vertical axes of a theodolite must be perpendicular; if not then a
horizontal axis error exists. This can be tested by aligning the tubular spirit bubble
parallel to a line between two footscrews and setting the bubble central. A horizontal
axis error is present if the bubble runs off central when the tubular spirit bubble is
reversed (turned through 180°). To adjust, the operator removes half the amount the