Q1 : Shift Row transformation and Mixed Column Transformation:
Code:
import numpy as np
def aes_shift_rows(state):
"""
Apply AES Shift Row Transformation to the state matrix.
Parameters:
- state: 4x4 matrix representing the current state.
Returns:
- Modified state matrix after the Shift Row Transformation.
"""
for i in range(1, 4):
state[i, :] = np.roll(state[i, :], -i)
return state
def aes_mix_columns(state):
"""
Apply AES Mixed Column Transformation to the state matrix.
Parameters:
- state: 4x4 matrix representing the current state.
Returns:
- Modified state matrix after the Mixed Column Transformation.
"""
for i in range(4):
s0 = state[0, i]
s1 = state[1, i]
s2 = state[2, i]
s3 = state[3, i]
state[0, i] = aes_mix_column(s0, s1, s2, s3)
state[1, i] = aes_mix_column(s1, s2, s3, s0)
state[2, i] = aes_mix_column(s2, s3, s0, s1)
state[3, i] = aes_mix_column(s3, s0, s1, s2)
return state
def aes_mix_column(a, b, c, d):
"""
Helper function for AES Mixed Column Transformation.
Parameters:
- a, b, c, d: Four bytes of a column.
Returns:
- Modified byte after the mixing.
"""
result = (aes_mult(0x02, a) ^ aes_mult(0x03, b) ^ c ^ d) % 256
return result
def aes_mult(a, b):
"""
Helper function for AES multiplication in Galois Field (GF(2^8)).
Parameters:
- a, b: Two bytes to be multiplied.
Returns:
- Result of multiplication.
"""
p=0
for _ in range(8):
if b & 1:
p ^= a
hi_bit_set = a & 0x80
a <<= 1
if hi_bit_set:
a ^= 0x1B # XOR with the irreducible polynomial x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
b >>= 1
return p
# Example usage
def input_hexadecimal():
while True:
user_input = input("Enter a 2-digit hexadecimal number: ")
if len(user_input) == 2 and all(c in "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef" for c in user_input):
return int(user_input, 16)
else:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a 2-digit hexadecimal number.")
# Create a 4x4 matrix with user input
state_matrix = np.zeros((4, 4), dtype=np.uint8)
for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
state_matrix[i, j] = input_hexadecimal()
print("Original State Matrix:")
print(state_matrix)
state_matrix = aes_shift_rows(state_matrix)
print("\nAfter Shift Row Transformation:")
print(state_matrix)
state_matrix = aes_mix_columns(state_matrix)
print("\nAfter Mixed Column Transformation:")
print(state_matrix)
Output:
Q2: AES Key Expansion:
sbox = [0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76,
0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0, 0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72,
0xc0,
0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc, 0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31,
0x15,
0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27,
0xb2, 0x75,
0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0, 0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6, 0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f,
0x84,
0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b, 0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe, 0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58,
0xcf,
0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xf9, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f,
0xa8,
0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3,
0xd2,
0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19,
0x73,
0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xee, 0xb8, 0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b,
0xdb,
0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c, 0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4,
0x79,
0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae,
0x08,
0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b,
0x8a,
0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d,
0x9e,
0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87, 0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28,
0xdf,
0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2d, 0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb,
0x16]
Rcon = [0x00000000, 0x01000000, 0x02000000,
0x04000000, 0x08000000, 0x10000000,
0x20000000, 0x40000000, 0x80000000,
0x1b000000, 0x36000000]
def keyExpansion(key):
#prep w list to hold 44 tuples
w = [()]*44
#fill out first 4 words based on the key
for i in range(4):
w[i] = (key[4*i], key[4*i+1], key[4*i+2], key[4*i+3])
#fill out the rest based on previews words, rotword, subword and rcon values
for i in range(4, 44):
#get required previous keywords
temp = w[i-1]
word = w[i-4]
#if multiple of 4 use rot, sub, rcon etc
if i % 4 == 0:
x = RotWord(temp)
y = SubWord(x)
rcon = Rcon[int(i/4)]
temp = hexor(y, hex(rcon)[2:])
#creating strings of hex rather than tuple
word = ''.join(word)
temp = ''.join(temp)
#xor the two hex values
xord = hexor(word, temp)
w[i] = (xord[:2], xord[2:4], xord[4:6], xord[6:8])
return w
#takes two hex values and calculates hex1 xor hex2
def hexor(hex1, hex2):
#convert to binary
bin1 = hex2binary(hex1)
bin2 = hex2binary(hex2)
#calculate
xord = int(bin1, 2) ^ int(bin2, 2)
#cut prefix
hexed = hex(xord)[2:]
#leading 0s get cut above, if not length 8 add a leading 0
if len(hexed) != 8:
hexed = '0' + hexed
return hexed
#takes a hex value and returns binary
def hex2binary(hex):
return bin(int(str(hex), 16))
#takes from 1 to the end, adds on from the start to 1
def RotWord(word):
return word[1:] + word[:1]
#selects correct value from sbox based on the current word
def SubWord(word):
sWord = ()
#loop throug the current word
for i in range(4):
#check first char, if its a letter(a-f) get corresponding decimal
#otherwise just take the value and add 1
if word[i][0].isdigit() == False:
row = ord(word[i][0]) - 86
else:
row = int(word[i][0])+1
#repeat above for the seoncd char
if word[i][1].isdigit() == False:
col = ord(word[i][1]) - 86
else:
col = int(word[i][1])+1
#get the index base on row and col (16x16 grid)
sBoxIndex = (row*16) - (17-col)
#get the value from sbox without prefix
piece = hex(sbox[sBoxIndex])[2:]
#check length to ensure leading 0s are not forgotton
if len(piece) != 2:
piece = '0' + piece
#form tuple
sWord = (*sWord, piece)
#return string
return ''.join(sWord)
#used to display the keywords neatly in this form: w0 = 0f 15 71 c9
def prettyPrint(w):
print("\n\nKeywords: \n")
for i in range(len(w)):
print("w" + str(i), "=", w[i][0], w[i][1], w[i][2], w[i][3])
def main():
#hardcoding input key for demonstration purposes, could be read in from user/program via
cmd/gui etc.
key = ["84", "15", "71", "c9", "47", "d9", "e8", "59", "0c", "b7", "ad", "d6", "af", "7f", "67", "98"]
#expand key
w = keyExpansion(key)
#display nicely
print("Key provided: " + "".join(key))
prettyPrint(w)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Output:
