Introduction to
Analytical Chemistry
CHE 232
Based On G. D. Christian et. al, 7 th
Ed., 2014
DR. IBRAHIM H. A. BADR
PROFESSOR OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1
ANALYTICAL OBJECTIVES:
WHAT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS DO?
Chapter Outline
•1.1 What is analytical chemistry?
•1.2 Classification of analytical methods
•1.3 Getting started: The analytical process
•1.4 Method validation
•1.6 Some useful web sites
•Homework assignment
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1.1 What is Analytical Chemistry?
Analytical chemistry is the science of identification of
substances “Qualitative analysis”, determination of their
amount “Quantitative analysis”, detection of its presence
“Detection”, and separation of complex mixture into
individual components “Separation science”.
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Official definition
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Importance of Analytical Chemistry
Nano Social
Science Sciences
Medicine Agriculture
Pharmaceutical Environmental
Science Sciences
Engineering
Geology
& Physics
Chemistry
Analytical Biology
Chemistry
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Importance of Analytical Chemistry: Examples
• Chemical structure of nano-materials and
In nano-science their concentration.
Drugs analysis, drug industry, pharmacokinetics,
In pharmacy and quality control .
• Clinical analysis such assay of glucose level,
In medicine blood electrolytes and gases help diagnose
diseases.
• Food analysis such as determination of the
In food industry protein content in food.
In Industry • Analysis of steel during production.
In environmental
• Measurement of gaseous pollutants such as
protection CO, SOx and NOx. 7
1.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
Quantitative Analysis
How much is Present?
Determination of the amount of
substance/substances in the samples
Analytical
Chemistry
Qualitative Analysis
What is present?
Identification of elements, ions, or
compounds in a sample
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Classification of Quantitative
Methods of Analysis
Measuring
mass
Classical “Gravimetric analysis”
Methods
Measuring
Quantitative volume
Methods
“Volumetric analysis”
Modern
Methods
Property a amount
Ex. Colour intensity
“Colorimetry” 9
➢ In Volumetric Analysis:
VReagent Concentration
➢ In Gravimetric Analysis:
Massppt Concentration
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Acid-Base
HCl<>NaOH
Precipitation
Cl-, I-, Br- <> Ag+
Titration Types
Complexometric
Ca2+, Mg2+ <> EDTA
Oxidation-Reduction
Fe2+ <> KMnO4
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1.3 The analytical process: General steps
in chemical analysis
Define problem Is underground water contaminated with arsenic?
Select a method Search literature or invent a method
Sampling Obtain representative sample
Involves sample dissolution, removal of interference, and
Sample preparation
preparing replicate samples, separation if required
Analysis Analyze replicate samples and measure uncertainty
Report Write a clear report including results and methods
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1.4 Method Validation
✓A new method can be validated by
comparison with another accepted standard
method.
✓Certified standards and reference materials
may be analyzed to assure accuracy of the
method (recovery method).
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1.5 Important terms
Analyte • Is the substance measured or analyzed.
Analyst •Person who is performing the analysis
• Analysis of part or all constituent of
Analyze the sample.
Determine • The process of measuring the analyte.
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Analysis
Complete: If all constituents of the
sample are analyzed
Partial: If only one constituent is
analyzed
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Analyte classification according to its amount
Major:
> 1%
Minor:
0.1 -1 %
Trace:
< 0.1%
Ultra trace:
≤ 1 ppm (0.0001%)
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1.6 Some useful web sites
➢See pages 16 -17 for very useful web sites related
to analytical chemistry.
➢Each student should visit such web sites
occasionally during the course of studying
analytical chemistry to deepen his/her
understanding.
A Chinese proverb: A picture is better than 1000 word
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Homework Assignment
Chapter 1
1,
2,
3,
4,
&
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