~ ~ ~cr ·r-y--n-L.

-l
::)·c ·
:
~~ L- , ✓ l •~TJT
l - ·l ~ l~m
~r-~nn ~2 )"l ,li~
· ✓i id~~~}-
m~TI • L) ~! .,
ORGANIC QUAT ITATIVE ANALYSIS r
SCHEME OF PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTIC .@ROB'.P.S/
'" / ·.
I " .I'"-
A½._
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION -"I ~~ _/:.. fNFERENCE
~{ \. "-I",..,.
PRELIMINARY TESTS ; ' -(1' /' '
a) Yellow solid or liquid. <Jt, ,.a) Presence of Aromatic Nitro compounds
1. The colour and appearance of the substance are b) Brown or Dark coloured solid or \. ]f
Presence of Phenols, Aromatic Amines
noted liquid , ·•~t✓ etc.
c) Colourless solid 4,.., ._ c) Presence of Acids, Esters, Carbohydrates .
d) Colourless liquid"~ ~-- ·".:h~ / d) Aldeh ydes, Ketones, Ani lide.
2. The odour of the substance is noted a) Pleasant smell,,, { ' ·' a) Presence of Esters, Ketone, Nitro
1
,",., " ¾..~..,/ compounds
b) Phenolic sine!! ·· b) Presence of Phenol
c) Fish y smel f , = ~ Presence of Aromatic Amine
3. The so lubi lity of the substance is note~ a) Solubl e -in Water May be Carbohydrate, Diamide
a)
b) Soluble itl Hot Water May be Aromatic acids.
b)
c-)~ b (Cble,.,ifi NaOH May be Carbox y lic Acids, Phen o ls
c)
d) Soluble in Dil.HCI May be Amines
d)
/.1 . . ·~~wt"/
4. REACTION WITH LITMUS PAPER: ,P~..,'1:.~....-r\'\ti) Blue litmus turned Red a) Presence of Acids and Phenols
A little of the substance is tested with a moisJ€ne~ ~- ""b) Red litmus turned Blue b) Presence of Amines
litmus paper. "'"' , ) c) No change of the colour takes c) Presence of Carbohydrate ,Ketones,
/."/ '" ....., -.:;;,.~'
,..,. place Esters,
~-;7/ '·~
I ~ t
7
·,
.A'~
,,,~ ~ ~
5. DETECTION OF SPECIAL ELElv1ENT~:
/" -~ y
Small dry sod ium metal [ s meJ ed in a fusion tube by heating .A small quantity of the solid substance or 2 drops of liquid substance is
,,/
introduced and th e heating,,i(Zo;li~u~·d to the red hot. The red hot end of the tube is quickly broken into abo ut 10 ml of the di stilled water in a
l00mL beaker. The so lutib'n is wt!! stirred, bo iled , and filtered. The following te sts are carried out with the filtrate .
}
PG-DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 16
 1) About 3 ml of the filtrate is heated with A Blue ppt or Blue solution or Green Presence of..Nitrogen
/
freshl y prepared FeSO4. cooled and then
aci dified by adding Oil. H 2 SO4 drop by drop
with constant shaking.

solution is obtained.
I
/
,.-::.
,..\J'·
.,
. , _.
✓
~ ~
i'\.
2) About 3 ml of the filtrate boiled with Oil. a)A Curd y White ppt Soluble in a) Presence of Chloride.
4,
HNO3 for 2 minutes, cooled then Sil ver N H4OH
Nitrate solution is added . b)A Pale Ye llo w ppt Sparingly~ b)' Presence of Bromide
soluble in N H 4OH .,,,~~
"'-/
.
3) About 1 ml of the filtrate is treated with an A Vio let colour is obtain~ •.,) , . Presence of Sulphur
equal vo lume of a freshly prepared solution of "\ ,,
~
Sodium nitro prusside. ~ '•\ ,, )
6. TESTS FOR ALIPHATIC OR_AROMA TIC_COMPOU ND:
1) A small amount of the substance is taken in a a) Th e subs tance bums wi th a smoky a)Presence of Aromatic compound
nickel spatula and heated in the free flam e. Flame:
L ·-
b) The substance bums with a Non -
~ luminous fl ame .
_c-) The substance chars and burns

b) Presence of Aliphatic compound.

{~~'
c) Presence of Carbohydrates
Slowly .
2) NITRATION TEST: ..("~L~ n/
A Small amount of the substance 1~1~ed a) A Yellow ppt or Ye ll ow solution a) Presence of Aromatic compound
with l ml of Cone. H 2SO4 and l m .,o'f is obtained.
Cone. HNO 3 in a dry test tGlte., shakl n we ll
and heated for IO to 15 'nunme-~ in a boiling b) No Yellow ppt and the solution is b)Prese nce of Aliphatic compound
water bath and then.. -p~
durea into about 20 ml colourless.
of cold water. ~ \ ·.
1
/ -~~~-·
.!'
'/
'-
/
PG-llEPARTME~TOF CHEMISTRY n
7. TEST
--- FOR SATURATED -OR UNSATURATED COMPOUN
·---- ... - - ---------- --- --- D:
--
1) A small amount of the substance is shaken up a) Bromine water is decolourise d a) Pre.se rice~of Unsaturated compound
with 1 ml of Bromine water. immediately . ,·
/•', .,.,J,.
'\ ;;·
b) Bromine water is decolourise d b)Wresenc'e of Saturated compound
with the formation of a white ppt. /4 Li te\-A rtines, Phenols, etc
c) The solution remains Brown • 1)- Presence of Saturated compound
without deco lourisation. ' f
~ :I •·"'
2) A small amount of the substance is shaken up \_✓
a) KMnO 4 is decolouris.
e_d_
· ~
·. v ·• I a) Presence of Unsaturated compound .
with 1mL of water and a drop of KMnO4. immediate ly. ~l ,
b) No decolouri; atj~ .,_on <1Bding one I b) Presence of Saturated compound
or two drops of KMnO1 ,...
\"').~,-/
~- ..
8. ACTION OF SODIUM BI CARBONA TE: { ·"'-~
A small amount of th e substance is added to 1 mL of Vigorous effervescen ce takes place Presence of Carboxylic acids.
NaHCO 3 . and the1nbstanc e disso lved .
9. ACTION OF SODIUM HYDROXI DE : \"-.4 /
A small amount of the substance is added to about ~-- "a) Di ssolves readily in th e cold . a) Presence of Acids , Phenols.
2 mL of a NaOH , shaken well then heated to b6 Jing. -When the so luti on is acidified with
i
~. :~ , few drops o f Cone. HC l and coo led,
-~'o,,,J,,~-'--~2,....- the substance is re generated .
.1{'I.
b) Ammonia is evo lved on contin ued
?:,..,./ b) Presence of Amides
.,,, boi ling .
~~- c) Substance dissol ves graduall y on c) Presence of Ester.
( ,/~7:i,'
.,.., 'I-._,, wanning.
,. /
!(' d) The substance is unaffected in the d) Presence of Nitro compounds ,
/ "' ,.,{, ·'~·' cold and boiling. Ketones, Amines.
, . i
/
/
PG-DEPARTMEN T OF CHEMISTRY
18
 10. AC TION OF Con e. SU LPH ,,..,_
RIC AC ID : a) A whi te ppt is fon ned w hich
/

A sma ll amo unt of the sub stan ce

of Con c.H 2 SO4 , sha ken well, and
is add ed abo ut 2 mL
then heated.
di sso lves w hen sha ken up w ith
and form a clea r solu tion .
b) Cha rrin g or Bla cke nin g take
s

wat er
a) Pre sen te of
"'~ i../'
,,,..:,; . . \ ~
A
✓
. , _b)~ res~~1!e of Aro ma ti c ami nes
,/
ro ma ti c ami nes
,
11. AC TIO N OF NE UT RA L FER RIC
plac e w ith effe rv esc enc e
/ ~ Car lJCfh ydr ates .
CH LO RID E: '");, / '
A sma ll amo unt of the sub stan ce '\>; ,,
is sha ken up w ith a) A V iole t or Blu e or Gre en s,cr
l mL Neu tral ferri c chlo ride solu J our ~ ~; Pre sen ce of Phe n ol.
tion . solu tion is obt aine d .
·,.. /
b) A Red dish bro w n or B uff
\' '7 b) Pre sen ce of Car box yl ic ac ids
colo ure d ppt is obt aine d,..,,_ ..,,,,_
•·~ /"
I ~G ✓
\ i
TE ST S FO R FU NC TI ON AL GR
/¢ifi;~.., -'~~.,...... ,. .J.'J
OU PS
-~~
I.COMPO UNDS IN WH IC H CA
.,i
~•i~~ll<\.
RB ON , HY DR OG EN AN:D OX YG EN AR E PR ES EN
T: A "d
A.CARBOXYL IC ACIDS : 11 ~
I.A.. 'l;ri;.•••·l
~
l\ 1
l. PHEN OL PH THALEIN RE ACTIO
N:
C-~.,. ,....,~~
,.,,-~-.r"f""'
Abo ut 2mL ofN aO H take n in a
of phe nolp htha lein is add ed to it
test tub
.To that, solu ti'Q!?:- /
g
e and dr-·o. ~ - ~ he Pin k col our
is dec olo uris ed
Pre sen ce of Car box yl ic acid s
sma ll amo unt of the sub stan ce is imm edia tel y .
add ed< \.,. _;.,,-,)
_! , L___
A -,~..,,
2.
EST ER FORM ATION:
A sma ll amo unt of th e sub stan ce
""
,~'l~'l!}~'
h . m ixed with abo ut \ A Ple asa nt frui t y
2 ml of Alc oho l and 2 dro/ p s o''-;"~ ·,.,..-
f C06 c.H 2SO 4, and
sm ell is obt aine d.
Pre se nce of Car bo xy li c acid s.
';,, )
then gen tly hea ted for::a-::JJ,tfh~ .ITh
e mix ture is
pou red into 30 m~ di\ '1e Sod ium carb onate
solu tion stirr ed well ancLthe sme
.., ,,, ll is not ed .
PG-DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
~\\,~
'
~ ~L L~L LL1J J J J L1 /,) J ) J / -I J J .J /j ~1 •·
CJ
;
>
3. FLUORESCEIN REACTION: - ·- -<
A small am ount of the subs tance is mix ed vv ith a few a) /\n intense Greeni s h yellow
-~ > \
a) P rese nclof ,. D iC: a r boxy li c acid s .
crystals o f reso rcin o l and 2 drop s o t· C one. H 2S O,1 lluorescein is o bt a in ed. I
shake n well. heated and the n poured int o abo ut 100 '!
ml of w ate r. stirred well and then an excess or b) /\11 inten se G reeni s h ye ll o w ., ' b) Prese nce o f M o no ca rbo x y li c ,ic id s .
Sodium Hydro xi de so luti o n is add ed . lluoresce in is no t o bta ined . 1: , ,
..
-~ I.
,✓ I
I
I
B.PHENOT ~-~/
1. LIEB ER.J'\1ANN 'S REACTION:
~-)
A sma ll amount of the sub stance is heated with \.✓
Sodium ni trate . coo le d. t,Yo drops o f C onc .H 2SO,1is
/'"'~. . 1·11
ad ded. shaken " ·ell and the mixture is poured into A Rell solution 1s got w 11c tums
100 ml of water .stirred well and then Sodium Blu e df' Grel n on adding N aOH . Presence o f Phen o lic gro u p .
hydrox ide solution is ad ded in excess .
2. PHTH ALEI N FUSIO N TEST:
A sm all amount of the substance is mi xe d w ith sm all
am ount of Phthalic anh ydri de and2 drops o f , ,, ~ ... _a) A Pink o r Red co lour is o btained. a) Presence of Mo no h ydric Phe no ls .
Conc. H 2 SOJ is added. heated gentl y. Th ;,--mi xfu._&ej,s'
po ured into about 100 m l of water and-'Na OH b) A Ye ll o wi sh gre en llu o rescence is
obtained. b) Presence of D ih ydr ic pheno l.
...,
so lutio n is add ed in sli ght excess. .,
.J .
AZO-D YE FORMATIO N : ' ' /
A bo ut 5 drops o f A niline are treate·d w ith 3 ml o f
Di l. HCI. 10drops o f Sod ium nitrate add ed d ro p by /\ Browni sh red or Oran ge red d ye
is o btained . Presence o f Mono h yd ri c pheno ls.
dro p ,,·ith constant shaking and coo lin g. and th e I
d iazo ti sed so lu tion is addea to also luti o n o f s ubs ta nc e I
in NaOH. ,
'
PG-DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
20
r
C. CARBOHYDRATE:
""
V
1. MOLISCH TEST:
A small amo unt of the substance is dissolved in 2 ml
I
l
·"'·
. ,
I
of water, a few drops of strong soluti on of a- Naphthol A Vi olet or Purple or Red rin g is , I
Pre sen ce of Carboh ,vdrate .
in pure alcohol is added , shaken well. and 2 ml or formed at the juncti on of two /
2.
Cone. H2S04 are added along the sides of test tube.
FEHLING'S TEST:
laye rs. ,. .✓.,~. / I
A small amount of the substance is shaken up with ~ y I
1 rnL of water. The solution is added to about 2 ml of A Red brown ppt isiIBrainecl) Presence of Carbohydrate. I
Fehlin g' s solutions A and B. heated on a water bath. I . "
,i.
.,
.) . TOLLEN'S REAGENT TEST: ( " ~-/' I
I
A smal I amount of the substance is warrT1ed \
wi th 2 rn l A Silver mirror is obtained . Pre sence of Carboh ydrate .
of Tollen's reagent in a water bath. '-J I
4. PHENYLHYDRAZINE TEST: 1 · ~\
I ..
About 0.3 gm of the substance is dissolved in 5 ml of
water, a mixture of 2 ml of Phenyl hydrazine and 2 'A bri'ght Ye llow crys talline ppt is Presence of Carboh ydra te .
mL of glacial acetic acid is added , the contents heated . obtain'ed.
on a water bath about 10 minutes and then cooled . i" _ ---~
D.ALDEHYDESAND KETONE$:
1. BORSCHE 'S REAGENT TEST: , . ~ ,.
/1 '/~'~
~)
~......-

✓
A small amount of the substance is✓mixed ab!ut 3 A Yellow or Red brown crystalline Presence of Aldehydes or Ketones.
mL of Borsche ' s regent and a dro.12.2'r·Conc.l-ICl,
ppt is obtained.
gently heated and then cooled ~11. - \ .
2. PHENYLHYD RAZINE ,TES:t: 1"
A mixture of 5 dro ps of phenyl hydrazi ne and 5
drops of glacial aceticacid'are·t~ken in a dry test
tube. A small amofult of ~ bstance is added , heated A Yellow ppt is obtained. Presence of Aldehydes or Ke tones.
for a minute. Exces;~f c6ld water is added and
shaken well
21
 k__i ~i l l l J, J J J. J LL j j j d
\1, \)
) j j
\)
j j j 'JJ):;:; ·
D. i. ALDEHYDES:
, ....
• l SCHIFF'S REAGENT
TEST:
A sm all am ou nt of the
su bs tan ce is ad de d ab ou
t 3 mL
,._
Of Sc hif f s rea ge nt an d A Vi ole t co lou r is pro du
sh ak en well. ced quickly Pre'~enc e of l.A lde hy de s
2 FEHLING' S TE ST : (or ) slowl y. . Ii
,:, , 11
"' .... Jr
A sm all am ou nt of the
Fe hli ng ' s so lut ion A an
sub sta nc e is ad de d 2 mL
of A Re dd ish bro wn
/~ )- \.... ..-
d Fe hli ng ' s sol uti on Ba pp t is ob tai n~d . .,p rd en ce of Aliphatic Al
nd .,,., dehydes
he ate d. ''/
3 ACTION OF TO LL EN \. I
'S REAGENT: '\. ./
A sm all am ou nt of the ~
sub sta nc e is ad de d to ' ,
dro ps of To lle n's rea ge 3 or 4 A Bng. hts 11·ve r mi.
rro r .-"'"
err a, Bro ,/ ms
. h
nt an d he ate d in bo ilin g Presence of Al de hy de s.
-b ath . wa ter black ~ppt of sil ver is obtai'"ned.
/ "' '\,._./
D.ii.KETONES: l )'
%.,:,-#
1 LE GA L' S TEST:
/t< ~: ...
--~'h
To sm all am ou nt of the /",I)-., "'>,__,,./
sub sta nc e, add fe w dro ps ' '
Ac eti c aci d an d So diu m of
nit rop rus sid e, the n 1 m 'An I
l of - Or an .
ge red co lour 1s pro du ced .
Na OH . c" Pre sen ce of Ketone.
-~::. """'
/' ··1 '-. I
E.ESTERS:
t-. ,.
1. HYDROLYSIS:
A litt le of the su bst an ce ,, ~- ~~ -:< ·
is ref lux ed wi th\ 10 %)1
Na OH an d co ole d. Th en
the mi xtu re is aci din'ed Wh ite ppt is fom1ed.
'•· wi th Presence of Ester.
Co nc .H Cl . . .,,. -~
HYDROXAMIC ACID
TEST: -
2. Ab ou t 3 dro ps of the sub
sri in~ an d;a pin ch of
Hy dro xy lam ine hy dro ch
l ~ri de ate ad de d to 5 mL
Na OH sol uti on . Th erf1Sb of A Vi o let or De ep red bro
tl€d"f &, 2 mi nu tes . Th en vm co lou r
aci dif ied wi th Di l".'H Cl de ve lop ed im me dia tel y. Presence of Ester.
an d the n few dro ps of Fe
ch lor ide are ad de d. ~~/ /' rri c
PG-DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
22
 /"-
II. COMPOUNDS IN WHICH NITROGEN IS PRESENT:
A.PRIMARY AMINE: J
(

A,,
/.v .>
"¾,. r
~-
, -, .
1. DIAZOTISATION TEST: ,....1:~
A small amount of the substance is dissolved in , ·. ,
;
/\_ '
Dil.HCl, cooled in ice and then 1 mL of sodium
A clear solution is obtained. a .,_/ Presence of Aromatic Primary amine.
nitrate added drop by drop with constant shaking. ·,
\
2. CARBYLAMINE TEST: ;
"' \
'
' •,
,.., ,
A few drops of chloroform are added to about two
A characteristic--offei sive smell of
drops of the substance and then 2 mL of alcoholic Presence of Aromatic Primary amine.
the lsocyanide's is obtained.
KOH is added and warmed.
..,
.) . DYE TEST:
~
'-...---
About 5 drops of the substance is dissolved in
Dil.HC!. A few crystals of NaN02 are added, cooled
6-.\ 1t
¥ S<:'arTet, red dye is obtained. Presence of Aromatic Primary amine.
in ice. Then a solution of ~-Naphthol in aqueous
f_
NaOH solution is added to it and cooled. ..,_ -'
4. ACETILATION: ! .....,,, =-
About 0.5 mL of the substance taken in a boil~ng tube '
.3mL of a mixture of Acetic anhydride in acet~c acid
White ppt is formed. Presence of Aromatic Primary amine.
is added. It is then refluxed for about 15 ,mi~utes.and
_JJoured.into water.
,., ,
.:--,
..
>,-
~~~r,
B.AMIDES ~'\
-
"~
<,~
.... ,;_~
··~
1. The substance is refluxed/with 1(!l°/l NaOH solution. a) Ammonia gas evolved while a) Presence of Aliphatic or Aromatic
acidified with Conc.HC:1{1hd co6led. refluxing Amide.
, .: -_-# b) On adding HC l, White ppt is b) Presence of Aromatic Amide
~~ obtained
'/
~
•
f
c) On adding HCI, no ppt is obtained. c) Presence of Al iphatic amide and Urea
7· 1~r7~--;--rv,,; ~- ~·7•~~'r,
23
PG-OEPARTMENTOF CHE~IISTRY
w·~ ~/ 11 / ' ;: 1 I' r r 1 r r 1 I 1· JJ
I p ) ·,
. ,~/ ~-J ,"/ ,.) .~/ .~) .--) ,\.) ,.) ,-~ ),_., ) : /~J,_j. .
~kccc cc re t I [ I 1111111-11m11JJNJJJJ:J. , .I
2. BIURET TEST:
A small amount of the substance is gently heated in a ./".._
dry test tube , cooled, the residue is shaken up with 2
Ammonia gas is evolved on heating , "v·
,,_
A Violet or Red colouration is Preserit:e ofQ(amide like Urea
mL of water, a few drops of CuS0 4 are added and
obtained.
"'"\. .
then 10% Na OH solution is added drop by drop. /
4../
C.ANILIDE· ~1~1/
,/4..,. b.
-.,.~,., /
1. A few crystals of the so lid are treated with a few
Offensive smell of Isocyir-i'ides is ·
./. r
drops of chloroform and 2 ml of alcoho lic potash . d ..,--.., ,~,.,_.,,· Presence of Anilides.
and gentl y heated. obtame . _-· ,. _;,.,_ o/
f. " ,
2. About 1 gm of the substance is boiled under reflux /A... ¾,J
with 2 mL of Conc.HCI. The so lution is cooled, I -~
A Scarlet red d,ye is formed. Presence of Anilides .
diazotized with sodium nitrite and coupled with ~- \'.~3✓
NaE_hthol dissolved in NaOH. - - /"""'~'-
(
D.NITRO COMPOUNDS:
.,
,t
F.,,...-, ~~.)!',~....,,_,...."
-
'· .I
1. MULLIKEN BARKER'S REACTION: L..,~1--: -, •. ,
A small amount of the substance is dissolved in"<lb0ut
2 mL of alcohol. Then 0.5 gm of NH4C I and 0. 5 g~, I A s·i . . c
. ~ / 1 ver mirror 1s 1ormed. Presence of Nitro compound
of Zn dust are added and heated for two mmures. ,.,,
Then it is allowed to stand for two minui'es /Filti ;d a
':>, /
A'.
DERIVATIVES: -'\:•--~- .-,-~,,,,
,,..,, ..,,_y
1. CARBOXYLIC ACID:
/
11 " :, t
a ) A m·1·d d . .
1 es envatzve: _ ~~- I _
1 g of the substaI}.sC~~x; d .,.; ith 5 mL of Aniline in a boiling test tube . Add a porcelain bit to it and heat for 30 mts. The hot mi xture is
poured into 50 m~ Dil.HC·~ ~i_rre~ we ll. The i:1ixtur~ is allowed to stand for 10-15 mts. The white ppt of anilide is separated, was hed with
cold water and dned. A smalliport1on 1s recrystallised usmg alcohol.
PG-DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ,,;
24
 b) Side chain oxidation:
L
About 1g of the substance is mixed with Alkaline KMnO (about 0.5g of Sodium carbonate and
4 0.5 g of,-ifvtn04
✓
in 3 ml of w ater). It is
then heated under reflux till oily layer disappear s. If the pink colour of KMnO is disappear ' ~ --
4 s more o ~_Alk~Jine}KMn O4 is added. Then it is
poured into a beaker. The powdered Sodium sulphite is added and acidified with Conc.HCI acid.
The ppt is filt·e red and recry stall ized using ho t
water. A • :.,._ .r
A(- ·'\
t--.
'-'{~~
·1--:. •
2. PHENOL S:
Bronw derivative:
,4',Y "
:

:~!>./~
)Y'
About 1 g of the substance is mixed with 5 mL of Br in G lacial acetic acid wit~ hstaJ-t stirring,
2 till the yellow colo ur develops, shaken
well for 10-15 mts. Poured into 50 mL water with stirring. Yellow crystals are obt~~ ed~} td~d
off and dried. A portion of it recrystalli sed using
Alcohol. t"' ~¾,:,;;•)
3. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: ~\_, ./
.....~,,....,.
Phenyl Hydrazon e derivative : /6<tr::;e,\
, ,l
\~
About 0.5 g of the substance in 1 mL of Glacial acetic a~id anci::,l,_!Ill of Phenyl hydrazine heated for 5-10 mts in a boiling w ate r bath and
poured into water ,yellow crystals of Phenyl hydrazone is separfoed and product is filtered off and
recrystall ised using A lcohol.
·~ f
4. CARBO HYDRATE: /"- "~--....1'
l ~·--a "-
Phenyl Hydrazon e derivative: r·~~-:l
~

·• .-1,.~
I
., ..,.:c/
About 0.5 g of the substance in 1 mL o(,,Gracial"'a cetic acid and 1 ml of Phenyl hydrazine heated
for 5-1 O mts in a boiling water bath and
poured into water ,yellow crystals of Phenyl hyd'tizofl\ is separated and product is filtered off and
recrystall ised using Alcohol.
~./
/
~
5. ESTERS: I
/~
A c1'ddenvat1ve:
. . ,--~~-~..,,
'O, r
,./
About 1 ml of the substance i;J mixed with 10ml of 10% NaOH and boiled under reflux for
about 5 mts till the o il y layer disappear s .
The hydrolytic product is p-C'i-;'.iffiet 'with Conc.HCI acid. White ppt is fi ltered and dried . It is recrystali
/'
sed using hot water.
C
~
PG-DEPARTMENT OFCHEMISTRY 25
 6. AMIDES:
a) Acid derivative :(Monoamides) /
4
/:.
V ' _,,\
About 1 mL of the substance is mixed with l 0mL of l 0% NaOH and boiled under reflux for aC i5~ ~ 1 the oily layer disappears.
~l "
The hydrolytic product is acidified with Conc .HCI acid. White ppt is filtered and dried . It is recrystallised,using-'hot water.
b) Oxalate derivative :( diamides) : ~. _
To 3 mL of a strong solution of Urea (urea dissolved in water) and 2 mL of Oxalic aci'd\·s added. A white ppt of urea oxalate that
separates is filtered , washed and dried . ✓{ "V
7. ANILIDES: ,,., °"''"ti,h, /' _p
~y
J
f
1 ~. t~,
a) Bromo derivative:
,,. f
About 1 g of the substance is mixed with 5 mL of Br 2 in Glacial acetfb,.,acid¼ ith constant stirring, ti! the yellow colour develops, shaken
well for 10-15 mts. poured into 50 mL water with stirring. Yellow cr):'.sta·l~ obti i ~ are filtered off and dried. A portion ofit recrystallised using
Alcohol. ( 'e
_,<""·, ·\~.,_,,, __,.,/
b) Hydrolysis derivative:
~ '
A', \t, ,J
About 1 g of the substance is mixed with l0mL of ~ 0o/.o N'a@H and boiled under reflux for about 45 mts till the oily layer disappears. The
hydrolytic product is acidified with Conc.HCl acid. White) ,p t~ filtered and dried. It is recrystalised using hot water.
f ·it,-✓
8) NITRO COMPOUND: ~\ ~;
,,.-~z~. Y~ h. _ ,. ✓#
/ ' - ' '?.;!~-,
Nitro derivative: ..,..r'~\;;
,i. -~
,t<i\ .
,.,., /
.
Mix 1 g of substance with 2 mL of'G::onc.H{SO4 warm slightly ,cooled add 2 mL of Conc,HNO 3 drop by drop heated for l 0 mts. Poured
into 20 mL water in a beaker, yellow ,sqjid;:se~'arated out. Recrystallised a small portion using hot water.
r~.,~ "·
"'v
/4, -~
'~~5~~,~~) .~ -
''(~ . ;-
·~~~.,.,·
/
PG-DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 26
 REP ORT :
The giYe n Org anic com pou nd cont ains , ,_
-

/'
/-
\ 7
/ . ''e:::-'
i) A rom atic or Alip hati c com pou nd'<_ :-
./ ~
~ )'
ii) Satu rate d or Uns atur ated(com pou nd :
'
..,, .......__,,_ ~ /
iii) Spe cial Elem ents ;/- ~ /•'
r-, V
(y ~/
a) Nitr ogen
_,,
{"'
,,,,,e,..
b) Halo gens
.:~:,. .)
~ ,~
~
c) Sulp hur
,,,. /'0
<'
_
' ~,-:__
.,_,iv) F unct iona l grou p
-~- ~-.
\r~
._ .J y v) Der ivat ive or Col oure d reac tion
<"'""'
;'
/
PG-UEPARDIE!\'T OF CHHl!STRY 27