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Chapter Two
Lesson1 of 2: How plants make food
Plants are Autotroph organisms.
*Autotrophs: are organisms that can make their own food by:-

a-Photosynthesis b-chemosynthesis
e.g.: Green plants e.g.: Bacteria
In photosynthesis:-
Plant take light from sun, CO2 from atmosphere And water from soil in presence
of chlorophyll converting them to food (Glucose).
Carbon dioxide + water--------------> Carbohydrate + Oxygen
CO2 + H2O -------------> C6H12O6 + O2
Chlorophyll & chloroplasts:
1-Chlorophyll is formed only in presence of light.
2- plants that are germinated in dark are white.
3-O2 is a By-product in photosynthesis
4-chlorophyll is similar to Hemoglobin in structure.
5-Chlorophyll is found in tiny oval bodies called chloroplasts.

Contain Chlorophyll Granum(grana)

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 Chlorophyll = pigment
Chlorophyll A Chlorophyll B Carotene Xanthophyll
Green Blue green Yellow orange Red
Note:-
1-As Chlorophyll A & Chlorophyll B form 70% of chlorophyll pigment so, the
net color is green.
2-Isotope of Oxygen (O18) showed that , Source of produced Oxygen is water
not CO2
CO216+H2O18-------------->C6H12O616+O218
Photosynthesis
It takes place in 3 stages:
1-Absorption of light energy:-
-Light activates Chlorophyll which activates ATP & NADP.
2-Light reaction:-
-It occurs in Grana.
-It is also called light dependant reaction.
-Photolysis take place which is the splitting of water into H2 and O2.
O2 evolved while Hydrogen converts NADP to NADPH
3-Calvin cycle:-
-It occurs in Stroma.
-It is also called light independent reaction or Dark reaction
-NADPH, ATP & CO2 enter Calvin cycle resulting in formation of intermediate
product called PGAL (PhosphGlycerAldehyde) ,Then PGAL is rearranged to
form Glucose.

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Notes:-
1-Glucose formed in photosynthesis is stored in form of Starch.
2-Rubisco enzyme assimilates CO2 into Calvin cycle in the plant.
Plant parts:- 1-The leaf
-It is the plant factory where photosynthesis take place and consist from :-
1-Upper and lower epidermis:-
a-Covered by Cutin or cuticle which is a waxy or lipid layer prevent loss of
water.
b-Contain tiny openings(more abundant on lower epidermis) called Stomata
Surrounded by 2 guard cell (contain chloroplasts) to open and close stomata
The function of stomata & guard cells:- 1) allow exchange of gases
2) Transpiration:-Evaporation of excess water

Upper

Lower Epidermis

Stomata
2-Mesophyll:-
It consists from:-
A-Palisade layer B-spongy layer
-Contain many chloroplasts - Contain fewer chloroplasts
-carry out photosynthesis -Carry out gases exchange as
It contains large air spaces
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3-Vascular bundles:-
Xylem (wood) Phloem
Non living cells Living cells
Conduct H2O up Conduct food down
Xylem phloem
Tracheids vessels sieve tube companion cell
Annual rings
-Formed of xylem cells
-Determine age of tree because one ring is formed every year.
- Also can tell us many things about the growing conditions about the site, or
environment the tree is growing in.
2-T.S. in dicot stem:-

Cortex

Phloem

xylem

Notes:-
-Lenticles: are openings on stem for exchange of gases while,
Stomata: are openings on leaf.
-Pith:- formed from parenchyma cells & its function is storage Starch
-Sclerenchyma cells:- Responsible for rigidity for plant
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 How H2O moves up?!
a-Cohesive(between water and water) & adhesive(water and xylem) forces.
b-Root pressure.
C- Capillarity.
d-Transpiration

How to know that plant did photosynthesis?

1-Boil plant leaf in alcohol to remove chlorophyll.
2-Put iodine solution (yellow color)
3-Iodine would convert from yellow to blue if plant did photosynthesis due to
formation of starch during photosynthesis:- Starch + Iodine------->Blue color
Difference between plant and animal cell when are put in:-
A-Pure distilled water(Hypotonic solution):-
-Animal cell -plant cell
Cell membrane Burst swell (turgid) but do not
burst due to cell wall(Rigid)

B-Concentrated salt solution(Hypertonic solution):-

-Animal cell -plant cell
Cell Shrink (shrivel) Plasmolysis occurs cell membrane
pulls away from cell wall

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 Lesson 2 of 2: How plants live
Any plant to live must do Photosynthesis & Respiration processes together.
Photosynthesis Respiration
CO2 in while O2 out O2 in while CO2 out
Takes place in leaf Leaf – stem – root
During day light Day & Night
3-Root:-
Its function is :
1-Absorb water & minerals from soil.
2-Serve to anchor the plant to the soil.
Root hairs:-
Function is :
1-Increase surface area of absorption.
2- Serve to anchor root to the soil.
Pericycle: Cells that gives lateral (secondary) roots.
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Growing tissues:-

Apical meristem (meristem cells) Cambium

Elongation & Differentiation Thickness (Diameter)
1ry growth 2ry growth
AT TIP

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NOTES:-
1-Symbiotic organisms (Mutualism):-
e.g:lichen (made up of a fungus(absorb water) & algae cells(do photosynthesis))
2-Turgor pressure:-
cell under pressure due to virus or water.
Red
3-light spectrum:- Orange
Yellow
a-Red has longest wavelength.
Green
b-Violet has shortest wavelength. ROYGBIV Blue
Indigo
c-Green plants absorb all colors & reflect green cause
violet
the lowest growth to plant.

4-Photoperiodism:-
Is production of flowers by a plant in a certain time.
So we divided plants according to flowering period into:-
a-Long day plants:-need light more than their critical photoperiod.
b-Short day plants:-need light less than their critical photoperiod.
c-Neutral day plants:- not dependant on light length.
5-Auxin:-
Is a plant hormone helps in elongation & tropism.
6-Chromatography:-
Is a technique used to separate pigments.
7-Plasmodesmata:-
Is a communication between plant cells.

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