Database Management System

By
Mr. Parag R. Sali
Lecturer
Department of Computer Technology
SNJB’s Shri. Hiralal Hastimal ( Jain Brothers)
Polytechnic, Chandwad
Program Name: Computer Engineering Group
Program Code : CO/CM/CW
Semester : Third
Course Title : Database Management System
Course Code : 22319

SQL Operators
SQL OPERATORS
 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison Operators

 Logical Operators

 Set Operators

 Range Searching Operators – Between

 Pattern Matching Operators – Like

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Consider : a=10 , b=20

Operator Description Example

Adds values on either side of the operator.

+ (Addition) a + b will give 30

Subtracts right hand operand from left

- (Subtraction) hand operand. a - b will give -10

Multiplies values on either side of the

* (Multiplication) operator. a * b will give 200

Divides left hand operand by right hand

/ (Division) operand. b / a will give 2

Divides left hand operand by right hand

% (Modulus) operand and returns remainder. b % a will give 0
COMPARISON OPERATORS
Operator Description Example a=10 b=20
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition
= (a = b) is not true.
becomes true.
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then
!= condition becomes true. (a != b) is true.

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then
<> condition becomes true. (a <> b) is true.

Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if
> yes then condition becomes true. (a > b) is not true.

Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes
< then condition becomes true. (a < b) is true.

Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right
>= operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (a >= b) is not true.

Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right
<= operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (a <= b) is true.

Checks if the value of left operand is not less than the value of right operand, if
!< yes then condition becomes true. (a !< b) is false.

Checks if the value of left operand is not greater than the value of right operand,
!> if yes then condition becomes true. (a !> b) is true.
 Roll_no Name City Marks
1 Jay Delhi 87
2 Sai Pune 60
3 Deep Nasik 75
4 Riya Gujrat 93
5 Diya Jalgaon 88

Select * from stud where name = ‘Deep’;

Roll_no Name City Marks

3 Deep Nasik 75
Select * from stud where Marks < 70;

Roll_no Name City Marks

2 Sai Pune 60
Select * from stud where Marks >90;

Roll_no Name City Marks

4 Riya Gujrat 93
LOGICAL OPERATORS

Sr.No. Description

AND: The AND operator allows the existence of multiple

1 conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause.

OR: The OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions

2 in an SQL statement's WHERE clause.

NOT: The NOT operator reverses the meaning of the logical

operator with which it is used.
3 Eg: NOT EXISTS, NOT BETWEEN, NOT IN, etc. This is a negate operator.
 Roll_no Name City Marks
1 Jay Nasik 87
2 Sai Pune 60
3 Deep Nasik 75
4 Riya Gujrat 93
5 Diya Jalgaon 88

Select * from stud where City=‘Nasik’ AND Marks >=80;

Roll_no Name City Marks

1 Jay Nasik 87

Select * from stud where City=‘Nasik’ OR Marks >=80;

Roll_no Name City Marks

1 Jay Nasik 87
3 Deep Nasik 75
4 Riya Gujrat 93
5 Diya Jalgaon 88
SET OPERATORS
 SQL supports few Set operations which can be
performed on the table data. These are used to get
meaningful results from data stored in the table, under
different special conditions.
 Set operators are used to join the results of multiple
SELECT statements.
 In this tutorial, we will cover 4 different types of SET
operations, along with example:
 UNION
 UNION ALL
 INTERSECT
 MINUS
Consider following tables to perform SET operators
Table : Emp

Emp_name Dept_no City

Jay 101 Mumbai
Rahul 102 Pune
Sai 103 Nashik
om 102 Jalgaon
siya 101 Nagar
Table : Dept

Dept_no Dept_name
101 Comp
102 Mech
103 Civil
104 E&TC
UNION OPERATOR
 UNION is used to combine the results of two or
more SELECT statements. However it will eliminate duplicate
rows from its result set.
 Syntax :
Select column_name from table1 UNION Select column_name from table2;
 Example :
Select Dept_no from Emp UNION Select Dept_no from Dept;
Output :
Dept_no
101
102
103
104
UNION ALL OPERATOR
 This operation is similar to Union. But it also shows the
duplicate rows.
 Syntax :
Select column_name from table1 UNION ALL Select column_name from table2;
 Example : Dept_no
Select Dept_no from Emp UNION ALL Select Dept_no from Dept; 101
102
103
102
101
101
102
103
104
INTERSECT OPERATOR

 Intersect operation is used to combine two SELECT statements,

but it only returns the records which are common from
both SELECT statements.
 Syntax :
Select column_name from table1 INTERSECT Select column_name from table2;
 Example :
Select Dept_no from Emp INTERSECT Select Dept_no from Dept;
Dept_no
101
102
103
MINUS OPERATOR

 The Minus operation combines results of two SELECT statements and return only those in the final result, which
belongs to the first set of the result.
 Syntax :

Select column_name from table1 MINUS Select column_name from table2;

 Example :
Select Dept_no from Emp MINUS Select Dept_no from Dept;

Dept_no
104
RANGE SEARCHING OPERATORS – BETWEEN

 The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given

range. The values can be numbers, text, or dates.
 The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values
are included.
 Syntax :
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
 Example :
SELECT * FROM Dept WHERE Dept_no BETWEEN 101 AND 103;
Select * from Emp where Dept_no BETWEEN 101 AND 103;
Select city from Emp where Dept_no BETWEEN 101 and 103;
Select emp_name from Emp where Dept_no BETWEEN 101 and 103
Output: Dept_no Dept_name
101 Comp
102 Mech
103 Civil

Emp_name Dept_no City

Jay 101 Mumbai
Rahul 102 Pune
Sai 103 Nashik
om 102 Jalgaon
siya 101 Nagar
PATTERN MATCHING OPERATOR – LIKE

 The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for

a specified pattern in a column.
 There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the
LIKE operator:
 % - The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters
 _ - The underscore represents a single character
 The percent sign and the underscore can also be used in combinations
 Syntax :
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
some examples showing different LIKE operators with
'%' and '_' wildcards:
LIKE Operator Description
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that start with "a"
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a' Finds any values that end with "a"
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any position

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%' Finds any values that have "r" in the second position

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 2
characters in length

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a__%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 3
characters in length

WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that start with "a" and ends with "o"
 Example :
 SELECT * FROM Emp
WHERE Emp_nameLIKE ‘s%';

 Output :

Emp_name Dept_no City

Sai 103 Nashik
siya 101 Nagar