Share Chapter Four: Memory and @ oa Forgetting Learning Outcomes * © Define Memory and Forgetting * O Describe the stages and memory structure proposed by theory of memory * © Explain the Processes that are at work in memory function * C Identify how learned materials are organized in the long term memory * © State the factors underlying on the persistence and loss of memory * © Explain different theories of forgetting Memory * Meaning and Processes of Memory * Memory is retention v_of information or what is learned earlier over time v r4 oz seu, 4, Stn 7 “apn iw * Processes of Memory © It'sa processes of > putting information into memory we1. Encoding > tis the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory 2. Storage + Itis the location in memory system in which material is saved 3. Retrieval > In retrieval, material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness and used. * Structure of Memory * Memory structure is > the nature of memory storage itself * One of the most important and influential of these is the one developed by Richard Atkinson v and Richard Shiffrin v (1968 v ). According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, memory has three structures: > 1. Sensory Memory * Itis the entry way to memory and the first information storage area * Visual Information is stored in visual system for maximum of one _Y second and Auditory(sound) is for two v seconds * In General memory in here have short amount of retention + 2. Short-term Memory © Is part of our memory that holds the contents of our attention * Important in a variety of tasks such as thinking v , reading, speaking v , and problem solving. * Various terms used to refer to this stage of memory, including working ¥ memory, immediate memory, active ¥ memory, and primary memory. * Characteristics 1. Active > as long as we consciously processing it, it will remain 2. Rapid Access - Information is readily available for use 3. Preserves the temporal + Keep information fresh until further analysis4. Limited capacity > can only store unrenearsed information up to 30seconds * Humans have the ability to retain 5 up to 9 items of information(ADULTS) + 3. Long-term Memory * Itis a memory system used for the relatively permanent storage of meaningful information ¢ Composed of Sub-system ~ 1. Explicit Memory > Conscious recollection of information such as facts or events * Can be divided into 2 A. Semantic > Factual Knowledge like meaning of words B. Episodic + Memory of event from personal experience 2. Implicit Memory > It's the "how to" knowledge of procedures © Serial Position Effect > It's three-box model that states, “We only recall the names of the first few and the last from the list we were shown" ¢ Factors Affecting Memory 1. Ability to retain and Interest 2. Good Health 3. Age of the learner and Maturity 4. Sleep or rest, and so on Forgetting * Meaning and Concepts of Forgetting * Psychologists generally use the term forgetting to refer to the apparent loss of information already encoded and stored in the long- term memory * The first attempt was done by German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus* The most rapid forgetting occurs particularly in the first hour * Theories of Forgetting * Five Mechanisms to account for forgetting ~ 1. The Decay Theory © States that, "Memory traces fade with time if they are not accessed now and then" » 2. Interference * States that, “forgetting occurs because similar items of information interfere with one another in either storage or retrieval" © Their are 2 kinds 1. Proactive ~ Kind of interference where old information disrupts the recall of new information. 2. Retroactive -> Kind of interference where new information disrupts the recall of old information. » 3. Displacement Theory © States that, "New information entering memory can wipe out old information" » 4. Motivated Forgetting « It's what Freud referred to as repressing memories * According to Freud, when memories are too painful that we can't deal with them so we repress them completely » 5. Cue Dependent Forgetting * It's the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli * Improving Memory 1. Pay attention 2. Over learn v_and Monitor Your learning v 3. Take your time Type (7) for options