Dsychology / |S Chapter One: ESSENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY Share Chapter One: ESSENCE OF om |) PSYCHOLOGY * Learning Objectives: Define Psychology Show history Point out goals of psychology Identify early perspective of psychology Discuss the difference perspectives of psychology Identify sub-field of psychology Differentiate major research methods in psychology SP NOAA WN Explore the major steps of scientific research in pyschology * Psychology By Me: * 1.1 Definition of Psychology and Related Concepts * The word "Psychology" is derived from 2 Greek words ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’. Psyche refers to mind, soul or spirit while logos means study, knowledge. Therefore, by combining the two we can say Psychology is the study of the mind, soul or sprit * Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and the underlying mental * The above definition have 3 aspects; Science, behavior and mental process:1. Science: psychologist use scientific methods to study behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals 2. Behavior: refers to all our actions and reactions 3. Mental Processes: refers to all internal, covert activities of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, remembering, etc. © REFLECTION: * How did u compare the definition of psychology above with your previous conception? * | expected psychology to be the study of the mind but i didn't know it’s exact definition and that it uses scientific method * 1.2 Goals of Psychology * Asa Science: 1. Description: Description involves observing the behavior and noticing everything about it. It is a search for answers for questions like ‘What is happening?’ ‘Where does it happen?’ 'To whom does it happen?’ And ‘under what circumstances does it seem to happen? ' 2. Explanation: Why is it happening? Explanation is about trying to find reasons for the observed behavior. This helps in the process of forming theories of behavior (A theory is a general explanation of a set of observations or facts) 3. Prediction: prediction is about determining what will happen in the future. 4. Control: How can it be changed? Control or modify or change the behavior from undesirable one (such as failing in school) to a desirable one (such as academic success). © REFLECTION: * What's the relationship and difference between the four goals© their relationship is they focus on one problem and one follows the other and their difference is they each have their own different procedure 1.3 Historical Background and Major Perspectives in Psychology Psychology is only about 125 years old in the realm of science. It was started in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany Father of Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt the establisher of a psychology laboratory in University of Leipzig 1.3.1 Early Schools of Psychology ‘A school of thought is a system of thinking about a certain issue, say, for example, about human behavior or mind. Surly, psychology, as a discipline, is embedded in different systems of thought from its inception. These systems of thought were very broad in the early years of psychology and, therefore, we call them schools of thought. There are five such early schools of psychology: 1. Structuralism: view psychology as a study of structure of mind. A, It's extension of Wundt's ideas by his student named Edward Titchener(1867-1927). B. The goals of structuralism was to find out the units or elements, which make up the mind such as: sensations, images and feelings. C. The best-known method used by them was introspection looking inward into our consciousness". It's procedure aimed at analyzing the mental experience into the 3 elements 2. Funetionalism: view psychology as a study of function of the mind. A. Founder was William James(1848-1910). Who was the first American psychologist and the author of the first psychology textbook.B. Unlike Wundt and Titchener, James focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world; How people work, play and adapt to their surrounding. ~ 3. Gestalt Psychology: view psychology as a study of function of the whole mind A. Founded by Max Wertheimer and his colleagues in Germany in the 20th century B. This study believes that mind isn't made up of combinations of elements C. The German word "gestalt" refers to form, whole or pattern. According to them, the mind should be thoughts of as a result of the whole pattern of sensory activity and the relationships and organizations within their pattern D. Gestalt psychologist acknowledge consciousness. They think that "The whole is greater than the sum of the small pieces(sensation, images and feelings)" ~ 4. Behaviorism: view psychology as a study of observable and measurable behaviors A. The founder is John B. Watson B. According to Watson we can't define consciousness better than we can define the soul. Therefore, It can't be the object of the scientific study. C. Watson 3 important characteristics are: conditioned response as the building block of behavior, learned rather than unlearned behavior and Focuses on the animal behavior. He believed all behaviors are learned but not inherited. » 5. Psychoanalysis: studies about the components of the unconscious part of the human mind. A. Founder is Sigmund Freud(1856-1939) B. he identified ‘hysteria’ which is a illnesses on the mind rather than on the body C. The unconscious which is the subject matter of psychoanalysis contains hidden wishes, passions, guilty secrets, unspeakable yearnings, and conflict between desire and duty.* What makes the 5 schools different from each other: 1. In their Object of study: conscious mind, unconscious mind and overt behavior 2. In their Goals: analyze the components of the mind or observing the effects of the environment on behavior 3. In their Method: Introspection, Observation, clinical case studies, etc... * 1.3.2 Modern Schools of Psychology * Psychology By At: * Chapter One: Essence of Psychology * Definition of Psychology & Related concepts * Psychology comes from 2 Greek words * Psyche - refers to mind, soul or spirit * Logos - means study or knowledge Therefore by combining the 2 Greek words we can say * Psychology is > study of mind, soul or spirit Psychologists define Psychology as > Scientific study of human behavior and the underlying mental © scientific study of human behavior and the underlying mental(there way of thinking) Psychology can be classified in 3 ways: 1. Based on Science: Psychology uses scientific methods to study behavior and mental processes in both humans and animal Based on Behavior: refers to > all our overt( 1%) actions and reactions A. E.g. The way we talk, Facial expressions, movement, etc.3. Mental Processes: refers to > all internal, covert( fo-c/Can't be seen) activities of our minds A. Eg. feeling, remembering * Goals of Psychology * Psychology has four goals > Description, Explanation, Prediction and Control * Description: Involves > observing the behavior and noticing everything about it. * Description asks question like J * What is happening? * Where does it happen? * To whom does it happen? * Explanation > It's about trying to find reasons for the observed behavior * ItAsks > Why it is happening * It's also helps in the process of > forming Theory * Theory is > a general explanation of set of facts. * Prediction > It's involves figuring out what will happen in the future * Control > It's about changing the bad behavior to a Good behavior © Ittries to answer for > How it can be changed? * Historical Background of Psychology * Psychology is new field that only been around 125 years old. * It was started in 1879 ~ in Leipzig v , Germany, By Wilheim Wundt » Father of Modern Psychology is > Wilhelm Wundt Wundt developed the technique of objective introspection ¥ to scientifically examine mental experiences. v* Objective introspection or generally known as introspection is > same as self-reflection with our self or help of counselor ¢ Major Perspectives in Psychology * School of Psychology or School of Thought : It's system of thinking about certain issue * There are old Schools of Thought: : |. Structuralism * View Psychology as > study of Structure of mind © It's expansion of Wundt's idea by his student named "Edward Tichtener” @ It Goal is to study the Units or Elements that make up the structure of mind * The method they use is introspection * Introspection is > looking inward into our consciousness * By using this method we can classify the mind into 3 parts v 1. Images - What image comes into your mind? 2. Feelings - What feeling did u feel? 3. Sensations - What does your sensory organs tell u? ~ 2. Function: m * View Psychology as study of > function of mind * The founder of this school of thought is "William James _y.", Who was the first American Psychologist » and The first Psychology textbook ¥ * Unlike Wundt and Tichtener, James focused on > how the mind allows people to functions in the Real World.* Functionalism covers what structuralism lucks which is Human are > social species © The method that was here was not only introspection but there were others like Questionnaire v (form or vote), mental tests v_and objective description v (observing behavior by watching people) * Generally, According to functionalists psychological processes are > adaptive. They allow people to survive and adapt to it's surroundings ~ 3. Gestalt * View Psychology as study of whole mind It was founded by Max Wetheimer and his colleagues Gestalt is a Greek word that means "whole or pattern” The gestalt acknowledge Consiousness They think that "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts v “ or “The mind is greater than it’ parts(Image, sensation and feelings) ~ ~ 4, Behaviorism * View Psychology asa > study of observable and measurable behavior * The founder is John B.Watson * He believed that “all behavior are learned" ~ 5. Psychoanalysis * View Psychology asa > study of Unconscious part of human mind * The Founder was “Sigmund Freud" * Dr. Freud had patient that have Non-Physical illness then he named this illness as "Hysteria" * He used case studies like "hypnosis and dream analysis" to define that human behavior is all about unconscious mind © There are also Modern Schools of Thought:1. ~ 2 Psychodynamic Perspective * focuses on "the unconscious dynamics within the individual such as inner forces or instinctual energy’ * We can understand the instinctual energy in 3 ways ¥ 1. The Influence of Unconscious mental behavior on everyday behavior 2. The role of childhood experiences in shaping adult personality 3. The role of intrapersonal conflict in determining human behavior © The difference between psychodynamic and psychoanalysis is the former focuses on environment, inner conflict ¥ while the latter focuses on childhood experiences ¥ * Psychodynamics think of themselves as. > archeologists of the mind Behavioral Perspective * focuses on “the role learning experiences play in shaping the behavior of an organism. It's concerned with how the environment affects the persons actions" * This perspective is sometimes called the "black box ¥" approach bc it's treats the mind as less useful» in understanding human behavior * we call it black box cause in black box we don't know what happens inside what we know is what goes in and out, that's same with this approach cause it focuses on input(something that came from the environment ) and output(the behavior change or behavior that is shown that is caused by the input ¥ )* E.g. when someone gets good grade and u encourage them( INPUT ) they will most likely like it and will keep getting good grade( OUTPUT ) ~ 3, Humanistic Perspective * focuses on "the uniqueness of Human bein values and subjective experiences’ uman ~ 4, Cognitive Perspective * Focuses on "the Mental Process" * It says people way of thinking affects their behavior © To see people's mind they use methods like: Electrical recording of brain activity * Electrical stimulation * Radioactive tracing of metabolic activity in the nervous system ~ 5. Biological Perspective * It states "Brain and Brain chemicals affects the psychological process like behavior, thoughts and feelings" » 6. Socio-cultural Perspective * focuses on "the social and cultural factor that affect human behavior" * Branches of Psychology 1. Developmental Psychology > It studies the physical and mental( Cognitive and Psychology ) changes across a life span 2. Personality Psychology ~ it focuses on the relatively enduring traits and characteristics of individuals such as self- concept, aggression, moral development, ete. 3. Social Psychology > deals with people's social interaction and relationships 4. Cross-Cultural Psychology > Examine the role of culture in shaping individuals behavior5. Industrial Psychology > Deals with industries and organizations to increase productivity 6. Forensic Psychology > Applies psychological principles to legal system 7, Education Psychology > Applies psychological principles to educational system 8. Health Psychology > Applies psychological principles to treatment and prevention of physical illness 9. Clinical Psychology > Applies psychological principles to treatment and prevention of psychological illness 10. Counseling Psychology > Applies psychological principles to treatment and prevention of psychological illness with less severe problems than clinical psychology * From This Psychology Branches the one's that appear in test mostly are > Developmental, Personality, Forensic, Clinical or Counseling ° Types of Research Method ~ 1. Descriptive Research -> in this type of research, the researcher simply records what she/he has systematically observed * Methods include » 1. Naturalistic Observation > is a descriptive research method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment A. Limitations are observer effect(behave artificially when they know watched) 2 and observer bias(not systematically observed, observe what the observer wants and ignore others) ~ 2. Case Study > is a descriptive technique in which an individual is studied in great detail A. Advantage + provides tremendous amount of data about a single case or individualB. Disadvantage > the researchers can't apply the results to other similar people, which means what researchers find in one case can't necessarily apply or generalize to others ~ 3. Survey > isa descriptive research method used to collect data from a very large group of people A. Advantage - useful to get information on private (covert) behaviors and it addresses hundreds of people with the same questions at the same time. & - used to for generalization of the result to the population B. Disadvantage- needs a careful selection of a representative sample of the actual population Correlational Research > is a research method that measures the relationship between two or more variables * Measures relationship between variables, how strong the relationship is, and in what direction the relationship goes. But it doesn't show the cause and effect relationship(causation) Experimental Research ~ is a research method that allows researchers to study the cause and effect relationship between variables * Experiments involve at least one independent variable and one dependent variable * The independent variable is the manipulated, influential, experimental factor * The dependent variable is the factor (behavior) that is measured in an experiment * Steps of Scientific Method 1 RweN Define the Problem Formulating Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Drawing Conclusion| t 5. Writing Report