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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This section presents and discussed studies of foreign and local authors

published in books, journals, magazines, and newspapers. This review also

includes excerpts from unpublished materials such as master’s theses and

dissertation papers that are relevant to the present study.

Related Literature

Reliable data from school-based surveys can provide the quality

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use data required to better

inform education policy and practices, especially in developing countries.

Capturing the complex set of factors involved would paint a more accurate

picture of what is available and used by both students and teachers. This

includes information, such as availability of digital infrastructure; internet

connection speed; school activities in which teachers use ICT; training received

by teachers to empower them to integrate ICT into their practices; strategies

implemented by schools to develop digital skills (Montaya & Barbosa, 2020).

School day is the time that elementary and secondary levels establish for

teaching and learning activities. The assignment of class schedules must meet the

standards of current legal requirements, the institutional educational project and

also the curriculum of the school. In general, the planning of the school day is

based on the availability of teachers and classrooms and takes into account some
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special conditions of each school and the overlapping of class assignments.

However, the assigning of class schedules must also consider to cycles of greater

or lesser degree of accuracy when performing tasks, which vary in frequency. So,

students do not always have the cognitive capacity to assimilate certain

knowledge or to carry out certain learning activity at any given time of the day

(Suarez-Chilma, Castrillón-Gomez, & Guerrero-Aguirre, 2013).

In a high proportion of institutions, the class schedule is manually made,

which additionally of taking either days or weeks of work, does not allow to set

certain types of restrictions that optimize the use of both resources human, and

infrastructure, as well as give errors for subjects overlaps and the teacher

assignments (Khalil, 2018), thus a successful classroom management is not

attained.

Classroom management is the process of organizing and conducting the

business of classroom and the school as well as a whole. Many perceive it as the

preservation of order through teacher control. Classroom management is much

more than that, however, it also involves the establishment and maintenance of

the classroom environment so that educational goals can be accomplished

(Stronge, Tucker, & Hindman, 2021).

Developing classroom management is a complex process which can be a

positive challenge for an experienced teacher, but it is a very daunting

experience for those who are novice in organizing the classroom settings

(Scrivener, 2012). Whether you starting a new managing an existing one is to one
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student device program, understanding the purpose class management software

has on instruction and technology is essential to leveraging the benefits student

devices bring to the classroom (Green, 2020).

With reviews of literature, it is deemed necessary to create classroom

management system to address the existing problems on schedules of teacher’s

program, classes, and the like both in the elementary and secondary levels.

Related Studies

The following readings of conducted studies are presented from the

previously developed system up to the most recent studies which has similarities

on the developed Classroom Management System of the proponent.

The study of Lee and Wu (1995) titled, CLXPERT: A Rule-Based Scheduling

System” focuses on a conflict resolved by using breadth-first search in conflict

tree. They collected the necessary information like teachers’ names, room

numbers, and subjects that are necessary as input in producing results of the

system. Similarly, this current study required data so that the system can auto-

generate the output consuming less time. Their research development and this

study are similar because both of their developed systems use rule-based expert

system, wherein the syntax of algorithm is based on an if-then statement. If a

system implements rules in the form of if-conditions, that is, if the condition is

satisfied, then the statement would be executed. With this approach, it would be

easier to manage not only the scheduling task, but also the entire school

management.
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In the study of Majiwan (2005), he stated that in generating timetables for

faculty, a prototype would implement a rule-based approach to overcome time

tabling constraints. This study’ CMES has a similarity with a few differences.

Majiwan (2005) system focuses only on timetabling or the faculty members. On

the other hand, the present study not only focuses on time tabling, but also on

class management as well. The previous still needs human users in generating a

result; but the present study has auto capabilities a used just need to input the

required data and the system would auto-generate the timetable.

A study by Ho and Lu (2005) titled Web-based Expert System for Class

Schedule Planning using JESS have developed an expert’s system for class

scheduling in a web-based platform. This system collects data from students in

order to have a guide about their desired schedule. It uses Java expert system

shell to process the input and can generate a feasible schedule for student. The

only similarity of this study to the present study is that it uses a knowledge-

based data so the system can generate an output. Although both studies have a

lot of differences such as the front end of their study, a php was used because it

is a web interface-based form. In contrast, the current study uses visual studio

framework for it is a stand-alone system. It does also require students as users of

the system. Nevertheless, both studies used the same approach of using an

expert system in addressing the problems encountered during the process.

A local study titled Class Scheduling Management System for University

of Rizal conducted by Abcede, Gonzaga, Ontoca, Zapanta, & Abante (2013)

focuses on how to develop and deploy a Class Scheduling Management System

that would enhance the traditional method of scheduling system used in the

University of Rizal Antipolo Campus. They also stressed that the main objectives

of his study are: 1) to develop an effective and efficient scheduling of the

university classrooms; 2) to help minimize the problems encountered by the

administration, department heads, and instructors during the start of classes; and

3) to maximize availability of classes for the students of the University. Similar

with aforesaid study, this present study aimed to help attain the maximum

capacity of available resources and to ease the burden of the school administrator

amid complex tasks of managing its resources. Though the previous system did

not use the expert system approach unlike this current study, it still managed the

same output. The advantage of the present study is that through the use of AI-

based expert’s system, it can give auto-generated results and provide results of

the projections scheme. Additionally, it has more efficient features that does not

limit alone in scheduling, like the monitoring of classes by tapping the CCTV of

each classroom and by monitoring the humidity of room temperature as well.

Another study titled Rule-based Expert Systems for Supporting

University Students of Engin, Aksoyer, Avdagic, Bozanli, Hanay, Maden, & Ertek

(2014), showed a great similarity with the current study. In his study he pointed

out that using a simple expert system with a powerful application written in AI

languages would cater to all kinds of administrative works. That would help

ease the burden of administrative staff in their tasks. Their previously developed
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system includes two expert systems. First expert system is on course advising

incoming students of a university using expert’s system and the knowledge-

based data. As to process, the user inputs the data and the system would come

up with a result of advice identifying a particular course which students should

take up. The second one is about suggesting scholarship to the students based on

their admissibility data that they input in the system. This is not similar with the

current study. Nevertheless, both studies use expert system approach in advising

projecting an output. Likely, in the present study, the system is capable of

projecting the student population to be accommodated during enrolment process

as shown in the knowledge-based data that was stored in the system database.

A paper of Guyette, Hamidian, & Tuazon (2014) titled, A Rule-based Expert

System Approach to Class scheduling also showed a similar principle with

CMES. The authors of the study states that class scheduling is an unenviable task

in which a team of scheduling experts must assign faculty members to their

requested courses based on the university and department guidelines. The

authors claim that the complexity of this task is compounded by introducing the

various necessary faculty and course parameters. They also added that although

there have been recent attempts to create the class scheduling process via

conventional programming, this form of software is poorly suited to emulate the

essential human decision-making process. However, developing a rule-based

expert system approach can provide a practical solution to the problems

encountered. The authors are very optimistic that with this kind of study the

challenges, hence making the productivity rate of a human expert increase.

Similarly, Botangen and Khan (2014) developed a program on Scheduling

System for the Central Luzon State University (Abridged), the designed and

developed class-scheduling system allows collaborative preparation of schedules

among several users. The system integrated five components: the data

management module, course assignment module, scheduling module, result

storage module, and the report module. It has an engine that uses the greedy

algorithm for creating schedules and detecting conflicts. The algorithm mainly

executes this sequence of processes; selecting available time, finding available

room, and looking for an appropriate faculty while considering different

constraints and preferences set by users. The score is similar to the current study

but other attributes were different.

Another paper titled A Knowledge-Based Expert System for Scheduling in

Services Systems by Lopez-Santana and Méndez-Giraldo (2016) proposed a

system mainly for services scheduling particularly in manufacturing services

which focus on health care. Similar with the present study, it uses a knowledge-

based expert system to emulate the process. They also stressed out the different

processes in manufacturing and services scheduling.

The reviews of studies contributed in the attainment of the current

investigation. It would serve as bases to which components of the presently

developed system have similarities to at least able to improve or enhance their

classroom management.