State exact location and function of the following:

S. No Structure Location Function

1. Chromosomes Inside the nucleus of To provide hereditary

plant and animal cells. characteristics and

genetic information to

the various cells.

2. Centromere Near the chromosome It is a protein complex

center. essential to proper

chromosomal

segregation during

mitosis.

3. Genes In the chromosome in It contain the

the nucleus of the cell. information necessary

for living cells to survive

and reproduce.

4. Centrosome Near the nucleus Help to organize the

microtubules and the

cell division process.

5. Homologous - For the recombination

chromosome and random segregation

of genetic material from

1
 the mother and father

into new cells.

6. Alleles Variant form of a gene, -

located on the

chromosome.

7. Cell membrane Inside the cell wall in It allow small particles

plant cell. to enter into the cell.

-Covering of the animal

cell.

8. Hydahodes Special openings on the Guttation

leaf of margins

9. Cambium Below the bark of the Increase the girth of the

tree. stem.

10. Root pressure - -Force that helps to

drive fluids upward into

the water conducting

vessels.

11. Phloem Outside the xylem -Transport of food

material from leaves to

other parts of the plants.

12. Cuticle Wax like covering on Prevent transpiration

epidermis of leaves

and green stems

2
13. Lenticels On the surface of old, Exchange of

woody stems photosynthetic and

respiratory gases

14. Stomata Between the epidermal Rgulate the opening and

cells of the leaf/ on closing of the stoma

either side of stoma

15. Stoma Minute openings( Diffusion of

surrounded by guard photosynthetic and

cells) occurring in respiratory gases,

large number on the transpiration

lower surface of a leaf

16. Guard cells Between the Regulate the opening

epidermal cells of the and closing of the stoma

leaf/on either side of

stoma

17. Xylem Veins of leaf, stem and Conducts water from the

leaves/ Innermost part roots to the aerial parts

of a vascular bundles of a plant

18. Grana In the chloroplast Site of light reaction

19. Thylakoids In the chloroplast Site of light reaction

20. Chlorophyll In the thylakoids Help in the

photosynthesis process

3
21. Bundle of HIS Arises from the AV It receives an impulse

node and consists of a from the AV node and

left and right branch transmits it to the

which expands upto purkinje fibres.

the apex of the heart.

22. Pericardial fluid Found in the -protects the heart from

pericardial cavity, mechanical injury and

between the two shock.

membranes of -Acts as a lubricant and

pericardium. reduces friction for the

beating of the heart.

-keeps the tissues of the

heart moist.

23. Lymphocytes - Produce antibodies

24. Platelets Present in blood Clotting of blood

25. Haemoglobin In red blood cells Helps in transferring

oxygen from the lungs

to the tissues

26. Neutrophils - Engulf the bacteria

27. Basophils - Ingest the germs

28. Pericardium Outer covering of the Protect the heart

heart

4
29. Coronary artery Wrap around the Supply oxygen rich

outside of the heart blood to the heart

muscles.

30. Pulmonary artery Located at the exit of Carry deoxygenated

right ventricle. blood from right

ventricle to lungs for

oxygenation.

31. Tricuspid valve Between right auricle Prevent backflow of

and right ventricle blood from right

ventricle to right auricle

32. Mitral valve Between left auricle Prevent backflow of

and left ventricle blood from left ventricle

to left auricle.

33. Aortic-semilunar Between left ventricle Prevent backflow of

valve and aorta blood from aorta to left

ventricle.

34. SAN Upper wall of right Initiates the heart beat.

atrium Regulates the

contraction of the

auricles

35. Chordate tendinae Extend from the Keeps the tricuspid and

papillary muscles to bicuspid valves in

5
 the pointed ends of the position and prevents

cuspid valves. them from upturning.

36. Heart Situated between the Pumps oxygenated

two lungs in the blood to the different

thoracic cavity. The parts of the body.

apex is tilted towards

the left side.

37. Antigens On the surface of red Antigen produces

blood cells antibodies help to

respond against germs.

38. Anterior venacava Besides the aorta and Carry deoxygenated

pulmonary artery in the blood from upper part of

heart structure. the blood to right

auricle.

39. Papillary muscles Contains chordae Holds the valves in

tendinae position.

40. AVN Right side of Regulates the

interauricular septum contraction of the

ventricles.

41. Hepatic portal vein In the right upper Carry blood from

quardrant of the stomach and intestine to

abdomen, originating liver

6
 behind the neck of the

pancreas.

42. Lymph - In nutrition, Drainage,

Absorption and

work as defence.

43. Spleen In the abdomen, Act as blood reservoir.

behind the stomach,

above the left kidney.

44. Kidneys Lie along the posterior Excretion and

abdominal wall one on osmoregulation.

either side of the

vertebral column.

45. Ureters They arise from the Transports urine from

renal pelvis of the the pelvis of the kidney

kidneys at the hilum to the urinary bladder.

and the other end

opens into the urinary

bladder.

46. Renal pelvis Enlarged upper end of Urine flows from the

the ureter. kidney to the urinary

bladder.

47. Loop of Henle Present in the renal Absorption of water and

medulla sodium ions.

7
48. Afferent arteriole Branch from the renal Supplies blood to the

artery kidneys.

49. Glomerulus Knot of capillaries Brings about

present in the cup of ultrafiltration of urine.

the Bowmans capsule.

50. Urinary bladder Sac like structure Temporary storage of

situated in the lower urine.

end of the abdomen

into which the other

end of the ureter

opens.

51. Urochrome - Responsible for the

yellow color of urine.

52. ADH - Stimulates water

reabsorption.

53. Urethra Short, muscular tube Allow the passage of

arising from the neck urine outside the body.

of the urinary bladder

and leading to the

outside.

54. Myelin sheath Outer covering of the Provide insulation and

nerve cell. prevent intermixing of

the impulses.

8
55. Proximal Lies in the cortex of Reabsorbs most water

convolulated tubule the kidney. and much of glucose

and sodium and

chloride ions.

56. Distal convulated Present in the cortex of Tubular secretion,

tubule the kidney. Reabsorption of

remaining chlorides and

some water.

57. Association neuron Found in spinal cord Interconnect the

and brain sensory neuron and the

motor neuron.

58. Perikaryon/cyton/cell Proximal part of a Typical cellular

body neuron structure. Centrosome

absent.

59. Sensory neuron Extends from Transmits nerve

receptors(sense impulses of stimuli

organs) to Central received from the sense

nervous system organs to brain or spinal

cord.

60. Cerebrum Part of the fore brain -Seat of intelligence,

and is the largest part memory, thinking,

of the brain. reasoning and

emotions.

9
 -All voluntary activities

are initiated in the

cerebrum.

61. Motor neurons Extends from the Transmits nerve

central nervous impulses for response

system to the effectors from CNS to the

(muscles and glands) muscles and glands.

62. Dendrites Cytoplasmic Receives nerve

projections of impulses and conducts

cyton/perikaryon it to the cyton.

63. Axon Long process of the Conducts nerve

cell body. impulses away from the

cyton.

64. Cerebellum Located under the Maintains the body

cerebrum balance. Coordinates

the movements of the

skeletal muscles.

65. Nodes of Ranvier Unmyelinated gaps Increases the speed of

between the myelin nerve impulse

sheath conduction

66. Corpus callosum Transverse band of Transmits nerve

nerve fibres, internally impulses from the right

cerebral hemispheres to

10
 joining the two the left hemisphere and

cerebral hemispheres. vice versa.

67. Neurilemma Surrounding the Protects the axon

myelin sheath

68. Meninges Outer covering of the Protects the internal

brain delicate parts of the

brain.

69. Cerebrospinal fluid Found between the Serves as a shock

layers of the meninges. absorber.

70. Terminal Posterior end of the Receives nerve

branches/axon axon. impulses conducted

terminals through the axon and

transmits it to the next

neuron.

71. Synaptic bulb Distal end of the Contains chemical

terminal branches. called

neurotransmitters.(eg.

acetylcholine). When the

nerve impulse reaches

the branches,

neurotransmitters are

11
 released by the synaptic

bulb.

72. Thalamus - Interprets sensory

impulses such as pain,

touch and pressure.

73. Neurotransmitters Found in synaptic bulb Neurotransmitters are

released into the

synapse by the synaptic

bulb. Hence these

chemicals are

responsible for

transmission of nerve

impulses from the

terminal branches of

one neuron to the

dendrites of the next

neuron.

74. Pons Between the two lobes Transmits nerve

of the cerebellum on impulses across the two

the ventral side. lobes of the cerebellum,

thus ensuring a

coordination of

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 muscular movements on

both sides of the body.

75. Medulla oblongata Below the cerebellum Controls the involuntary

activities such as

breathing and heart

beat.

-also controls peristaltic

movements of the

alimentary canal.

76. Cornea Anterior, bulging and Refracts the light rays

transparent part of as they pass through it.

sclera.

77. Sclera Outermost white layer Provides and maintains

of the eyeball. the shape of eyeball.

78. Choroid Middle layer of the eye, As it is pigmented, it

inner to the sclera absorbs light rays and

prevents total internal

reflection of the light

rays.

Blood vessels present

here, nourish the eye.

13
79. Aqueous humour In the anterior Keeps the cornea moist.

chamber, between the Protects the lens from

lens and the cornea. mechanical shocks.

Helps in refraction of

light rays.

80. Rod cells Present at the Respond to low light

periphery of the retina. intensity and so enable

vision in dim light.

81. Yellow spot On the retina, in line It is the region of

with the horizontal axis brightest and sharpest

of the eyeball. vision as it contains the

highest concentration of

cones.

82. Lens Located behind the iris Refracts and focuses

and pupil, supported the light rays on the

by the suspensory retina.

ligaments. Clear vision of both far

and near objects is

obtained due to its

ability to change its

focal length with the

help of the ciliary

14
 muscles and

suspensory ligaments.

83. Pupil Opening seen in the It admits light rays into

center of iris. the eyeball.

84. Ciliary body Swollen protein of the Ciliary processes secret

choroid, at the junction aqueous humour.

of the choroid and iris Ciliary muscles alter the

shape of the eye lens for

accommodation.

85. Suspensory Extends from the Holds the eye lens in

ligament ciliary muscles to the position.

eye lens. Along with ciliary

muscles alter the shape

of the eye lens for

accommodation.

86. Iris Located between the It regulates the amount

lens and the cornea. of light entering the

eyeball by increasing or

decreasing the diameter

of the pupil.

-It gives colour to the

eye.

15
87. Eustachian tube Extends from the It equalizes the air

pharynx to the cavity pressure on either side

of the middle ear of the ear drum.

88. Tear glands Under the upper Secrets tears-cleanses

eyelids, at the upper, the eye by washing

outer corner of the away foreign

orbit of the eye. substances that may

enter the eye.

Contains lysozymes-

this protects the eye

from infections.

89. Organ of corti On the basiliar Contains receptor cells

membrane of the which transform sound

median canal in vibrations into nerve

cochlea. impulses.

90. Conjuctiva Covering of the entire Protects the surface of

front surface of the the eye.

eye, continuous with

the inner eyelids.

91. Retina Innermost layer of the It is the photosensitive

eyeball, adhering to layer of the eye.

the choroid and ending -Provides the screen for

image formation.

16
 at the edge of the

ciliary body.

92. Ear ossicles Made up of three small The 3 ossicles form a

bones. leverage system.

a. Malleus- is hammer They amplify the sound

shaped. Its handle waves received from the

rests on the tympanum external ear and

and the head rest on transmit these sound

the incus. vibrations to the internal

b. Incus- is the central ear.

small bone and is anvil

shaped.

c. Stapes- is stirrup

shaped and its base is

attached to the oval

window.

93. Ear pinna Either side of the head Collects sound waves

and directs it into the

auditory canal.

94. Semi-circular canals Set of three fluid filled Contains sensory cells

canals arranged at responsible for dynamic

right angles to each balance.

other. Found in the

17
 upper portion of the

labyrinth.

95. Optic nerve Leaves the eye at the Transmits nerve

blind spot and reaches impulses from the

the occipital centre of sensory cells (rods and

the brain. cones) of the retina to

the visual area of the

cerebrum for

interpretation.

96. Auditory canal Extends from pinna to Direct sound waves to

the tympanum the ear drum/tympanum.

97. Adrenal gland Caps like structure on -Secrets corticoids-

-Adrenal cortex the kidney. Glucorticoids

-Outer region of the -mineralocorticoids

adrenal gland. -Sex corticoids

-Adrenal medulla -Inner region of the -Secrets adrenaline

adrenal gland which prepares the body

in an emergency

situation for fight or

flight response

98. Glucagon Secreted by alpha Stimulates the

cells of pancreas production of glycogen

to glucose

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99. Thyroid gland Below the larynx, Insufficient secretion

either side of the causes simple goitre,

windpipe. myxedema, and

cretinism.

Oversecretion causes

Exophthalmic goitre.

100. Insulin Secreted by beta cells Maintains blood glucose

of pancreas level.

101. Mitochondria Present in the cell as Work as powerhouse of

cell organelle. the cell.

102. Pancreatic gland Below the stomach, at Secretes hormones like

the loop of the glucagon and insulin.

duodenum

103. Pituitary gland Attached to the Anterior lobe of pituitary

hypothalamus or hormones like growth

below the hormone and tropic

hypothalamus hormones such as TSH,

ACTH, LH, FSH

Posterior lobe of

pituitary secrets

hormones like oxytocin

and vasopressin (ADH)

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104. Testes Contained in the thin Produces sperms &

walled scrotum hormone testosterone

105. Seminiferous Present in the lobules Spermatogenesis

tubules of the testes. (Produces sperms)

106. Interstitial Present as packing Produces the male

cells/Leydig cells tissue in the lobules of hormone testosterone.

the testes, between the

seminiferous tubules.

107. Epididymis Fitting like a cap on the Stores the sperms till

upper pole of each they mature & become

testis motile.

108. Vas deferens Connects the Transports sperms from

epididymis to the the epididymis to the

urethra urethra.

109. Penis Lies in front of the Serves for passing out

scrotum of both semen and

urine.

110. Seminal vesicles Between posterior To produce a sugary

surface of urinary secretion which

bladder and rectum. provides energy to the

sperms.

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111. Prostate gland Surrounds the urethra, To produce an alkaline

at the base of the secretion to neutralizes

urinary bladder. the acidic vagina.

112. Bulbo-urethral gland Located beneath the Its secretion lubricates

or Cowper’s gland prostate gland on the end of the penis

either side of the during coitus.

urethra.

113. Ovaries Upper pelvic cavity, Oogenesis, Ovulation

one on each side of and secretion of

uterus hormone progesterone

and oestrogen.

114. Oviduct/fallopian Extends laterally on Site of fertilization/picks

tube/uterine tube each side of the up and transports the

uterus. released ovum into the

uterus.

115. Oviducal funnel Mouth of oviduct, with Receives the released

finger like projections ovum and pushes it into

called fimbriae and just the oviduct.

above the ovary.

116. Uterus Pear shaped, hollow, Protects and nourishes

muscular organ the developing embryo.

situated between

21
 urinary bladder and

rectum.

117. Endometrium Innermost vascular Thickens to receive the

layer of the uterus fertilized egg and gets

discharged during the

menstrual phase.

118. Cervix A small lower Enlarges during

restricted part of the parturition.

uterus.

119. Vagina A muscular tube Receives the penis

starting from lower end during

of the uterus to the coitus.(intercourse)

outside

120. Corpus callosum Yellow remnants of the Produces hormones

graffian follicle after after releasing the

ovulation ovum.

121. Amnion Surrounds the embryo Contains the foetus and

except at the thick the amniotic fluid.

umbilical cord.

122. Amniotic fluid A fluid within the Protects the embryo

amnion, surrounding against mechanical

the foetus. jerks, keeps even

pressure around the

22
 embryo. Prevents

sticking of the foetus to

the amnion.

123. Chorion Second layer of the Supports the amnion.

foetal membranes.

124. Allantois Forms the Villi of the Helps in diffusion of

placenta from the substances from the

foetal side. mother to the foetus and

foetus to mother.

125. Placenta A disc like structure Diffusion of substances

attached to the uterine from the mother to the

wall foetus and foetus to

mother. Also acts as an

endocrine gland.

126. Umbilical cord A cord containing The only blood vascular

blood vessels connection between

connecting the foetus and uterine wall.

placenta to the foetus. Hence transports

substances from mother

to foetus and vice versa.

23