State the exact function/s of the following:

1. Cell wall- freely permeable and gives rigidity and shape to the plant cell,

provides protection, allows substances in solution to enter and leave.

2. Cell membrane- regulates the entry of certain solutes and ions, maintains

shape of the cell in animal cells, separates contents of cell from its

surroundings

3. Mitochondria- synthesis of respiratory enzymes, release of energy in the

form of ATP.

4. Vacuoles- stores water and other substances like food and waste

products, gives turgidity to the [plant cells

5. Centrosome- initiates and regulates cell division, forms spindle fibres,

with the help of asters

6. Centrioles- helps in cell division in animals

7. Nucleus – regulates cell function, contains chromosomes

8. Nucleolus-produces ribosomes, participates in protein synthesis

9. Lysosomes- intracellular digestion and destroys foreign substances

10.Ribosomes- synthesis of proteins

11.Golgi bodies- synthesis and secretion of enzymes.

12.Genes/ Chromosome/ chromatin fibres- carries genetic information from

one generation to the other.

13.Mitotic cell division- helps in growth of cells, repair and replacement.

14.Meiotic division- production of gametes.

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15.Stomata- exchange of respiratory gases and transpiration.

16.Lenticels- allows the gaseous exchange of CO2 and O2 between the

atmosphere and the plants.

17.Root hair- absorption of water primarily by osmosis.

18.Xylem- conduction of water in the upward direction

19.Phloem – conduction of food in upward and downward direction.

20.Cuticle- to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf surface.

21.Hydathodes- carries out guttation, i.e. loss of excess of water in the form

of water droplets through leaf margins.

22.Ganong’s potometer- to measure the rate of loss of water that is

equivalent to the rate of transpiration

23.Bicuspid valve- prevents the backflow of the blood from left ventricle to

left auricle.

24.Tricuspid valve- prevents the backflow of the blood from right ventricle

to right auricle.

25.Aortic semilunar valves- prevents the back flow of the blood from

pulmonary artery into the right ventricle.

26.Pulmonary semilunar valves- prevents the back flow of the blood into the

left ventricle.

27.Haemoglobin-carrier of oxygen (as oxyhemoglobin)

28.RBC- transportation of oxygen as oxyhemoglobin.

29.WBC- phagocytosis, inflammation, formation of antibodies.

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30.Platelets- helps in blood clotting process.

31.Fibrinogen- helps the formation of fibrin that binds the other platelets to

form a plug.

32.Vitamin K- helps in the process of blood clotting.

33.Pericardium- protective covering of the heart.

34.Pericardial fluid- helps to reduce friction between the membranes of the

heart.

35.Pulmonary Semilunar valves- prevents the backflow of the blood from

the right ventricle to right auricle.

36.Coronary artery- supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of the heart

37.Lymph- supplies oxygen, drains excess of tissue fluid, absorbs fats from

the intestines, defend the body with the help of lymphocytes and

monocytes

38.Chordae tendinae- holds the flaps of tricuspid and the bicuspid valves in

their position and prevent their overturning into the atria.

39.Purkinje fibres- conduction and propagation of electrical impulses to the

muscles of the ventricles.

40.Superior vena cava - carries deoxygenated blood from the parts of the

body above heart and pours it into right atrium.

41.Inferior vena cava- carries deoxygenated blood from the parts of the

body below the heart and pours it into right atrium.

42.Lymphocytes- produces antibodies

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43.Monocytes- ingests germs.

44.Basophils- releases chemical histamine for inflammation which dilates

the blood vessels.

45.Eosinophils- engulfs bacteria, secretes anti toxins.

46.Neutrophils- phagocytosis, engulfs pathogens especially bacteria.

47.Lungs- excretes CO2 from the body through expired air.

48.Liver- detoxifies ammonia by converting it to urea.

49.Kidney- primary excretory organs eliminating nitrogenous waste.

50.Glomerulus- carries out ultrafiltration due to the difference in diameter

of afferent and efferent arteriole.

51.PCT- reabsorbs maximum water, glucose and ions of sodium and

chloride

52.DCT- reabsorption of remaining water and chloride ions, walls secrete

K+ ions, foreign chemical such as penicillin.

53.Afferent arteriole- carries the blood towards the glomerulus.

54.Efferent arteriole- takes the blood away from the glomerulus.

55.Loop of Henle- absorption of water and sodium ions

56.IAA- stem elongation, growth of roots.

57.Cytokinins- causes cell division, delays ageing, breaks the seed

dormancy, promotes seed germination.

58.Abscisic acid- inhibits growth, maintains bud dormancy, closes automata

during loss of water.

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 Also known as stress hormone.

59.Ethylene- causes ripening of fruits, inhibits growth and development of

root, leaves and flowers.

60.Gibberellins – stem elongation and increase in the size of fruits.

61.KOH- To absorb CO2 during the experiment to prove CO2 is essential

for photosynthesis.

62.Cerebrum- seat of intelligence, memory, consciousness, will power.

63.Diencephalon- relays pain and pressure.

64.Hypothalamus- controls the body temperature and pituitary gland.

65.Cerebellum- co-ordinates muscular activities, balance of the body.

66.Pons- carries impulses from one cerebellar hemisphere to the other.

67.Corpus callosum- transfers the message/ impulses from one cerebral

hemisphere to the other.

68.Spinal cord- controls reflexes below the neck, conducts sensory impulses

from the skin and muscles to the brain and conducts motor responses

from the brain to the muscles of the trunk and limbs.

69.Meninges- protects the brain

70.Medulla oblongata- controls the activities of internal organs, and

involuntary actions.

71.Motor neurons- carry the impulse from the main nervous system to an

effector.

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72.Sensory neuron- convey the impulse from the receptor to the main

nervous system. (brain or spinal cord)

73.Association neurons- interconnects the sensory and motor neurons.

74.Sensory nerves- bring impulses from the receptors to the brain or spinal

cord.

75.Motor nerve- carries impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the

effector organs.

76.Mixed nerve- transfers information from CNS to muscles, organs and

glands.

77.Gyri and sulci of the brain- increases the surface area of the brain to

accommodate more neurons.

78.Lacrimal glands- secretes tears that contain lysozymes that kills the

bacteria. Lubricates the eye, keeps the front surface of the eye clean by

washing away dust particles.

79.Yellow spot- region of brightest vision due to maximum number of cone

cells.

80.CSF- acts like cushion and protects the brain and spinal cord from

injuries by absorbing the mechanical shocks.

81.Iris- controls the amount of light entering he eye with the help of radial

and circular muscles of the eye

82.Pupil- adjusts the entry of light.

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83.Choroid layer- supplies nutrients to the eye as it is richly supplied with

the blood vessels.

84.Cone cells- responsible for the colored vision in bright light.

85.Rod cells- responsible for vision in dim light.

86.Aqueous humour- refracts light, keeps the lens moist and protects from

physical shock

87.Vitreous humour – maintains the shape of the eyeball, protects the nerve

endings of the retina.

88.Ear – responsible for hearing and body balance.

89.Eustachian tube- equalizes the air pressure on the either side of the ear

drum.

90.semicircular canals/ Ampulla- responsible for dynamic balance.

91.Vestibules/ utriculus and sacculus- responsible for static balance.

92.Pinna- collection of sound waves.

93.Ear ossicles- transfers and amplifies the sound vibrations to the inner ear

94.Mineralocorticoids – regulates the sodium, potassium ion concentration

95.Glucocorticoids- regulates carbohydrates, lipids and protein metabolism

96.Sex corticoids- development of external sex characters in males.

97.Adrenaline-stimulates sympathetic nervous system and prepares the body

for emergency.

98.Thyroxine – promotes metabolism, growth and differentiation.

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99.Oxytocin- to stimulate contractions in the uterus during the childbirth

and stimulates ejection of milk.

100. Insulin- lowers the blood sugar level by converting excess of

glucose into glycogen and stores it in liver

101. Glucagon – raises the blood sugar level by the breakdown of

glycogen into glucose.

102. FSH- growth of follicle, secretion of estrogen.

103. LH- ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum, secretion of

progesterone.

104. Vasopressin/ADH- reabsorption of water from kidneys

105. TSH-stimulates production of thyroxine

106. ACTH- Stimulate secretion from adrenal cortex.

107. GH- promotes the growth of the whole body.

108. Blind spot- area of no vision and origin of optic nerve.

109. Epididymis – stores sperms temporary till they mature.

110. Leydig’s cells- secrete androgens of which the main one is

testosterone.

111. Testis – production of sperms

112. Vas deferens- carries / transports the sperm from the testis upwards

to the abdomen.

113. Prostate gland- produces alkaline secretion into the semen.

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114. Seminal vesicles- produces a secretion which serves as a medium

of transportation for sperms

115. Cowper’s gland- secretes fluid which serves as a lubricant.

116. Urethra – helps in transporting urine and sperm out of the body.

117. Penis – transfers the sperm into the vagina.

118. Acrosome of the sperm- secretes an enzyme which facilitates the

entry of the sperm into the egg by dissolving the wall of the ovum.

119. Ovaries – to produce egg alternatively every month.

120. Oviducts- transports ovum into the uterus, site of fertilization.

121. Uterus- growth and development of the foetus.

122. Amniotic fluid- keeps the even pressure around the embryo,

prevents the sticking of the foetus to the amnion, protects the embryo

from physical damage by jerks and mechanical shocks.

123. Placenta- carries nitrogenous waste from foetus to the mother.

Supplies nutrients oxygen , glucose, vitamins etc. from the mother to the

foetus.

124. Vagina- receives sperms from the male penis during copulation,

pathway for menstrual flow, pathway for the childbirth.

125. Umbilical cord - This structure allows for the transfer of oxygen

and nutrients from the maternal circulation into foetal circulation while

simultaneously removing waste products from foetal circulation to be

eliminated maternally.