ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

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Topic Name : Amplifier circuits: Two port devices and network

 Amplifier circuits: Two port devices and network
➢ Amplifier circuits are electronic devices designed to increase the amplitude of
electrical signals.
➢ They play a crucial role in various applications, such as audio systems, communication
systems, and instrumentation.
➢ Amplifiers can be classified based on different criteria, and one common classification
is based on the number of ports.
 Two-Port Devices
➢ Two-port devices are electronic components or systems with two pairs of terminals,
typically designated as ports.
➢ Amplifiers are often categorized as two-port devices because they have input and
output ports.
➢ The input port is where the signal to be amplified is applied, and the output port is
where the amplified signal is obtained.
➢ Two-port parameters help characterize the behavior of the amplifier.
➢ The most common two-port parameters are voltage gain (Av), current gain (Ai), input
impedance (Zin), and output impedance (Zout). These parameters are essential for
analyzing and designing amplifier circuits.
 Amplifier Networks
➢ Amplifier networks refer to the interconnection of various amplifier stages to achieve a
desired overall system performance.
➢ Networks can be designed to provide specific gains, bandwidths, and impedance
matching.
➢ Different amplifier configurations, such as common-emitter, common-collector, and
common-base for bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), or common-source, common-
drain, and common-gate for field-effect transistors (FETs), are used in amplifier
networks.
 Amplifier Networks
Types of Amplifier Networks:
1.Cascade Amplifier:
1. Multiple amplifier stages are connected in series.
2. Each stage contributes to the overall gain.
2.Cascode Amplifier:
1. Combines a common-emitter (or common-source) stage with a common-base (or
common-gate) stage.
2. Provides high gain, high input impedance, and low output impedance.
 Amplifier Networks
3.Feedback Amplifier:
1. Utilizes feedback to control gain, improve stability, and reduce distortion.
2. Common types include voltage feedback and current feedback amplifiers.
4. Differential Amplifier:
1. Consists of two input terminals and amplifies the voltage difference between them.
2. Commonly used in operational amplifiers (op-amps) and differential amplifiers.
5. Power Amplifier:
1. Designed to deliver high power to the load.
2. Common classes include Class A, Class B, and Class AB amplifiers.
 Amplifier Networks
➢ Understanding the characteristics and parameters of two-port devices and designing
amplifier networks are crucial for creating efficient and reliable amplification systems
in electronic circuits.
➢ The choice of amplifier configuration depends on the specific requirements of the
application, such as gain, bandwidth, input/output impedance, and power handling
capabilities.
 Two port devices and network
➢ Two-port devices and networks are fundamental components in the field of electrical
engineering and electronics.
➢ Understanding the characteristics of two-port devices and their interconnections in
networks is essential for analyzing and designing electronic systems.
 Two port devices and network
Two-Port Devices:
➢ A two-port device is a circuit or system with two pairs of terminals, typically labeled as
input and output.
➢ These devices are characterized by their input-output relationships and are often
represented by two sets of voltage and current variables.
➢ The behavior of two-port devices is described by a set of parameters that relate the
input and output variables.
➢ Common two-port devices include amplifiers, transformers, and transmission lines.
 Two port devices and network
Two-Port Parameters:
1.Voltage Gain (Av): The ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage.
2.Current Gain (Ai): The ratio of the output current to the input current.
3.Input Impedance (Zin): The impedance seen at the input terminals when the output is
open-circuited.
4.Output Impedance (Zout): The impedance seen at the output terminals when the input
is short-circuited.
 Two port devices and network
Two-Port Networks:
➢ A two-port network is formed by the interconnection of two or more two-port devices.
Networks are used to achieve specific signal processing functions, such as
amplification, filtering, or impedance matching.
➢ The analysis of two-port networks involves the determination of overall network
parameters based on the parameters of individual two-port devices.
 Two port devices and network
Types of Two-Port Networks:
1.Cascade Network:
1. Two or more two-port devices are connected in series.
2. The overall transfer function is the product of the individual transfer
functions.
2.Parallel Network:
1. Two or more two-port devices are connected in parallel.
2. The overall transfer function is the sum of the individual transfer
functions.
3.Hybrid Network:
1. Combines series and parallel connections of two-port devices.
2. Often used in communication systems.
4.Lattice Network:
1. Complex network arrangement that may include feedback loops.
2. Used for specialized applications in RF (radio frequency) systems.
 Applications
➢ Two-port devices and networks find applications in various electronic systems:
➢ Amplifiers: Used to increase the strength of electrical signals.
➢ Filters: Networks can be designed to selectively pass or attenuate certain frequency
components.
➢ Matching Networks: Used to match the impedance between different components for
efficient power transfer.
➢ Communication Systems: Two-port networks are crucial in the design of RF and
microwave systems.
 Applications
➢ Understanding the behavior of two-port devices and how they can be interconnected
in networks is vital for engineers working on the design and analysis of electronic
circuits and systems.
➢ The use of mathematical models and parameters simplifies the analysis and
optimization of complex networks in practical applications.
 Two Port Network
Many complex, such as amplification circuits and filters, can be modeled by a two-port
network model.
A two-port network is represented by four external variables voltage V1 and current I1
at the input port, and voltage V2 and current I2 at the output port, so that the two-
port network can be treated as a black box modeled by the relationships between the
four variables V1 , V2 , I1 and I2 .
There exist six different ways to describe the relationships between these variables,
depending on which two of the four variables are given, while the other two can always
be derived.
 Two Port Network
There are different parameters, needed to analyze a two port network.

If the network is linear, i.e., each variable can be expressed as a linear function of some two other
variables, then we have the following models

Z (or) Impedance Model

Y (or) Admittance Model

ABCD (or) Transmission Model

H (or) Hybrid Model

 TWO PORT NETWORK AND GRAPH THEORY

Two Port Network

Z parameters are also known as impedance parameters. When we use Z parameter for analyzing two part
network, the voltages are represented as the function of currents. 𝐼1 (𝑠) 𝐼2(𝑠)

1 2

V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) and V2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) V1 (𝑠)
V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) V2 (𝑠)
V2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
1′ 2′

V1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2 𝑉1 𝑍 𝑍 𝐼 𝐼
= 11 12 1 = 𝑍 1
V2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 𝑉2 𝑍21 𝑍2𝟐 𝐼2 𝐼2

𝑉1
𝑍11 = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = ; 𝐼 = 0.
𝐼1 2
𝑉1
𝑍12 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = ; 𝐼 = 0.
𝐼2 1
𝑉2
𝑍22 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = ; 𝐼 = 0.
𝐼2 1
𝑉2
𝑍21 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = ; 𝐼 = 0.
𝐼1 2
 TWO PORT NETWORK AND GRAPH THEORY

Two Port Network

Y parameters are also known as admittance parameters. When we use Y parameter for analyzing two part
network, the current are represented as the function of voltage. Y parameter is dual of Z parameters.
𝐼1 (𝑠) 𝐼2(𝑠)
2
𝐼1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 ) and 𝐼2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 ) 1

𝐼1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 )
V1 (𝑠) V2 (𝑠)
𝐼2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 )
1′ 2′
𝐼1 = 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2 𝐼1 𝑌 𝑌 𝑉1 𝑉
= 11 12 =𝑌 1
𝐼2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑌21 𝑌2𝟐 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐼1
𝑌11 = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝑉2 = 0.
𝑉1
𝐼1
𝑌12 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝑉 = 0.
𝑉2 1
𝐼2
𝑌22 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝑉 = 0.
𝑉2 1
𝐼2
𝑌21 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝑉 = 0.
𝑉1 2
 TWO PORT NETWORK AND GRAPH THEORY

Two Port Network

ABCD parameters are also called Transmission parameters. Here, voltage and current and of input part are
expressed in term of output part.
𝐼1 (𝑠) 𝐼2(𝑠)
2
V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝑉2 , 𝐼2 ) and 𝐼1 = 𝑓2 ( 𝑉2 , 𝐼2 ) 1

V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝑉2 , 𝐼2 )
V1 (𝑠) V2 (𝑠)
𝐼1 = 𝑓2 ( 𝑉2 , 𝐼2 )
1′ 2′
V1 = 𝐴𝑉2 − 𝐵𝐼2 𝑉1 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉2
=
𝐼1 = 𝐶𝑉2 − 𝐷𝐼2 𝐼1 𝐶 𝐷 −𝐼2
𝑉1
𝐴 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝐼2 = 0.
𝑉2
𝑉1
𝐵 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝑉2 = 0.
𝐼2
𝐼1
𝐶 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝐼 = 0.
𝑉2 2
𝐼1
𝐷 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝑉2 = 0.
𝐼2
 TWO PORT NETWORK AND GRAPH THEORY

Two Port Network

H parameters also known as hybrid parameters. In hybrid parameter circuit, voltage gain, current gain,
impedance and admittance are used to determines relation between current and voltage of two port network.
𝐼1 (𝑠) 𝐼2(𝑠)

V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝐼1 , 𝑉2 ) and 𝐼2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝐼1 , 𝑉2 ) 1 2

V1 (𝑠)
V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝐼1 , 𝑉2 ) V2 (𝑠)
𝐼2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝐼1 , 𝑉2 )
1′ 2′
V1 = 𝐻11 𝐼1 + 𝐻12 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝐻 𝐻 𝐼 𝐼
= 11 12 1 = 𝐻 1
𝐼2 = 𝐻21 𝐼1 + 𝐻22 𝑉2 𝐼2 𝐻21 𝐻2𝟐 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑉1
𝐻11 = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝑉2 = 0.
𝐼1
𝑉1
𝐻12 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = ; 𝐼1 = 0.
𝑉2
𝐼2
𝐻22 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = ; 𝐼 = 0.
𝑉2 1
𝐼2
𝐻21 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝑉2 = 0.
𝐼1
 TWO PORT NETWORK AND GRAPH THEORY

Two Port Network Interrelations

𝐼1 (𝑠) 𝐼2 (𝑠)
Z parameters Y parameters 1
Two Port
2
V1 (𝑠) V2 (𝑠)
V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) and V2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝐼1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 ) and 𝐼2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 ) 1′
Network
2′

V1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2 𝐼1 = 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2

V2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 𝐼2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝐼1
𝑍11 = ; 𝐼 = 0. 𝑍12 = ; 𝐼 = 0. 𝑌11 = ; 𝑉 = 0. 𝑌12 = ; 𝑉 = 0.
𝐼1 2 𝐼2 1 𝑉1 2 𝑉2 1
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝑍22 = ; 𝐼 = 0. 𝑍21 = ; 𝐼 = 0. 𝑌22 = ; 𝑉 = 0. 𝑌21 = ; 𝑉 = 0.
𝐼2 1 𝐼1 2 𝑉2 1 𝑉1 2

ABCD parameters H parameters

V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝑉2 , 𝐼2 ) and 𝐼1 = 𝑓2 ( 𝑉2 , 𝐼2 ) V1 = 𝑓1 ( 𝐼1 , 𝑉2 ) and 𝐼2 = 𝑓2 ( 𝐼1 , 𝑉2 )
V1 = 𝐴𝑉2 − 𝐵𝐼2 V1 = 𝐻11 𝐼1 + 𝐻12 𝑉2
𝐼1 = 𝐶𝑉2 − 𝐷𝐼2 𝐼2 = 𝐻21 𝐼1 + 𝐻22 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1
𝐴= ; 𝐼 = 0. 𝐵= ; 𝑉2 = 0. 𝑉1
𝑉2 2 𝐼2 𝐻11 =
𝐼1
; 𝑉2 = 0. 𝐻12 = ; 𝐼 = 0.
𝑉2 1
𝐼1 𝐼1
𝐶= ; 𝐼 = 0. 𝐷 = ; 𝑉2 = 0.
𝑉2 2 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝐻22 = ; 𝐼 = 0. 𝐻21 = ; 𝑉2 = 0.
𝑉2 1 𝐼1
 Applications
➢ The h-parameters, also known as hybrid parameters, are a set of four linear circuit
parameters that describe the relationship between voltage and current at the input
and output ports of a two-port network.

➢ The h-parameters are widely used in the analysis and design of electronic circuits,
especially for amplifiers and transistor-based devices. Here are some applications of h-
parameters:
 Applications
Amplifier Design:

➢ The h-parameters are commonly used to design and analyze amplifiers, both for bipolar
junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs).

➢ Engineers can use h-parameters to determine the voltage gain, current gain, input
impedance, and output impedance of the amplifier, helping in optimizing the circuit for
specific applications.
 Applications
Transistor Analysis:

➢ For transistor-based circuits, h-parameters provide a compact and convenient way to

represent the transistor behavior in terms of a small-signal linear model.

➢ The h-parameters for a transistor can be determined experimentally or extracted from

manufacturer datasheets and used for analyzing various transistor configurations.
 Applications
Small-Signal Analysis:
1. In small-signal analysis, which focuses on the linear behavior of a circuit around its
operating point, h-parameters are particularly useful.
2. They help simplify the analysis of linear circuits by providing a linear model that
relates small changes in input and output voltages and currents.
Cascaded Networks:
1. When cascading multiple two-port networks or amplifiers, the h-parameters can be
used to determine the overall behavior of the cascaded system.
2. This simplifies the analysis of complex circuits by allowing engineers to analyze
individual stages and then combine them.
 Applications
Control Systems:
1. In control systems, h-parameters can be employed to model the feedback network
and understand the impact of feedback on the system's stability and performance.
2. They help in analyzing the feedback loops and designing systems with desired
characteristics.
Radio Frequency (RF) Systems:
1. In RF applications, h-parameters are valuable for designing and analyzing high-
frequency circuits, such as RF amplifiers and mixers.
2. Engineers can use h-parameters to optimize the impedance matching and
performance of RF systems.
 Applications
Parameter Extraction:
1. H-parameters can be extracted from experimental measurements or obtained from
manufacturer datasheets.
2. These parameters provide a valuable tool for predicting the behavior of a circuit
under different operating conditions.
Network Analysis:
1. H-parameters facilitate the analysis of network parameters, such as input
impedance, output impedance, and voltage/current gains, which are crucial for
designing and optimizing circuits.
 Applications
➢ In summary, h-parameters find extensive applications in the analysis and design of
linear electronic circuits, especially in amplifier design and transistor-based systems.

➢ They provide a convenient way to represent and analyze the behavior of two-port
networks in various applications.