KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER
Solid Liquid Gas
Indefinite (Takes the shape and size
Volume Definite Definite
of container)
Definite (Takes the shape of Indefinite (Takes the shape of
Shape Fixed/Definite
container) container)
Compressibility Not Compressible Not Compressible Compressible
Density High (Usually) High Low
Intermolecular
distance between least More then solids Most
atoms/molecules
• Randomly arranged
• Closely packed in clusters of atoms
or molecules • Randomly arranged and
together in an
are very far apart and
Orderly • Atoms/molecules occupy any given space
arrangement slightly further apart
Arrangement of compared to solids • Negligible forces of
• Held together by
atoms/molecules attraction between
large forces • Held together by atoms/molecules
• Large number of large forces
• Small number of particles
particles per unit • Slightly smaller per unit volume
volume number of particles
per unit volume
• free to move pass • Move in random manner
• Can only vibrate
each other and not independent of each
about fixed
confined to fixed other and at high speed
positions
positions and occupy any available
Movement of • Particles are held space
• Comparatively
atoms/molecules by strong
weaker forces of • have very weak forces of
attractive
attraction(take the attraction between
forces(fixed
shape of container particles(no fixed shape or
shaped and
but have fixed volume and is highly
volume)
volume) compressible
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Kinetic Model Of Matter
Kinetic molecular theory of matter:
states that all matter has many small particles(atoms molecules and ions)that are in constant and random
motion. Plus, the degree to which they move is determined by their energy.
Kinetic theory is a way to describe the movement of particles
Kinetic comes from the greek word ‘to move’
Kinetic energy is energy possessed by moving objects
Particles contain potential energy due to the attraction and repulsion between them
As temperature increases the particles move faster
Particles transfer energy during collisions with no net energy change
The Kelvin Temperature Scale
The Kelvin temperature scale begins at absolute
zero
0 K is equal to -273 °C
An increase of 1 K is the same change as
an increase of 1 °C
It is not possible to have a temperature lower
than 0 K
This means a temperature in Kelvin will never be
a negative value
Using the Kelvin Scale
To convert between temperatures θ in the
Celsius scale, and T in the Kelvin scale, use the
following conversion:
θ / °C = T / K − 273
T / K = θ / °C + 273
Absolute zero is defined as:
The temperature at which the molecules in a substance have zero (minimum) kinetic energy
This means for a system at absolute zero, it is not possible to remove any more energy from it
At this temperature they must no longer be moving, and hence not colliding with their container. This
temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273 °C
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Pressure and volume
In a gas, the molecules are widely spread this makes the gas easy to expand and compress
Changing the pressure acting on the gas will compress it or allow it to expand if the temperature is kept
constant
When a gas is compressed, the volume is decreased
The density of the gas increases, since the size of the container has decreased but the number of
molecules has remained the same
This allows more frequent collisions of the molecules on the container wall
This means they hit the walls with a greater force and therefore increases the pressure
When a gas expands, the volume is increased.This causes a decrease in pressure
Boyle’s Law states that the pressure of a fixed amount of gas
is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas when the
temperature is held constant.
If the temperature T is constant, then Boyle’s Law is given by:
This leads to the relationship between the pressure and volume for a fixed mass of gas at constant
temperature:
P1V1 = P2V2
P1, P2 are the initial and final pressures respectively,
V1, V2 are the initial and final volumes respectively
Volume and Temperature
the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature when the pressure of a fixed amount of
gas is constant.
V∝T
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Pressure and temperature
the pressure of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the temperature when the volume of the
gas is constant.
P∝T
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