DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Dr. G.C.Behera
 INTRODUCTION
• Concrete has very good compressive strength and almost
negligible tensile strength. Hence, steel reinforcement is
used on the tensile side of concrete. Thus, singly reinforced
beams reinforced on the tensile face are good both in
compression and tension.
• LIMITATIONS: MOR UP TO CERTAIN LIMIT-
• When B,D, Grade of Concrete and Grade of Steel is fixed.
• HOW TO INCREASE MOR
• A) Increase the section-may not be possible in some cases
• B) Increase amount of Steel in tension zone Astbal and steel
in Compression zone
 THEORY
• MOR= (C or T)* Lever arm
• C is the compressive force of concrete in compression zone,( Limited
to a Value) can not be increased more than C=0.36*fck*b*xumax
• T is the tensile force due to steel in tension zone
T=Ast*0.87fy
To increase MOR, we have to increase C and T,
And C=T
T can be increased by increasing amount of Ast,
To increase C, we have to add some other material in compressive zone
to take compressive force along with concrete.
Let C1 is the compressive force due to concrete and
C2 is the compressive force of other material in compression zone,
As steel is the material which is very strong in comp and tension, add
steel in compression zonein compression zone,
Such reinforced concrete sections having steel reinforcement both on
tensile and compressive faces are known as doubly reinforced section.
 DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION
• However, other than in doubly reinforced beams
compression steel reinforcement is provided
when:
• (i) some sections of a continuous beam with
moving loads undergo change of sign of the
bending moment which makes compression zone
as tension zone or vice versa.
• (ii) the ductility requirement has to be followed.
• (iii) the reduction of long term deflection is
needed.
 DOUBLY RC BEAMS

d’

Fig(i) M1=Mulimit=Astlim*0.87fy*(Lever arm=d-0.42xulimit)

Fig(ii) M2=Asc*fsc(Lever arm)=Ast2*.87fy(d-d’)
Total M=M1+M2
 DERIVATIONS
• Assumptions
• (i) The assumptions of singly reinforced sections are also
applicable here.
• (ii) Provision of compression steel ensures ductile failure .
• The stress-strain relationship of steel in compression is the
same as that in tension. So, the yield stress of steel in
compression is 0.87 fy.
 DOUBLY RC BEAM
• Derivation
• Calculation of fsc and fcc

• For fe250 stress strain diagram is linear, The strain at design yield stress
that is ( 0.87*fy=217.5 N/mm2 )/Es=0.0010875
• When  sc is less or equal to 0.0010875, fsc = εsc Es
• When  sc is greater than 0.0010875, fsc = 217.5 N/mm2
 DOUBLY RC BEAM

• For fe415 and fe500

 TYPES OF PROBLEMS
TWO TYPES OF PROBLEMS
• 1. ANALYSIS TYPE:TO FIND OUT MOR
• 2. DESIGN TYPE: TO DESIGN A BEAM
 MOR OF DOUBLY RC BEAMS
• PROBLEM STATEMENT: GIVEN
• CROSS SECTION
• Ast, Asc
• GRADE OF CONCRETE, GRADE OF STEEL

DETERMINE MOR ?
 MOR OF DOUBLY RC BEAMS
• METHOD-1: DIRECT METHOD
• STEP-1. CALCULATION OF xu
• Assume some values of xu
• Find sc

• Find fsc
• Find strain in tension steel

• Find stress in tension steel, generally yield stress.

• Find C=C1+C2
• C1=0.36*fck*b*xu
• C2=Asc*(fsc-fcc)
• Find fcc= 0.44*fck
• Find T=0.87fy*Ast
CALCULATION of fsc
 MOR OF DOUBLY RC BEAMS
• METHOD-1: DIRECT METHOD
• STEP-1. CALCULATION OF xu
• If C=T, then Assumption is OK.
• Otherwise Assume New values of Xu
• STEP-2. CALCULATION OF MOR
• CALCULATIE MOR BY TAKING COMPRESSION INTO ACCOUNT

• CALCULATIE MOR BY TAKING TENSION INTO ACCOUNT

• Find Ast2, then Calculate Ast1=Ast-Ast2

 MOR OF DOUBLY RC BEAMS
• METHOD-2: USE OF SP 16
• STEP-1. CALCULATION OF xu

• Find fsc from the following

• For any intermediate value take the next higher value

• From the below formulae find xu equating Total compressive force is equal to
total Tensile force

• STEP-2. CALCULATION OF MOR

 PROBLEM-ANALYSIS TYPE
• Find out MOR of beam if 4,20 mm dia bars in tension side and
2, 16 mm dia bars on compression side, Beam size b=230 mm,
d=460 mm, d’=40 mm, M20,Fe415.
• Solution:
• Given: b=230 mm, d=460 mm, d’=40 mm,
• Asc=402 mm2
• Ast= 1256 mm2
• fck=20N/mm2
• fy=415 N/mm2
• d’/d=40/460=0.087, Take next higher value 0.1, fsc=353 MPa
 PROBLEM-ANALYSIS TYPE
• Find xu neglecting fcc

• xu= 188.15 mm
• Xumax=0.48d =0.48*460=220.8 mm
• Xu< xumax
• Find MOR
• MOR=M1+M2
• M1=118.70 kNm
• M2=59.60 kNm
• M=MOR=178.3 kNm
 PROBLEM-DESIGN TYPE
• GIVEN, LOAD, SECTION , TO FIND OUT Asc AND Ast
 PROBLEM-ANALYSIS TYPE
• Find out MOR of beam if 4,25 mm dia bars in tension side and
2, 20 mm dia bars on compression side, Beam size b=300 mm,
d=450 mm, d’=50 mm, M20,Fe415.
 PROBLEM-ANALYSIS TYPE
• Find out MOR of beam if 4,25 mm dia bars in tension side and
2, 20 mm dia bars on compression side, Beam size b=300 mm,
d=450 mm, d’=50 mm, M20,Fe415.
• Solution:
• Given: b=300 mm, d=450 mm, d’=50 mm,
• Asc=628 mm2
• Ast= 1964 mm2
• fck=20 N/mm2
• fy=415 N/mm2
• d’/d=50/450=0.111, Take next higher value 0.15, fsc=342 MPa
 PROBLEM-ANALYSIS TYPE
• Find xu neglecting fcc

• xu= 228.90 mm
• Xumax=0.48d =0.48*450=216 mm
• Xu> xumax over reinforced, put xu= xumax
• Find MOR
• MOR=M1+M2
• M1=167.62 kNm
• M2=85.91 kNm
• M=MOR=253.53 kNm
 TYPE-II DESIGN PROBLEMS
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• b, D, d, d’, fck, fy , Moment
• To find out Asc and Ast
• SOLUTION
• STEP-1
• Find out MOR of a singly reinforced balance section.

• STEP-2
• Calculation of Ast1
• a) If MOR( Sin.Bal) equal or Greater than Given Moment design the beam
as singly RC Beam.
• b) If MOR( Sin.Bal) < Given Moment ,design the beam as Doubly RC
balance Beam.
• M1=MOR( Sin. Bal), Calulate Ast1= Steel required to make the section as
singly Reinforced Balance section from the below equation.
 TYPE-II DESIGN PROBLEMS
• STEP-3
• Calculation Ast2 and Asc
• a) Calculate M2=M-M1.
• b) Find out fsc from d’/d or by any other method by finding sc ,
• c) Calculation of Ast2 and Asc from these equations

• d) Calculation of total Ast and Asc

Ast=Ast1+Ast2
 PROBLEM-ANALYSIS TYPE
• Find out reinforcement to resist a factored bending moment
200 kNm, Beam size b=230 mm, d=500 mm, d’=50 mm,
M20,Fe415.
 PROBLEM-ANALYSIS TYPE
• Find out reinforcement to resist a factored bending moment
200 kNm, Beam size b=230 mm, d=500 mm, d’=50 mm,
M20,Fe415.
• Solution:
• Step-1
• xumax=0.48*500=240 mm

• Step-2
• Calculation of Ast1

• Ast1=1100.80 mm2
• Step-3 Calculation of Ast2 and Asc
• M2=M-M1=200-158.65=41.35 kNm

• Ast2=254.50 mm2
• Ast=Ast1+Ast2=1100.80+254.50 =1355.29 mm2
• Provide 5, 20 mm dia bars as tension steel, Ast= 1570 mm2
• Calculation of Asc
• d’/d=50/500=0.1 , fsc= 353 N/mm2

• Asc = 260.3 mm2

• Provide 2 nos of 16 mm dia, Asc=402 mm2
Flanged sections

G.C. Behera
 T AND L BEAMS
• In previous section we have studied rectangular beams.
• When slab and beam are cast simultaneously( monolithic), then some
portion of the slab act as beam and bends along with beam in longitudinal
direction. This slab portion is called the flange of the T- or L-beam. The
beam portion below the flange is often termed the web, although,
technically, the web is the full rectangular portion of the beam other than
the overhanging parts of the flange. Indeed, in shear calculations, the web
is interpreted in this manner.

Beam2
Beam1 Beam3
Slab 1 Slab 2
Portion of slab acting as beam
 T AND L BEAMS
Beam3

Beam2 Slab 2
Beam1 Slab 1

C
• Due to monolithic casting, beams and a part of the slab act together.
Under the action of positive bending moment, i.e., between the supports
of a continuous beam, the slab, up to a certain width greater than the
width of the beam, forms the top part of the beam. Such beams having
slab on top of the rectangular rib are designated as the flanged beams -
either T or L type depending on whether the slab is on both sides or on one
side of the beam. As the flanged portion is in compression, these potion
will resist more compression as area of flanged portion in compression is
more.

• Over the supports of a continuous beam, the bending moment is negative

and the slab, therefore, is in tension while a part of the rectangular beam
(rib) is in compression. These beams T or L portion is of no use in taking the
force as concrete takes no tension. So, these will be designed as simple
rectangular beam.
• T or L beam is useful if flanged portion is under compression.
 SECTION-1-1

DETAILS AT 3 L BEAM
SECTION-2-2
 SECTION-1-1

DETAILS AT 4 T BEAM

DETAILS AT 6 RECT. BEAM

DETAILS AT 5
RECTANGULAR BEAM
 DETERNINATION OF EFFECTIVE WIDTH
• The total width of flanged portion can not be considered as effective width of the
flanged section while calculating the total compressive force, because the total width
may not be effective resisting the force.
• The actual width of the flange is the spacing of the beam, which is the same as the
distance between the middle points of the adjacent spans of the slab, as shown in 3.
However, in a flanged beam, a part of the width less than the actual width, is effective
to be considered as a part of the beam. This width of the slab is designated as the
effective width of the flange.
• IS CODE PROVISION FOR FLANGED BEAM
The following requirements (cl. 23.1.1 of IS 456) are to be
satisfied to ensure the combined action of the part of the
slab and the rib (rectangular part of the beam).
(a) The slab and the rectangular beam shall be cast
integrally or they shall be effectively bonded in any other
manner.
(b) Slabs must be provided with the transverse
reinforcement of at least 60 per cent of the main
reinforcement at the mid span of the slab if the main
reinforcement of the slab is parallel to the transverse
beam
 EFFECTIVE WIDTH CALCULATION
Clause 23.1.2 of IS 456 specifies the following
effective widths of T and L-beams:
(a) For T-beams, the lesser of

(b) For isolated T-beams, the lesser of

(c) For L-beams, the lesser of

(d) For isolated L-beams, the lesser of b1

b2
• where bf = effective width of the flange,
• lo = distance between points of zero moments in the beam, which is the effective span for
simply supported beams and 0.7 times the effective span for continuous beams and frames,
• bw = breadth of the web,
• Df = thickness of the flange,
• and b = actual width of the flange.
 ANALYSIS OF T AND L BEAM
ASSUMPTIONS:
As for singly RC section
Let us think about h, in which stress in
concrete is 0.446fck.

If xu=xumax, then
h=0.43*xumax
h=0.43*53d=0.227d foe Fe250
h=0.43*48d=0.2064d foe Fe415
h=0.43*46d=0.1978d foe Fe500
The value can be taken 0.2d
To find the relation between strain in
steel and concrete
 ANALYSIS

h/d will be 0.227, 205 and 0.195 for Fe250, Fe415 and Fe500 respectively.
From this derivation we found if h/d is approximately 0.2 or less then, that portion is
having a stress 0.446 fck. If is more some portion is having stress 0.446fck and other portion
stress is parabolic and less than 0.0446fck.
The maximum value of h may be Df, at the bottom of the flange where the strain will be
0.002,
if Df /d = 0.2. in this case, the position of the fiber of 0.002 strain will be in the web and the
entire flange will be under a constant compressive stress of 0.446 fck .
On the other hand, if Df is > 0.2 d, the position of the fiber of 0.002 strain will be in the
flange. In that case, a part of the slab will have the constant stress of 0.446 fck where the
strain will be more than 0.002.Other portion of flange stress is less than 0.446fck and
parabolic.
 ANALYSIS
Based on above analysis we
have the following cases:
i) When NA axis is within flange
It will be analyzed as Concrete
below the neutral axis is in tension
and is ignored. The steel
reinforcement takes the tensile
force. Therefore, T and L-beams are
considered as rectangular beams of
width bf and effective depth d.
Check whether the section is under
reinforced, balance or over
reinforced.

xu<Df
 ANALYSIS
ii) NA axis is within web( xu> Df) and a balance section
a) (h/d or Df/d ) is less than or equal to 0.2

The entire flange portion is having constant stress

0.446fck.This can be analyzed taking two rectangular
portions, flange portion as shown in d and total web as
shown in e.
Flange is having width (bf-bw) and depth Df having stress
0.446f.ck
Another rectangular from Flange and web having width
(bw) and depth xumax, having stress 0.446f.ck to 0
The lever arm of the rectangular beam (web part) is (d - 0.42 xumax) and the same for the
flanged part is (d - 0.5 Df ).
Moment of resistance will be
ii) NA axis is within web( xu> Df) and a balance section
b) (h/d or Df/d ) greater than 0.2

The entire flange portion is not having constant stress

0.446fck.This can be analyzed taking two rectangular
portions, flange portion as shown in d and total web as
shown in e.
Flange is having width (bf-bw) and depth Df having
stress 0.446fck, up to strain 0.002 and rest less than
0.446fck.
Another rectangular from Flange and web having
width (bw) and depth xumax, having stress 0.446f.ck to 0
Here for the flange portion some equivalent depth yf may be assumed which will be
having constant stress 0.446fck.

yf=K1*xu+K2*Df

When Df/Xu=3/7, yf=Df

When Df=xu, yf=0.8 xu

K1=0.15 and K2= 0.65

The lever arm of the rectangular beam (web part) is (d - 0.42 xumax) and the same for the
flanged part is (d - 0.5*yf ). Moment of resistance will be
 ANALYSIS
iii) NA axis is within web(xumax> xu> Df) and under reinforced
section
a) (Df/Xu) is less than or equal to 0.43

The entire flange portion is having constant stress

0.446fck.This can be analyzed taking two rectangular
portions, flange portion as shown in d and total web as
shown in e.
Flange is having width (bf-bw) and depth Df having stress
0.446f.ck
Another rectangular from Flange and web having width
(bw) and depth xu having stress 0.446f.ck to 0
• The lever arm of the rectangular beam (web part) is (d - 0.42 xu) and the same for
the flanged part is (d - 0.5*Df ).
iii) NA axis is within web(xumax> xu> Df) and under reinforced section
b) (Df/Xu) > 0.43

The entire flange portion is not having constant stress

0.446fck.This can be analyzed taking two rectangular
portions, flange portion as shown in d and total web as
shown in e.
Flange is having width (bf-bw) and depth Df having
stress 0.446fck, up to strain 0.002 and rest less than
0.446fck.
Another rectangular from Flange and web having
width (bw) and depth xu, having stress 0.446f.ck to 0
• Here for the flange portion some equivalent depth yf may be assumed
which will be having constant stress 0.446fck.

• The lever arm of the rectangular beam (web part) is (d - 0.42 xu) and the
same for the flanged part is (d - 0.5*yf ).
• Moment of resistance will be
 ANALYSIS
iv) NA axis is within web(xu> xumax> Df) and over reinforced
section
a) (Df/d) is less than0.2 or(Df/Xu) less
or equal to 0.43

The entire flange portion is having constant stress

0.446fck.This can be analyzed taking two rectangular
portions, flange portion as shown in d and total web as
shown in e.
Flange is having width (bf-bw) and depth Df having stress
0.446f.ck
Another rectangular from Flange and web having width
(bw) and depth xu having stress 0.446f.ck to 0
• The lever arm of the rectangular beam (web part) is (d - 0.42 xumax) and
the same for the flanged part is (d - 0.5*Df ).
• Moment of resistance will be
 ANALYSIS
iv) NA axis is within web(xu> xumax> Df) and over reinforced section
b) (Df/d) is greater than 0.2
or (Df/xu)> 0.43

The entire flange portion is not having constant stress

0.446fck.This can be analyzed taking two rectangular
portions, flange portion as shown in d and total web as
shown in e.
Flange is having width (bf-bw) and depth Df having stress
0.446f.ck
Another rectangular from Flange and web having width
(bw) and depth xu having stress 0.446f.ck to 0
• The lever arm of the rectangular beam (web part) is (d - 0.42 xulim) and the
same for the flanged part is (d - 0.5*yf ).
• Moment of resistance will be
 PROBLEM
Design the T beam if slab thickness is 150mm, slab beam casting monolithic,
effective span 5 m. Slab is subjected to imposed load = 5kN/m2, M20 and Fe415

Step1: Calculation of bf
Df=150 mm
Actual width=1.65+0.3=1.95 m
lo=5 m
bw=300 mm

1.65 m
• Calculation of bf (For L Beam)

• b= actual width=1.95 m
• bf=1.17 m
• Calculation of bf (For T Beam)

• Actual width available= b=(3.60) >2.033 mt

• bf=2.033 mt.
• Assuming the depth (D)as 1/12 of the length=5 m/12=400 mm
• Effective depth= 370 mm taking effective cover 30 mm
• Depth of web=400-150=250 mm
• LOAD CALCULATION:
• DL of Slab/m length of beam=1*3.6*.15*25=13.5 kN/m
• LL of Slab/m length of beam=1*3.6*5=18 kN/m
• DL of beam=1*0.25*0.3*25=1.875 kN/m
• Total load=w= 33.375 kN/m
•
DESIGN OF T
Factored Load=w =1.5*33.375=50.0625 kN/m
BEAM
u
• Factored moment=Mu=wul2/8=50.0625*52/8=156.5 kNm
• Factored SF=Vu=wul/2=50.0625*5/2=125.15 kN
• Assuming NA passing through flange 2.033
150

300

• Let us provide 4, 20 mm dia bars= Ast=1256 mm2

• Astmin=0.85*bd/fy=0.85*300*370/415= 228 mm2
• Amax=0.04bD=0.04*300*400=4800 mm2
• Check for Shear:
• Vu=125.15 kN

• Calculation of c
• pt=(Ast/bd)*100=1.13%

• Vc=c*bd=0.65*300*370=72.15 kN
• Vsu=Vu-Vc=125.15-72.15 kN= 53 kN
• Taking 2 legged 8 mm dia bars

Maximum spacing can not be greater than 0.75d=0.75*370=277.5 mm

It can not be more than 300 mm
Provide 8mm dia. 2 legged stirrup 250 mm c/c.
• Check for deflection:
• Leff/deff=5000/370=13.51
• Modification factor for tensile reinforcement:
• fs=.58*fy*( Ast required/Ast provided)=0.58*415*(1213/1256)=232.46
• Pt=1.13
• Modification factor= 1
• For compression NA
• For flanged section= bw/bf=300/2033=0.147, modification factor=0.8
• (Leff/deff=5000/370=13.51) can not be greater than =20*1.0*.08=16
• It is ok.
 PROBLEMS
• Problem-1:Determine the moment of resistance of the T-
beam of Fig shown. Given data: bf = 1000 mm, Df = 100 mm,
bw = 300 mm, cover = 50 mm, d = 450 mm and Ast = 1963 mm2
(4- 25 T). Use M 20 and Fe 415.
• Solution:
• Step:1- Determination Xu
Assuming the neutral axis passing
through flange portion

Xu< (Df=100 mm) , Assumption is OK.

Neutral axis passes through flange
• Step:2-Calculation of xumax
• xumax=0.48*d=0.48*450=216 mm
• XU< XUMAX( So, under reinforced section)
• Step:2-Calculation of MOR
• Calculation of C or T

• Calculation of MOR

m
 PROBLEM
• Determine Ast,lim and Mu,lim of the flanged beam of Fig.. Given data are: bf =
900 mm, Df = 90 mm, bw = 300 mm, cover = 50 mm and d = 450 mm.
Use M 20 and Fe 415.
SOLUTION:
STEP:1- Determination of Xulim
d=360+90=450 mm
Xulim=0.48*d=0.48*450=216 mm
(Xulim=216 mm)> (Df=90 mm)
Xulim passes through web.
Let us check (Df/d)=90/450=0.20
It is balanced section, Df/d=0.2,
it is in category (ii a)
STEP:2- Determination of MOR
Calculation of C and T
• Calculation Ast

• Ast=2626.33 mm2
• STEP-III: Calculation MOR

• Mulim=0.87*fy*Ast*(d-0.42*xulim) DONOT USE THIS FORMULAE.

• Mulim=0.87*415*2626.34*(450-0.42*216)=3420.68
 PROBLEM
• Determine the moment of resistance of the beam of when Ast = 4,825 mm2 . bf
= 1,000 mm, Df = 100 mm, bw = 300 mm, cover = 50 mm and d = 450 mm. Use M
20 and Fe 415.
bf=1000 mm
Step 1: To determine xu
Df=
Assuming NA axis passing through flange 100
mm

d=450 mm

NA axis is passing through web.

Df/d=100/450=0.222 >0.2
There is requirement of calculation of yf
bw=300mm
• Calculation of xu,
• Xulim=0.48*450=216 mm
• Xu> xulim, over reinforced, Df/d>0.2
• yf=0.15*xu+0.65*Df=0.36*216+0.65*100=97.4 mm < 100 mm
 ASSIGNMENT
Design the L beam if slab thickness is 150mm, slab beam casting monolithic,
effective span 5 m. Slab is subjected to imposed load = 5kN/m2, M20 and Fe415

Step1: Calculation of bf
Df=150 mm
Actual width=1.65+0.3=1.95 m
lo=5 m
bw=300 mm

1.65 m
DESIGN OF SLABS

Dr.G.C.Behera
 SLAB
• Slab is the covering to a structure. Generally slab is a horizontal structure.
In some cases, these may be inclined also. The slab may be supported on
four edges or it may be supported on three or two edges or one side as
shown in figure. Depending upon the supporting conditions and
distribution of load, slabs may be categorized as
• 1. One way slab
• 2. Two way slab.
Bea Beam
slab
m or
or wall
Bea slab Beam wall
m or Beam
or wall or wall One way
wall slab
One way
slab
 SLAB
• 1. One way slab
• 2. Two way slab.

slab
Bea Beam
m or
or wall Bea Beam
slab
wall m or
or wall
wall
Beam Two way slab
or wall If Ly/Lx less or
One way equal to 2
slab Where Ly and Lx are the effective length in longer
If Ly/Lx> 2 and shorter direction of slab.
LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN SLABS
Lx C
D

Lx/2

F
Ly
Ly-Lx
E

Two way slab Lx/2

450
A
G B
Taking Ly=2*Lx
Area of load on ABE and CDF
along long span
direction=(1/2)*Lx*Lx/2=Lx2/4
Total Area of load on longer
span=Area of ABE+Area of
Two way slab CDF=2*Lx2/4=Lx2/2
 Ly/Lx> 2

Ly/Lx less or equal to 2

 LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN SLABS
Taking Ly=2*Lx Lx C
D
Area of load on ADEF and BEFC along short span
direction=[(Ly+Ly-Lx)/2]*Lx/2=3Lx2/4 Lx/2
Total Area of load on shorter span=Area of ADEF and
BEFC =2*3Lx2/4=3Lx2/2
Load transferred along short span direction is 3 times Ly F
Ly-Lx
more than that is transferred along long span E
direction.
If Ly> 2*Lx, then load on long direction will be very Lx/2
less. That is reason we are assuming load is 450
transferred along short span direction. Bending will
be in short span direction only known as one way A
B
slab Lx/2
Otherwise load will be distributed in both directions Two way slab
and bending will be on both direction, it is known as
two way slab.
Black shaded area will transferred load on
long span direction, red portion area load One way slab
will be transferred along short span
direction.
DIFFERENCE IN ONE WAY AND TWO WAY SLAB

SN ONE WAY SLAB TWO WAY SLAB

1 Ly/Lx>2 Ly/Lx less or equal to 2
2 Bending takes place in one Bending takes place in both
direction only.( Short span) directions.
3 More bending moment. Less bending moment. Depth
Depth required more. required less.
4 Main steel is provided in Main steel is provided in both
shorter span direction. directions.
Distribution steel is provided
along long span direction.
5 Thickness more, more steel Thickness less, less steel is required.
is required. Not economical economical.
IS-456-2000 SLAB SPECIFICATION:
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH
A B C D E
22.3 Continuous Beam or Slab –
B) In the case of continuous beam or slab,
if the width of the support is less than l/12 of the clear span, the effective span shall
be as in 22.2(a). If the supports are wider than I/12 of the clear span or 600 mm
whichever is less, the effective span shall be taken as under:
1) For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for intermediate
spans,
the effective span shall be the clear span between supports;
2) For end span with one end free and the other continuous, the effective span shall
be equal
to the clear span plus half the effective depth of the beam or slab or the clear span
plus
half the width of the discontinuous support, whichever is less;
3) In the case of spans with roller or rocket bearings, the effective span shall always be
the distance between the centres of bearings.
C)Cantilever-The effective length of a cantilever shall betaken as its length to the face
of the
support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a continuous
beam
• where the length to the centre of support shall be taken.
D)Frames-In the analysis of a continuous frame,
• centre to centre distance shall be used.
 DEFLECTION CONTROL
• FOR ONE WAY SLAB: As beams
• 23.2.1 The vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be satisfied provided
that the span to depth ratios are not greater than the values obtained as below:
• Basic values of~span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10 m:
• A) Cantilever 7
• B) Simply supported 20
• C) Continuous 26
• For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in metres,
except for cantilever in which case deflection calculations should be made.
• Depending on the area and the stress of steel for tension reinforcement, the values in
(a) or(b) shall be modified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as per
Fig. 4.
• Depending on the’ area of compression reinforcement, the value of span to depth
ratiobe further modified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as per
Fig. 5.
• The provisions of 23.2 for beams apply to slabs also.
• Notes
• For slabs spanning in two directions shorter of the two spans should be used for
calculating the span to effective depth ratio.
• Simply supported =35
• Continuous=40
 REINFORCEMENT
Minimum reinforcement (cl.26.5.2.1 of IS 456)
• Both for one and two-way slabs, the amount of minimum reinforcement in either
direction shall not be less than 0.15 and 0.12 per cents of the total cross-sectional area
for mild steel (Fe 250) and high strength deformed bars (Fe 415 and Fe 500)/welded
wire fabric, respectively.
Maximum diameter of reinforcing bars (cl.26.5.2.2)
• The maximum diameter of reinforcing bars of one and two-way slabs shall not exceed
one-eighth of the total depth of the slab.
Maximum distance between bars (cl.26.3.3 of IS 456)
• The maximum horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcing bars shall be the
lesser of (i) three times the effective depth, or (ii) 300 mm. However, the same for
secondary/distribution bars for temperature, shrinkage etc. shall be the lesser of (i) five
times the effective depth, or (ii) 450 mm.
Minimum distance between bars
• The minimum horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcing bars shall not be
the lesser of
• (i) The diameter of bar ( largest bar dia. If unequal dia. Are used), or
• (ii) 5 mm more than maximum size of the coarse aggregate
• The minimum vertical distance between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall be
more than
• i) 15 mm
• Ii) 2/3 rd of maximum size of coarse aggregate
• Iii) Maximum size of the bar
 SPECIFICATIONS
Nominal cover (cl.26.4 of IS 456)
• The nominal cover to be provided depends upon durability and fire
resistance requirements. Table 16 and 16A of IS 456 provide the respective
values. Appropriate value of the nominal cover is to be provided from
these tables for the for particular requirement of the structure.
• Design Shear Strength of Concrete in Slabs
• Experimental tests confirmed that the shear strength of solid slabs up to a depth of 300 mm
is comparatively more than those of depth greater than 300 mm. Accordingly, cl.40.2.1.1 of IS
456 stipulates the values of a factor k to be multiplied with τc given in Table 19 of IS 456 for
different overall depths of slab. Table 8.1 presents the values of k as a ready reference below:
 DESIGN STEPS FOR ONE WAY SLAB
• STEP-1: Take width of slab as one meter.
• STEP-2:Assume the depth of slab from control of deflection. Take (leff/d)
as 25 to 30 for simply supported and 10 for contriver.
• STEP-3: Find the load and BM. Calculate Factored BM and Factored SF.
• STEP4: Calculate the required depth from BM taking as balanced section.
If calculated depth is less than assumed depth, design is OK. Otherwise
redesign it.
• STEP-5: Find the main steel along short span direction and find
distribution steel amount along long span direction and for others.
• STEP-6: Check for shear.
• STEP-7: Detailing.
Detailing for
one way
continuous
slab
 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
• A simply supported slab of clear span 2.5 mt. of a corridor of a hospital
building is supported on beams of width 230 mm. The slab is carrying live
load of 5kN/m2.Use M20and Fe415 grade concrete and steel respectively.
Assumption of Depth
Take L/d=25, l=2.5 m d=100 mm, over all
depth =D=120 mm 2.5 m
Assuming effective cover 20 mm
Effective Length Calculation:
Centre to Centre =2.5+.23/2+0.23/2=2.73 m
Lcl+deff=2.5+0.1=2.6 m
Leff=2.6 m
Calculation of Load:
Assuming width of slab as 1m Width 1 m
Self wt/m length= 1*1*.120*25=3.0 kN/m
LL= 1*1*5= 5 kN/m
Total w= 8 kN/m 2.6 m
Wu=1.5*8=12 kN/m
Mu=wu*leff2/8=12*2.6*2.6/8=10.14 kNm
Length 1 m
 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
• Vu=wu*leef/2=15.6 kN
• Required Effective Depth Calculation:

• b=1000 mm, fck=20, xumax=0.48d

2.5 m
• dreq= 60.61 mm
• (dreq= 60.61 mm)< (dassumed=100 mm)
• Calculation of Steel

Width 1 m

2.6 m

Length 1 m
• Check for minimum steel:
• Ast=.12%*bD=0.12*1000*120/100=144 mm2< 300 mm2
• So, it is OK.
• Spacing of bars:
• Taking 8 mm diameter bars,

• Spacing can not be greater than 3d=3*100=300 mm

• Spacing can not be greater than 300 mm,
• Provide 8 mm dia bars 160 mm c/c. In short span direction.
• Distribution steel:
• In the long span direction provide distribution steel
• Area of distribution steel can not be less than 144 mm2.
• Spacing of 8 mm dia bars
• For distribution steel spacing

• Spacing of distribution steel can not be greater than

• 5d=5*100=500 mm
• Can not be greater than 450 mm
• So, provide 8 mm dia bars 340 mm c/c.
• CHECK FOR SHEAR:
• Vu=15.6 kN

• At the support, bending 50% of steel at a distance l/7 =371 mm from

centre of support,
• Ast=(1000/320)*50=156.25 mm2
• pt=156.25*100/(1000*100)=0.156
• c=0.28 N/mm2
• k=1.3 for 120 mm depth
• K*c=1.3*0.28=0.364 N/mm2
• shear resistance> nominal shear, so design is ok.
• Check for deflection:
• pt=0.30 at centre
• fs=.58*fy*( Ast required/Ast provided)=0.58*415*(300/312.5)=231.07
• Modification factor=1.5
• Leff/deff=2.6/.1=26
• Maximum value=20*1.5=30
• 26<30, So it is ok.
• Check for Development Length:

• M1=
• Vu=15.6 kN, Using 900 bend, l0=8*,
• l0=8*=64 mm
•
 230 mm

2.73m

2.5m

Bar2

Bar1
Ld/3=
376.09/3 Bar2
=125.34
160 mm 0.1*leff=2.6*0.1=260 mm
mm
Bar1
Ld/3=
376.09/3
=125.34 mm 230 mm

340 mm

Bar 3 Bar 3
Bar 4

Bar 4

0.1*ly
 CONTINUOUS ONE WAY SLAB
• Continuous one-way slab

ly

lx2 lx3
lx1
 TWO -WAY SLAB( IS CODE METHOD)
• IF Ly/Lx less than or equal to 2, two way slab.
• Two-way slabs subjected mostly to uniformly distributed loads
resist them primarily by bending about both the axis.
However, as in the one-way slab, the depth of the two-way
slabs should also be checked for the shear stresses to avoid
any reinforcement for shear. Moreover, these slabs should
have sufficient depth for the control deflection. Thus, strength
and deflection are the requirements of design of two-way
slabs.
• Design for Shear:
• Vu=wu*Lx/2
• BENDING MOMENT CALCULATION:
• Two-way slabs spanning in two directions at right angles and carrying
uniformly distributed loads may be analysed using any acceptable theory.
Pigeoud’s or Wester-guard’s theories are the suggested elastic methods
and Johansen’s yield line theory is the most commonly used in the limit
state of collapse method and suggested by IS 456 in the note of cl. 24.4.
Alternatively, Annex D of IS 456 can be employed to determine the
bending moments in the two directions for two types of slabs: (i)
restrained slabs, and (ii) simply supported slabs. The two methods a
• (i) Restrained slabs
• Restrained slabs are those whose corners are prevented from lifting
due to effects of torsional moments. These torsional moments,
however, are not computed as the amounts of reinforcement are
determined from the computed areas of steel due to positive
bending moments depending upon the intensity of torsional
moments of different corners. Thus, it is essential to determine the
positive and negative bending moments in the two directions of
restrained slabs depending on the various types of panels and the
aspect ratio ly/lx.
 FOR LY

FOR LX
Restrained slabs are considered as divided into two types of strips in each
direction: (i) one middle strip of width equal to three-quarters of the
respective length of span in either directions, and (ii) two edge strips, each
of width equal to one-eighth of the respective length of span in either
directions. Figures above present the two types of strips for spans lx and ly
separately.
• SLABS LY

LX
• The maximum positive and negative moments
per unit width in a slab are determined from

Where αx and αy and are coefficients given in Table 26 of IS 456, Annex D, cl. D-
1.1. Total design load per unit area is w and lengths of shorter and longer spans
are represented by lx and ly, respectively. The values of αx and αy , given in Table
26 of IS 456, are for nine types of panels having eight aspect ratios of ly/lx from
one to two at an interval of 0.1. The above maximum bending moments are
applicable only to the middle strips and no redistribution shall be made.
Tension reinforcing bars for the positive and negative maximum moments are to be
provided in the respective middle strips in each direction. Figure 8.19.2 shows the
positive and negative coefficients αx snd αy .
The edge strips will have reinforcing bars parallel to that edge following the minimum
amount as stipulated in IS 456.
The detailing of all the reinforcing bars for the respective moments and for the
minimum amounts as well as torsional requirements will be discussed later).
• II) Simply supported Slabs:
• The maximum moments per unit width of simply supported slabs, not
having adequate provision to resist torsion at corners and to prevent the
corners from lifting, are determined from

Let us take w= load per unit length,

P lx wx and wy is the load transferred along lx
and ly direction respectively,
Deflection of point P

ly
• x and y can be determined for different k values.
• Effective span to effective depth ratio (cl. 24.1 of IS 456)
• The following are the relevant provisions given in Notes 1 and 2 of
cl. 24.1.
• • The shorter of the two spans should be used to determine the
span to effective depth ratio.
• • For spans up to 3.5 m and with mild steel reinforcement, the span
to overall depth ratios satisfying the limits of vertical deflection for
loads up to 3 kN/m2 are as follows:
• Simply supported slabs 35
• Continuous slabs 40
• The same ratios should be multiplied by 0.8 when high
strength deformed bars (Fe 415) are used in the slabs.
• Design of Two-way Slabs:
• Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab
• Step 2: Design loads, bending moments and shear forces
• Step 3: Determination/checking of the effective and total depths of slabs
• Step 4: Depth of the slab for shear force
• Step 5: Determination of areas of steel
• Step 6: Selection of diameters and spacing's of reinforcing bars (cls.26.5.2.2 and 26.3.3 of IS 456)
• Step 7: Determination of torsional reinforcement .
• (a) At corner C1 where the slab is discontinuous on both sides, the torsion reinforcement shall
consist of top and bottom bars each with layers of bar placed parallel to the sides of the slab and
extending a minimum distance of one-fifth of the shorter span from the edges. The amount of
reinforcement in each of the four layers shall be 75 per cent of the area required for the maximum
mid-span moment in the slab. This provision is given in cl. D-1.8 of IS 456.
• (b) At corner C2 contained by edges over one of which is continuous, the torsional reinforcement
shall be half of the amount of (a) above. This provision is given in cl. D-1.9 of IS 456.
• (c) At corner C3 contained by edges over both of which the slab is continuous, torsional reinforcing
bars need not be provided, as stipulated in cl. D-1.10 of IS 456.
 DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT
• (i) Restrained slabs
• The maximum positive and negative moments per unit width of the slab calculated
are applicable only to the respective middle strips. There shall be no redistribution
of these moments. The reinforcing bars so calculated from the maximum moments
are to be placed satisfying the following stipulations of IS 456.

• Bottom tension reinforcement bars of mid-span in the middle strip shall extent in
the lower part of the slab to within 0.25l of a continuous edge, or 0.15l of a
discontinuous edge (cl. D-1.4 of IS 456). Bars marked as B1, B2, B5 and B6 in
FIGURE.

• • Top tension reinforcement bars over the continuous edges of middle strip shall
extend in the upper part of the slab for a distance of 0.15l from the support, and at
least fifty per cent of these bars shall extend a distance of 0.3l (cl. D-1.5 of IS 456).
Bars marked as T2, T3, T5 and T6 in are these bars.

• • To resist the negative moment at a discontinuous edge depending on the degree

of fixity at the edge of the slab, top tension reinforcement bars equal to fifty per
cent of that provided at mid-span shall extend 0.1l into the span (cl. D-1.6 of IS
456). Bars marked as T1 and T4 in are these bars.
•
• The edge strip of each panel shall have reinforcing bars parallel to that edge
satisfying the requirement of minimum amount as specified (cl. 26.5.2.1 of IS 456)
and the requirements for torsion, explained in Step 7 of sec. 8.19.6 (cls. D-1.7 to D-
1.10 of IS 456). The bottom and top bars of the edge strips are explained below.

• • Bottom bars B3 and B4 are parallel to the edge along lx for the edge strip for span
ly, satisfying the requirement of minimum amount of steel (cl. D-1.7 of IS 456).

• • Bottom bars B7 and B8 are parallel to the edge along ly for the edge strip for span
lx, satisfying the requirement of minimum amount of steel (cl. D-1.7 of IS 456).

• • Top bars T7 and T8 are parallel to the edge along lx for the edge strip for span ly,
satisfying the requirement of minimum amount of steel (cl. D-1.7 of IS 456).

• • Top bars T9 and T10 are parallel to the edge along ly for the edge strip for span lx,
satisfying the requirement of minimum amount of steel (cl. D-1.7 of IS 456).
SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLABS
• Design a slab over a room 4 m*6 m according to IS code method simply
supported and corners are not held down. LL=3kN/m2.Slab is supported
over 150 mm walls.
• ANS:
• Assuming effective length 4.15 m, taking Leff/deff=30, Let us take deff=150
mm. D=170 mm.
• Assuming effective cover 19 mm, deff along short span dx==170-19=151
mm.
• dy=151-4-4=143 mm assuming 8 mm dia bar.
• lx=4+.151=4.151 m or c/c=4.15 m lx=4.15 m
• ly=6+.143=6.143 or c/c=6.15m ly=6.143m
• ly/lx=k=1.48
• As per IS table

• DL of slab=1m*1m*.17*25=4.25 kN/m
• FF=1*1*0.02*24=0.48 kN/m
• LL=3 kN/m
• w=7.73 kN/m wu=1.5*7.73=11.595 kN/m
• Calculation of Moment

• For the maximum moment depth required is

Depth required for a balance section dreq=64.81 mm.

Depth is taken 151 mm.
Design as under reinforced.
Steel for short span direction:

Pt=0.264%
Ast xx=.264*1000*151/100=399.37 mm2
Minimum steel=.12*1000*170/100=204 mm2
Spacing of 8 mm bars along short span direction

Provide 8mm dia. Bars 120 mm c/c.

• Steel for Long span direction:

• Steel for long span direction

• Astyy=.13*1000*143=186.94 mm2
• Minimum steel=.12*1000*170/100=204 mm2
• Spacing of 8 mm bars along long span direction

• Provide 8 mm dia 240 mm c/c.

 CHECK FOR SHEAR
• Taking l=4 m
 CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
• Ast=208.53 mm2

• So, it is ok.
 Check for deflection
• leff/deff=4.15/.151=27.85 <(35*0.8=28)
 DESIGN OF RESTRAINED SLABS
• Design the slab panel 1 of Fig. subjected to factored live load of 8 kN/m2 in
addition to its dead load using M 20 and Fe 415. The load of floor finish is 1
kN/m2. The spans shown in figure are effective spans. The corners of the slab are
prevented from lifting.
• Ans:
• Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab
• The span to depth ratio with Fe 415 is taken from cl. 24.1, Note 2 of IS 456 as 0.8
(35 + 40) / 2 = 30. This gives the minimum effective depth d = 4000/30 = 133.33
mm, say 135 mm. The total depth D is thus 160 mm.
• Step 2: Design loads, bending moments and shear forces
• Dead load of slab (1 m width) = 0.16*(25) = 4.0 kN/m2
• Dead load of floor finish (given) = 1.0 kN/m2
• Factored dead load = 1.5(5) = 7.5 kN/m2
• Factored live load (given) = 8.0 kN/m2
• Total factored load = wu=15.5 kN/m2
• The coefficients of bending moments and the bending moments Mx and My per
unit width (positive and negative) are determined as per cl. D-1.1 and Table 26 of
IS 456 for the case 4, “Two adjacent edges discontinuous” and presented in Table.
The ly / l for this problem is 6/4 = 1.5.
• Table Maximum bending moments of Problem

Maximum shear force in either direction is determined from

Vu = w(lx/2) = 15.5 (4/2) = 31 kN/m
Step 3: Determination/checking of the effective depth and total depth of slab

Since, this effective depth is less than 135 mm assumed in Step 1, we

retain d = 135 mm and D = 160 mm.
• Step 4: Depth of slab for shear force
• Table 19 of IS 456 gives the value of τc = 0.28 N/mm2 when the
lowest percentage of steel is provided in the slab. However, this
value needs to be modified by multiplying with k of cl. 40.2.1.1 of IS
456. The value of k for the total depth of slab as 160 mm is 1.28.
So, the value of τc is 1.28(0.28) = 0.3584 N/mm2.
• Table 20 of IS 456 gives max τc = 2.8 N/mm2. The computed shear
stress τvu = Vu/bd = 31*1000/(1000*135) = 0.229 N/mm2.
• Since, τvu < τc < τcmax, the effective depth of the slab as 135 mm and
the total depth as 160 mm are safe.
Particulars Short Span lx Long span ly
Dia. & spacing Dia. & spacing

Top steel for negative moment 10 mm @ 200 mm c/c 8 mm @ 200 mm c/c

Bottom steel for positive 8 mm @ 170 mm c/c 8 mm @ 250 mm c/c

moment
• The minimum steel is determined from the stipulation of cl. 26.5.2.1 of IS
456 and is
• As t= (0.12/100)(1000)(160) = 192 mm2 and 8 mm bars @ 250 mm c/c (=
201 mm2) is acceptable. It is worth mentioning that the areas of steel as
shown in Table are more than the minimum amount of steel.
• Step 6: Selection of diameters and spacings of reinforcing bars
• The advantages of using the tables of SP-16 are that the obtained values
satisfy the requirements of diameters of bars and spacings. However, they
are checked as ready reference here. Needless to mention that this step
may be omitted in such a situation.
• Maximum diameter allowed, as given in cl. 26.5.2.2 of IS 456, is 160/8 = 20
mm, which is more that the diameters used here.
• The maximum spacing of main bars, as given in cl. 26.3.3(1) of IS 456, is
the lesser of 3(135) and 300 mm. This is also satisfied for all the bars.
• The maximum spacing of minimum steel (distribution bars) is the lesser of
5(135) and 450 mm. This is also satisfied.
• Step 7: Determination of torsional reinforcement
• Torsional reinforcing bars are determined for the three different types of
corners as explained earlier. The length of torsional strip is 4000/5 = 800
mm and the bars are to be provided in four layers. Each layer will have
0.75 times the steel used for the maximum positive moment. The C1 type
of corners will have the full amount of torsional steel while C2 type of
corners will have half of the amount provided in C1 type. The C3 type of
corners do not need any torsional steel. The results are presented in
Tabular form.
 Lx

Lx/5

Lx/5
Ly
STAIRCASES
Dr. G.C.Behera
 INTRODUCTION
• Staircase helps in accessioning to different floors and roof of the building.
It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate landing
slabs between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made
by arranging stairs and landing slabs.
• The design of the main components of a staircase-
• stair,
• landing slabs
• and supporting beams or wall –
 Two Flight

Single Flight

Helicoidal Type

Open well

Spiral Type
Plan
• (a) Tread: The horizontal top portion of a step where foot rests is known as tread. The
dimension ranges from 270 mm for residential buildings and factories to 300 mm for public
buildings where large number of persons use the staircase.
• (b) Nosing: In some cases the tread is projected outward to increase the space. This
projection is designated as nosing.
• (c) Riser: The vertical distance between two successive steps is termed as riser. The
dimension of the riser ranges from 150 mm for public buildings to 190 mm for residential
buildings and factories.
• (d) Waist: The thickness of the waist-slab on which steps are made is known as waist . The
depth (thickness) of the waist is the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the
staircase (cl. 33.3 of IS 456). The steps of the staircase resting on waist-slab can be made of
bricks or concrete.
• (e) Going: Going is the horizontal projection between the first and the last riser of an inclined
flight .
• The flight shown in Fig.a has two landings and one going. Figures b to d present the three
ways of arranging the flight as mentioned below:
• General Guidelines
• The following are some of the general guidelines to be considered while planning a staircase:
• • The respective dimensions of tread and riser for all the parallel steps should be the same in
consecutive floor of a building.
• • The minimum vertical headroom above any step should be 2 m.
• • Generally, the number of risers in a flight should be restricted to twelve.
• • The minimum width of stair should be 850 mm, though it is desirable to have the width
between 1.1 to 1.6 m. In public building, cinema halls etc., large widths of the stair should be
provided.
• The slab component of the stair spans either in the direction of going i.e.,
longitudinally or in the direction of the steps, i.e., transversely. The
systems are discussed below:
• (a) Stair slab spanning longitudinally
• b) Supported on edges AE and DH
• (c) Clamped along edges AE and DH
• (d) Supported on edges BF and CG
• (e) Supported on edges AE, CG (or BF) and DH
• (f) Supported on edges AE, BF, CG and DH
• In the case of two flight stair, sometimes the flight is supported between
the landings which span transversely as shown in Fig. It is worth
mentioning that some of the above mentioned structural systems are
statically determinate while others are statically indeterminate where
deformation conditions have to taken into account for the analysis.

BEAMS AT TWO ENDS OF LANDING BEAMS AT THREE ENDS OF LANDING

• (B) Stair slab spanning transversely
SLABS SUPPORTED
BETWEEN TWO
STRINGER BEAMS

CANTILEVER SLAB
FROM WALL
• Effective Span of Stairs
• The stipulations of clause 33 of IS 456 are given below as a ready reference
regarding the determination of effective span of stair. Three different cases are
given to determine the effective span of stairs without stringer beams.
• (i) The horizontal centre-to-centre distance of beams should be considered as the
effective span when the slab is supported at top and bottom risers by beams
spanning parallel with the risers.
• (ii) The horizontal distance equal to the going of the stairs plus at each end either
half the width of the landing or one meter, whichever is smaller when the stair
slab is spanning on to the edge of a landing slab which spans parallel with the
risers.
• (III) Where the landing slab spans in the same direction as the stairs, they shall be
considered as acting together to form a single slab and the span determined as the
distance centre-to-centre of the supporting beams or walls, the going being
measured horizontally.
• Design the waist-slab type of the staircase of Fig. Landing slab A is
supported on beams along JK and PQ, while the waist-slab and landing
slab B are spanning longitudinally as shown in Fig. The finish loads and live
loads are 1 kN/m2 and 5 kN/m2, respectively. Use riser R = 160 mm, trade T
= 270 mm, concrete grade = M 20 and steel grade = Fe 415.
• SOLUTION:
T
R

• When T is horizontal, inclined length=(R2+T2)1/2

• Foe 1 m. horizontal length,
• inclined length will be [(R2+T2)1/2 /T]=313.84
• (A) Design of going and landing slab B
• Step 1: Effective span and depth of slab 1M
• TAKING 1 M WIDTH FIND VOLUME OF ONE STEP=(1/2)*R*T*1
• NO. OF STEPS IN IM HORIZONTAL LENGTH=1/T
 Vc

33.75
12.375 24.75
• The effective span (cls. 33.1b and c) = 750 + 2700 + 1500 +
150 = 5100 mm. The depth of waist slab = 5100/20 = 255 mm.
Let us assume total depth of 250 mm and effective depth =
250 – 20 – 6 = 224 mm (assuming cover = 20 mm and
diameter of main reinforcing bar = 12 mm). The depth of
landing slab is assumed as 200 mm and effective depth = 200
– 20 – 6 = 174 mm.
• Step 2: Calculation of loads
• (i) Loads on going (on projected plan area)
• (a) Self-weight of waist-slab =1* 25*(0.25)*(313.85)/270 = 7.265
kN/m2
• (b) Self-weight of steps = 24*(0.5)(0.16) = 2.0 kN/m2
• (c) Finishes (given) = 1.0 kN/m2
• (d) Live loads (given) = 5.0 kN/m2
• Total = 15.265 kN/m2
Total factored loads = 1.5(15.265) = 22.9 kN/m2
(ii) Loads on landing slab A (50% of estimated loads)
(a) Self-weight of landing slab = 25(0.2) = 5 kN/m2
(b) Finishes (given) = 1 kN/m2
(c) Live loads (given) = 5 kN/m2
Total = 11 kN/m2
Factored loads on landing slab A = 0.5(1.5)(11) = 8.25 kN/m2
(iii) Factored loads on landing slab B = (1.5)(11) = 16.5 kN/m2
Step 3: Bending moment and shear force (Fig. )
Total loads for 1.5 m width of flight = 1.5{8.25(0.75) + 22.9(2.7) + 16.5(1.65)} = 142.86 kN
VC = 1.5{8.25(0.75)(5.1 – 0.375) + 22.9(2.7)(5.1 – 0.75 – 1.35) + 16.5(1.65)(1.65)(0.5)}/5.1 = 69.76 kN
VD = 142.86 – 69.76 = 73.1 kN
The distance x from the left where shear force is zero is obtained from:
69.76-12.375*.75-33.75*(X-.75)=0
x = {69.76 – 1.5(8.25)(0.75) + 1.5(22.9)(0.75)}/(1.5)(22.9) = 2.51 m
The maximum bending moment at x = 2.51 m is
= 69.76(2.51) – (1.5)(8.25)(0.75)(2.51 – 0.375) - (1.5)(22.9)(2.51 – 0.75)(2.51 – 0.75)(0.5) = 102.08
kNm.
For the landing slab B, the bending moment at a distance of 1.65 m from D
• = 73.1(1.65) – 1.5(16.5)(1.65)(1.65)(0.5) = 86.92 kNm
 1.76
0.94
X
12.375 34.35 24.75

0.75 2.7 1.65

E R D
C F
VC*5.1-12.375*0.75*(5.1-.75/2)-34.35*2.7*(1.65+2.7/2)-24.75*1.65*1.65/2=0
VC=69.76kN
VD=12.375*.75+34.35*2.7+24.75*1.65-69.76=73.1kN
MC=0
ME=69.76*0.75-12.375*0.75*0.75/2=48.83
SF at F=0=69.76-12.375*0.75-34.35*(X-0.75)=0
X=2.51m
MF=69.76*2.51-12.375*0.75*(2.51-0.75/2)-34.75*1.76*1.76/2=102.08
MR=73.1*1.65-24.75*1.65*1.65/2=86.92
MF=73.1*(1.65+0.94)-24.75*1.65*(0.94+1.65/2)-
34.35**0.94*0.94/2=
• From the maximum moment, we get d =
{102080000/(0.138*20*1500)}½ = 157.02 mm < 224 mm for
waist-slab and < 174 mm for landing slabs. Hence, both the
depths of 250 mm and 200 mm for waist-slab and landing
slab are more than adequate for bending.
• For the waist-slab, τvu = 73100/[1500*(224)] = 0.217
N/mm2. For the waist-slab of depth 250 mm, k = 1.1 (cl.
40.2.1.1 of IS 456) and from Table 19 of IS 456, τc =
1.1(0.28) = 0.308 N/mm2. Table 20 of IS 456, τcmax = 2.8
N/mm2. Since τvu < τc < τcmax, the depth of waist-slab as 250
mm is safe for shear.
• For the landing slab, τvu = 73100/(1500*174) = 0.28 N/mm2.
For the landing slab of depth 200 mm, k = 1.2 (cl. 40.2.1.1
of IS 456) and from Table 19 of IS 456,k* τc= 1.2(0.28) =
0.336 N/mm2 and from Table 20 of IS 456, τcmax = 2.8
N/mm2. Here also τvu < τc < τcmax , so the depth of landing
slab as 200 mm is safe for shear.
• Step 5: Determination of areas of steel reinforcement
• (i) Waist-slab: Mu/bd2 = 10208000/[1500*224*224 ]= 1.356 N/mm2.
Table 2 of SP-16 gives p = 0.411.
• The area of steel = 0.411(1000)(224)/(100) = 920.64 mm2. Provide
12 mm diameter @ 120 mm c/c (= 942 mm2/m). [Calculated for 1m
width)
• (ii) Landing slab B: Mu/bd2 at a distance of 1.65 m from VD =
86920000/(1500*174*174) = 1.91 N/mm2. Table 2 of SP-16 gives: p
= 0.606. The area of steel = 0.606(1000) (174)/100 = 1054 mm2/m.
Provide 16 mm diameter @ 240 mm c/c and 12 mm dia. @ 240 mm
c/c (1309 mm2) at the bottom of landing slab B of which 16 mm
bars will be terminated at a distance of 500 mm from the end and
will continue up to a distance of 1000 mm at the bottom of waist
slab .
• Distribution steel: The same distribution steel is provided for both
the slabs as calculated for the waist-slab. The amount is = 0.12(250)
(1000)/100 = 300 mm2/m. Provide 8 mm diameter @ 160 mm c/c (=
314 mm2/m). 240
• Step 6: Checking of development length and diameter of main bars
• Development length of 12 mm diameter bars = 47(12) = 564 mm, say 600 mm
and the same of 16 mm dia. Bars = 47(16) = 752 mm, say 800 mm.
• (i) For waist-slab
• Ast=(1500/120)*113=1412.5 mm2

Vu (shear force) = 73.1 kN

• So, it is OK
• (ii) For landing-slab B

• So, it is OK.
• (B) Design of landing slab A
• Step 1: Effective span and depth of slab
The effective span is lesser of (Taking Depth D=200 mm, deff=174 mm)
(i) (1500 + 1500 + 150 + 174)=3324 mm, lcl+deff
(ii) (1500 + 1500 + 150 + 300) = 3450 mm, c/c
Leff=3324 mm
The depth of landing slab = 3324/20 = 166 mm, < 200 mm already assumed.
So, the depth is 200 mm.
• Step 2: Calculation of loads
• The following are the loads:
(i) Factored load on landing slab A(see Step 2 of A @ 50%) = 8.25 kN/m2
(ii) Factored reaction VC (see Step 3 of A) = 69.76 kN as the total load of one
flight
(iii) Factored reaction VC from the other flight = 69.76 kN
• Thus, the total load on landing slab A
• = (8.25)(1.5)(3.324) + 69.76 + 69.76 = 180.65 kN
• Due to symmetry of loadings, VE = VF = 90.33 kN. The bending moment is
maximum at the centre line of EF.
• Step 3: Bending moment and shear force (width = 1500 mm)
• Maximum bending moment = (180.65)(3.324)/8 = 75.06 kNm
• Maximum shear force = 0.5(180.65) = 90.33 kN
• Step 4: Checking of depth of slab
• In Step 3 of A, it has been observed that 135.98 mm is the required depth for
bending moment = 102.08 kNm. So, the depth of 200 mm is safe for this
bending moment of 75.06 kNm. However, a check is needed for shear force.
• τvu = 90330/1500(174) = 0.347 N/mm2 > 0.336 N/mm2
• The above value of τc = 0.336 N/mm2 for landing slab of depth 200 mm has
been obtained in Step 4 of A. However, here τc is for the minimum tensile steel
in the slab. The checking of depth for shear shall be done after determining the
area of tensile steel as the value of vτ is marginally higher.
• For Mu/bd2 = 75060000/[(1500)*(174)*(174)]= 1.65 N/mm2, Table 2 of SP-16
gives p = 0.512.
• The area of steel = (0.512)(1000)(174)/100 = 890.88 mm2/m. Provide 12 mm
diameter @ 120 mm c/c (= 942 mm2/m). With this area of steel p =
942(100)/1000(174) = 0.541.
• Distribution steel = The same as in Step 5 of A i.e., 8 mm diameter @ 160
mm c/c.
• Step 6: Checking of depth for shear
• Table 19 and cl. 40.2.1.1 gives: τc= (1.2)(0.493) = 0.5916 N/mm2. τvu = 0.347
N/mm2 (see Step 3 of B) is now less than cτ (= 0.5916 N/mm2). Since, τvu <
τc < τcmax, the depth of 200 mm is safe for shear.