P - BLOCK ELEMENTS
P BLOCK ELEMENTS
elements in which the last electron enters the outermost p orbital.
ns²np¹⁻⁶
SIMPLY CONCISE
ns² ns² ns² ns² ns² ns²
np¹ np² np³ np⁴ np⁵ np⁶
INERT PAIR EFFECT
reluctance of s electrons to take part in bond formation
B: 2s² 2p¹
Tl: 6s² 6p¹
SIMPLY CONCISE 5d & 4f
the OS two unit less than the group OS
becomes progressively more stable for the
heavier elements in each group
ns² np¹
ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF FIRST ELEMENT
The first member of p-block differs from the remaining members of their
corresponding group
small size - form multiple bonds
high electronegativity
SIMPLY CONCISE
absence of vacant d orbital
only sp3, sp2, sp
GROUP 13 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
density: B < Al < Ga < In < Tl boiling pt: B > Al > Ga > In > Tl
exceptions -
atomic size: B < Ga < Al < In < Tl : due to poor screening of 3d e⁻
SIMPLY CONCISE
electro -ve: B > Tl > In > Ga > Al
melting pt: B > Al > Ga < In < Tl
ionisation Eⁿ: B Tl B > Tl > Ga > Al > In
Ga due to due to poor
LC screening of 3d e⁻
Al
In
ns² np¹ oxd. states: stability of +3 ↓ and +1 ↑ : due to inert pair effect
GROUP 13 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards air: note:
E + O₂ → E₂O₃ B doesn’t react in crystalline form
E + N₂ → EN Al forms a thin oxide layer in moist air
BN - inorganic graphite
SIMPLY CONCISE
B - acidic Al, Ga - amphoteric In, Tl - basic
Reactivity towards acid and alkalies:
Al + HCl →
AlCl₃ + H₂
Al + NaOH →
Na[Al(OH)₄] + H₂
Reactivity towards halogens:
EX₃, EX TlX₃
GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
atomic size: C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb boiling pt: C > Si > Ge > Sn > Pb
exceptions -
ionisation Eⁿ: C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn : due to lanthanoid contraction
SIMPLY CONCISE
melting pt: C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
density: Si < C < Ge < Sn < Pb
electro -ve: Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn < Pb < C
catenation: C >> Si > Ge ≈ Sn > Pb
oxd. states: stability of +4 ↓ and +2 ↑ : due to inert pair effect
ns² np²
GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards oxygen: note:
E + O₂ → EO₂ CO - neutral
E + O₂ → EO PbO, SnO, PbO₂, SnO₂ - amphoteric
CO₂, SiO, SiO₂, GeO, GeO₂ - acidic
C/Si/Ge + H₂O
SIMPLY
Reactivity towards water:
→
no rkⁿ
CONCISE
note:
Pb - protective oxide film formation
Sn + H₂O →
SnO₂ + H₂
Reactivity towards halogen: note:
EX₄, EX₂ SnF₄ & PbF₄ - ionic in nature
PbI₄ does not exists due to IPE
[SiCl₆]²⁻ does not exists due to
bigger size of Cl
GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Diamond:
rigid 3-dimensional network of carbon atoms
sp3 hybridised carbons, non aromatic
dangling bonds are there
SIMPLY CONCISE
good thermal conductivity
poor electrical conductivity
Graphite:
layered structure held by van der waals force
sp2 hybridised carbons, aromatic
dangling bonds are there
good thermal & electrical conductivity
most stable allotrope of carbon
GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Fullerenes:
electric arc in
Graphite presence of He/Ag
Fullerenes
C₆₀ - C₃₅₀
SIMPLY CONCISE
C₆₀ - Buckminsterfullerene
no dangling bonds are there
20 six-membered rings & 12 five membered rings
sp2 hybridised carbons, aromatic
good thermal & electrical conductivity
Amorphous forms:
carbon black, coke, charcoal - impure forms of graphite n fullerenes
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
size & BP: N < P < As < Sb < Bi
electro -ve & IE: N > P > As > Sb > Bi
SIMPLY CONCISE
exceptions -
melting pt: N < P < As > Sb > Bi
oxd. states: stability of +5 ↓ and +3 ↑
ns² np³
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP: H bonds
NH₃ PH₃ AsH₃ SbH₃ BiH₃ PH₃ < AsH₃ < NH₃ < SbH₃ < BiH₃
BDE↓→ ↓
thermal stability MP:
↓ ↑
SIMPLY
↓ → ∠↓ CONCISE
basic strength & reducing power
e⁻ density at central atom
PH₃ < AsH₃ < SbH₃ < BiH₃ < NH₃
Reactivity towards oxygen: note:
N₂O₃ P₂O₃ As₂O₃ Sb₂O₃ Bi₂O₃ N₂O₃, P₂O₃ - acidic
N₂O₅ P₂O₅ As₂O₅ Sb₂O₅ Bi₂O₅ As₂O₃, Sb₂O₃ - amphoteric
Bi₂O₃ - basic
acidic strength ↓ E₂O₃ < E₂O₅
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards halogen: covalent character:
EX₃, EX₅ NX₅ no d orbital EX₃ < EX₅
#for any Qs on covalent character
SIMPLY CONCISE
- use fajan’s rule
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHORUS
White Phosphorus
translucent white waxy solid
glows in dark, poisonous
insoluble in H₂O, soluble in CS₂
P₄ + 5O₂
SIMPLY CONCISE
less stable and more reactive
→ P₄O₁₀
Red Phosphorus:
forms by heating white P at 573K for days
possesses iron grey lusture
doesn’t glow in dark, non-poisonous
insoluble in H₂O as well as CS₂
much less reactive than white P
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHORUS
Black Phosphorus
α-black & β-black
803K
P₄ sealed tube
P₄ α-black
SIMPLY CONCISE
red
473K
P₄ high pressure
P₄ β-black
red
note - highly polymeric & most stable allotrope of phosphorus
insoluble in H₂O as well as CS₂
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
size, mp, bp: O < S < Se < Te < Po electro -ve: O > S > Se > Te > Po
and density and IE
exceptions -
SIMPLY CONCISE
EGE: S > Se > Te > Po > O : due to high e-e repulsion
↓ ↑
oxd. states: stability of +6 and +4 : due to inert pair effect
OS of oxygen -
OF₂ - +2 H₂O₂ - -1 Cl₂O - -2 KO₂ - -1/2 O₂F₂ - +1 KO₃ - -1/3
imp.point -
O : small size → forms pπ-pπ multiple bonds → exists as O₂(g)
S : large size → can’t form multiple bonds → exists as S₈(s)
ns² np⁴
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP & MP: H bonds
H₂O H₂S H₂Se H₂Te H₂Po H₂S < H₂Se < H₂Te < H₂Po < H₂O
BDE ↓→ ↓
Δ stability , acidic strength & reducing power ↑
↓→ ↓
SIMPLY CONCISE
e⁻ density at central atom bond angle
Reactivity towards oxygen:
O₃ SO₂ SeO₂ TeO₂ PoO₂
- SO₃ SeO₃ TeO₃ PoO₃
oxidising power ↑ EO₃ > EO₂
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards halogen: covalent character:
EX₄, EX₆ OX₆ no d orbital EX₄ < EX₆ #fajan’s rule
SF6 is exceptionally stable for steric reasons
SIMPLY CONCISE
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR
Rhombic sulphur (α-Sulphur)
crown shaped
yellow in colour
SIMPLY CONCISE
stable at room temp.
Monoclinic sulphur (β-Sulphur)
chair shaped
colourless
stable at and above 369K
transition temp.
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
size, mp, bp, density: F < Cl < Br < I < At
electro -ve, IE: F > Cl > Br > I > At
exceptions -
SIMPLY CONCISE
EGE: Cl > F > Br > I : due to high e-e repulsion
diatomic molecule -
F₂ Cl₂ Br₂ I₂
oxd. power: F₂ > Cl₂ > Br₂ > I₂
BDE: Cl₂ > Br₂ > F₂ > I₂ : due to high e-e repulsion
ns² np⁵
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP:
HF HCl HBr HI HCl < HBr < HI < HF : H bonds
BDE ↓→ ↓
Δ stability MP:
↑
SIMPLY CONCISE
acidic strength & reducing power HCl < HBr < HF < HI
GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
size, mp, bp, density: He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
electro -ve, IE: He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
SIMPLY CONCISE
exceptions -
EGE: He < Rn ≈ Xe < Kr < Ar < Ne
imp. points -
highly stable due to completely filled orbitals
largest size in respc. period due to VDW radius
very high IE due to stable EC
+ve ΔegH due to completely filled orbitals
low mp & bp due to weak VDW forces
ns² np⁶
