Lecture- 01 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
1 Introduction

2 First Atom of the group

3 Inert Pair Effect

 Metal , Non-metal , Metalloid , Radioactive element
Radioactive element
He
Synthetically prepared
radioactive element B C N O F Ne

Abondance in Earth Crust : Al Si P S Cl Ar

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Ga, Ge and Bi liquid expands
when it forms the solid. Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Nh Fl
 Electronic Configuration
He

B C N O F Ne

Al Si P S Cl Ar

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Nh Fl
QUESTION (20 July, 2021 / Shift-II)

Outermost electronic configuration of group 13 element, E, is 4s24p1. The electronic

configuration of an element of p-block period-five placed diagonally to element, E is:

A [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2

B [Kr] 3d10 4s2 4p2

C [Xe] 5d10 6s2 6p2

D [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

Atomic radius
He

B C – 77 pm N O F Ne

Al Si – 118 pm P S Cl Ar

Ga As Se Br Kr
Ge – 122 pm

In Sn – 140 pm Sb Te I Xe

Tl Pb – 146 pm Bi Po At Rn

Considerable increase in covalent radius from C to Si

From Si to Pb a small increase in radius -
This is due to the presence of completely filled d and f orbitals in heavier members.
 Ionisation Energy
He

B C N O F Ne

Al Si P S Cl Ar

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Electropositive Character :
 Electron Affinity
He

B C N O F Ne

Al Si P S Cl Ar

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Electronegativity

B – 2.0 C – 2.5 N O F

Al – 1.5 Si – 1.8 P S Cl

Ga – 1.6 Ge – 1.8 As Se Br

In – 1.7 Sn – 1.8 Sb Te I

Tl – 1.8 Pb – 1.9 Bi Po At
First Atom of Group

No, d orbital Hybridisation : sp sp2 sp3

Using d-orbitals the 3rd period elements can expand their covalency above four.

Existence : BF4– AlF63– SiF62– [GeCl6 ]2– [Sn(OH)6 ]2–

NCl5 PCl5

NF6– PF6–
 Small in size Form multiple bond easily

This type of π - bonding is not particularly strong for the heavier p-block elements. The
heavier elements do form π bonds but this involves d orbitals (dπ – pπ or dπ –dπ ).
NCERT

Nitrogen cannot form d – p bond as the heavier elements can.

QUESTION (12 Jan, 2019 / Shift-II)

The element that shows greater ability to form p-p multiple bonds, is :

A Sn

B C

C Ge

D Si
Oxidising Agent Reducing Agent

Elements with max. oxidation state Metals & Elements with lower or
min. oxidation state
H2SO4 SO3
SO2 H2S
HNO3

F2 F-

Cl2 Cl -

Br2 Br -

I2 I-
Inert Pair Effect

B C N

Al Si P

Ga Ge As

In Sn Sb

Tl Pb Bi

Reason : due to poor shielding of d and f e- : 6s e- pair does not take part in bonding
Stability of oxidation state
B+1 C+2 N+3 B+3 C+4 N+5

Al+1 Si+2 P+3 Al+3 Si+4 P+5

Ga+1 Ge+2 As+3 Ga+3 Ge+4 As+5

In+1 Sn+2 Sb+3 In+3 Sn+4 Sb+5

Tl+1 Pb+2 Bi+3 Tl+3 Pb+4 Bi+5

Applications : 1) Stability of Compounds

PbO PbO2 SnCl2 SnCl4

PbCl2 PbCl4 GeCl2 GeCl4

2) Identification of oxidising agent and reducing agent
Pb+4 Sn+2

PbCl4 SnCl2

PbO2 SnO
3) Existence and Non- Existence

TℓF3 PbF4 BiF5

Tl2O3 PbO2

NOTE : The well characterised Bi(+5) compound is BiF5 due to strong oxidising power of F2 .
4) Thermal / Chemical Stability
CCl4 SiCl4 GeCl4 SnCl4 PbCl4

CCl2 SiCl2 GeCl2 SnCl2 PbCl2

TℓF3 Tℓl3 Csl3

Lecture- 02 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
1 Oxo-acids

2 Oxides
 Oxo-acids
Group-13 Group-14 Group-15 Group-16 Group-17 Group-18

H3BO3 H2CO3 HNO3 H3PO4 H2SO4 HClO4 H4XeO6

HClO3 H4XeO4
H4SiO4 HNO2 H3PO3 H2SO3

HClO2
H2N2O2 H3PO2
HClO
Oxo-acids Anhydride

Meta…..ic acid
Hypo – ous acid

ous – acid ic – acid per….. ic acid

peroxy ….. ic acid

Pyro — ous acid Pyro — ic acid

 Acids of Nitrogen

Hyponitrous acid

+ [O] – [O]
Nitrous acid
Nitric acid
Peroxy nitric acid

Nitric Anhydride
Oxo-acids of Sulphur Sulphur trioxide

+ [O] – [O]

Sulphuric
Peroxy sulphuric acid Sulphurous acid
acid

Pyro sulphurous acid

Pyro sulphuric acid

+ [O]
Peroxy disulphuric acid
 Meta phosphoric acid
Oxo-acids of P

Hypo phosphorus acid

–[O]

–[O] +[O]

Peroxy Phosphor
Phosphorous acid Phosphoric acid acid

Pyro phosphorous acid

Pyro-phosphoric acid
+ [O] – [O]

Per-diphosphoric acid Hypo phosphoric acid

Acids having single CA
1) No of OH = No of H 2) n = 2 3) Always

n=3
H3BO3

H2CO3 H2N2O2 H3PO2

HNO3 H3PO4

HNO2 H3PO3
H2SO4 H2SO3

H2SO5 H4SiO4

HClO4 HClO2

HClO3 HClO
 Acids having two central atom
Theoretical OS < Max. OS

Theoretical OS = Max. OS

Theoretical OS > Max. OS

H4P2O6 H2S2O6

H4P2O7 H2S2O7

H4P2O8 H2S2O8
H6Si2O7 H2S2O5

H4B2O5 H2S2O4

H4B2O6 H2C2O4
Meta Acids : Polymeric in nature / Cyclic structure

H3PO4

H3BO3
Polythionic Acids
O O

O O S S
HO OH
S S O O
HO Sn OH
O O
O O

S S
HO S OH
O O
Oxy Acid Thio Acid

O O
H2SO4
S S
HO S S OH
O O
Anions ic acid : ate ion ous acid : ite ion

H2S2O3
HClO4

H2S4O6
HClO3

Na3PO4
HClO2

Na2HPO4
HClO

NaH2PO4
 Anhydride Mixed Anhydride

HNO3 NO2

HNO2 ClO2

H2N2O2
 Oxides
Based on : No of oxygen Sub-Oxides

Charge on O
C3O2

Oxides
Sesqui-Oxides C12O9
Per-Oxides
M2O3
Fe2O3
Super-Oxides
Cr2O3
Ozonides Al2O3
N2O3
B2O3 Al2O3 Ga2O3 In2O3 Tl2O3

CO SiO GeO SnO PbO

CO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2

Pb3O4

Pb2O3
N2O5 P2O5 As2O5 Sb2O5

N2O3 P2O3 As2O3 Sb2O3 Bi2O3

NO

N2O Order of Acidity P2O5 P2O3

NO2 As2O5 As2O3

N2O4
N2O5 N2O3 NO
N2O5 N2O3

NO2 NO

N2O
P4

P4O6 P4S3

P4O10
O2 SO2 SeO2 TeO2

O3 SO3 SeO3 TeO3

OF2 Cl2O Br2O I2 O 3

O2F2 Cl2O3 BrO2 I2 O 4

Cl2O4 BrO3 I2 O 5

Cl2O5

Cl2O6

Cl2O7
XeO4 XeO3
Lecture- 03 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
1 Heating Effect on Oxo-acids

2 Hydrolysis
Heating Effect Oxoacids

Max. Oxidation state Intermediate O.S. / Lower O.S.

HNO3 HNO2
H2SO4  
H3PO2

HClO4
H3PO3

H3PO4
HClO

H2CO3
HClO3

H3BO3
H3PO4 220°C 320°C 

100°C 140°C Red Hot

H3BO3

(a) x = H2B4O7 y = HBO2 z = B2O3

(b) x = HBO2 y = H2B4O7 z = B2O3

(c) x = B2O3 y = HBO2 z = H2B4O7

(d) None of these
 Hydrolysis

H2O
AB

H2O
AB
 CaO
Oxides

B2O3

Peroxides

Superoxides
Hydride
NaH

CaH2

H2O
Silicide Ca2Si + SiH4

Borides Ca3B2

Mg3B2
Ionic Carbide
CaC2 + H2O
(Acetilide)

Al4C3 + H2O
(Methanide)

Mg2C3 + H2O
Nitrides Li3N

Mg3N2

Phosphide Ca3P2

Ca3P2 + CaC2 : Holme’s Signal

 Hydrolysis of Halides

BCl3 + H2O
 PCl3 + H2O

PCl5 + H2O

SO2Cl2 + H2O
Sulphuril Chloride

SOCl2 + H2O
Thionyl Chloride
 Hydrolysis of Group – 13 Halides

Extent of Hydrolysis : BF3 BCl3 BBr3 BI3

BF3 + H2O

BF3 + HF
 Hydrolysis of Group – 14 Halides
Extent of hydrolysis : SiCl4 CCl4

SiCl4 + H2O

CCl4 + H2O
SiF4 + H2O

SiF4 + HF
 Hydrolysis of Group – 15 Halides
NF3

NCl3

PCl3

AsCl3

SbCl3

BiCl3
 Hydrolysis of Group – 16 Halides

SCl4

SF6 : No hydrolysis

TeF6
 Hydrolysis of Halogens

F2 + H2O

Br2 + H2O

Cl2 + H2O

I2 + H2O

I– + H+ + O2 I2 + H2O
 Hydrolysis of Interhalogen Compounds

ICl

CIF3

IF5

IF7
 Partial Hydrolysis of XeF6

H2O H2O H2O

XeF6
 Hydrolysis of Xe Fluorides

H2O
XeF2

H2O
XeF6

H2O

XeF4
H2O
NaOH(aq)

H2CO3

HNO3

H3PO4

H3PO2
Reaction with NaOH(aq)

CO2

N2O5

P2O5

Cl2O7

SiO2
Amphoteric Oxides :
BeO

Be(OH)2

ZnO

PbO

PbO2

SnO

SnO2
 NaOH

ZnO
HCl

NaOH

PbO
HCl

NaOH

Cr2O3
HCl
Reaction of NaOH(aq)
Sn , Al , Pb , Zn , B , Si

M + NaOH NaxMOy + H2
Non Metal + Alkali solution Disproportionation Reaction

F2 NaOH

R.T.

Cl2
Hot

R.T.
Br2
Hot

R.T.
l2
Hot
 H2O

P4
NaOH

H2O

S8
NaOH
Lecture- 04 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
1 Hydrolysis

2 NaOH
 Hydrolysis of Halogens

F2 + H2O

Br2 + H2O

Cl2 + H2O

I2 + H2O

I– + H+ + O2 I2 + H2O
 Hydrolysis of Interhalogen Compounds

ICl

CIF3

IF5

IF7
 Partial Hydrolysis of XeF6

H2O H2O H2O

XeF6
 Hydrolysis of Xe Fluorides

H2O
XeF2

H2O
XeF6

H2O

XeF4
H2O
NaOH(aq)

H2CO3

HNO3

H3PO4

H3PO2

H2S2O3
Reaction with NaOH(aq)

CO2

N2O5

P2O5

Cl2O7

SiO2
Amphoteric Oxides :

BeO

ZnO

PbO

PbO2

SnO

SnO2
 NaOH

ZnO
HCl

NaOH

PbO
HCl

NaOH

Cr2O3
HCl
Sn , Al , Pb , Zn , B , Si

M + NaOH NaxMOy + H2
Sn , Al , Pb , Zn , B , Si
Non Metal + Alkali solution Disproportionation Reaction

F2 NaOH

R.T.

Cl2
Hot

R.T.
Br2
Hot

R.T.
l2
Hot
 H2O

P4
NaOH

H2O

S8
NaOH
Bond Energy

C C Si Si

N N P P

O O S S

F F Cl Cl

BDE : Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2

Catenation Property Self linking property of an element
Single bond formation tendency with itself
NCERT

The order of catenation is C >> Si > Ge  Sn . Pb does not show catenation .

Except nitrogen, all the elements show allotropy.

Form single bonds as P–P, As–As and Sb–Sb.

Bismuth forms metallic bonds in elemental state.

Allotropes Different forms of an element within the same physical phase

Carbon Phosphorus Sulphur

Diamond Red Rhombic
Graphite White Monoclinic
Fullerenes Black
QUESTION (12 Jan, 2019 / Shift-II)

The element that does NOT show catenation is :

A Ge

B Si

C Sn

D Pb
QUESTION (01 Feb, 2023 / Shift-II)

The correct order of bond enthalpy (kJ mol–1) is :

A Si – Si > C – C > Sn-Sn > Ge – Ge

B Si – Si > C – C > Ge - Ge > Sn – Sn

C C – C > Si – Si > Sn - Sn > Ge – Ge

D C – C > Si – Si > Ge - Ge > Sn - Sn

Lecture- 05 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
1 Allotropes

2 Hydrides

3 Physical Properties
The single N – N bond is weaker than the single P – P bond because of high interelectronic
repulsion of the non-bonding electrons, owing to the small bond length. As a result the catenation
tendency is weaker in nitrogen .
Allotropes of carbon

Diamond

Crystalline lattice

Carbon atom : sp3

Rigid 3-D network of carbon atoms

Covalent Solid

All C — C bond lengths are same.

Very difficult to break extended covalent bonding, diamond is a hardest

material and having high melting point.
Graphite

Flat layered structure of hexagons

Carbon atom : sp2

Layers are held by VWFOA.

All C — C bond lengths are same due to

resonance .
 Graphite cleaves easily between the layers therefore it is very soft and
NCERT slippery. For this reason graphite is used as a dry lubricant in machines
running at high temperature, where oil cannot be used as a lubricant.

4th electron forms a  bond , this electron is free

to migrate in the sheet so graphite is a good
conductor along the sheet
but semi-conductor perpendicular to the sheet.

It is very important to know that graphite is

thermodynamically most stable allotrope of carbon
and, therefore, ∆Hf of graphite is taken as zero.
 Diamond Graphite

Density :

Electrical :
Conductivity
Thermal :

Thermal stability :

Bond Length :

Melting Point :
Fullerenes Buckminsterfullerene ( C60 )

2 types of ring

Cage like molecules

Shape like : Soccer ball
 Bonds : Not in pentagon
Only in hexagon
Carbon atom : sp2

2 Types of bond length : Single & double bonds

 No of vertices :

No of faces :

No of edges :

Electric Arc
Graphite
He / Ar

Fullerenes are the only pure form of carbon because they have smooth structure
without having ‘dangling’ bonds.
QUESTION (16 March, 2021 / Shift-II)

The INCORRECT statement regarding the structure of C60 is:

A Each carbon atom forms three sigma bonds

B The five-membered rings are fused only to six-membered rings

C The six-membered rings are fused to both six and five-membered rings

D It contains 12 six-membered rings and 24 five-membered rings

QUESTION (12 April, 2019 / Shift-II)

The C – C bond length is maximum in

A Graphite

B Naphthalene

C Diamond

D C60
 Allotropes of Phosphorus

White phos. P4 Red phos. (P4)n Black phos. Pn

Polymeric chain Covalent solid

Because of angular strain in the P4 molecule, it readily catches fire in air to give
dense white fumes.
 White Phos. P4 Red Phos. (P4)n
P P P P

P P P P P P P P
P P P P

Reactivity :

Thermal stability :

Solubility (in water) :

Solubility (in CS2) :

Glow :
 White Phos. P4 Red Phos. (P4)n
P P P P

P P P P P P P P
P P P P

Translucent white waxy solid Iron grey lustre

Poisonous Non - poisonous

White Phos. dissolves in boiling NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere giving PH3.
 Black Phos. Pn

573 K 803 K
P4 (P4)n Pn -form
Sealed tube

473 K -form
Pn
Under high pressure
 Allotropes of Sulphur
S S S Rhombic Sulphur Monoclinic Sulphur
S S -Sulphur -Sulphur
S
S S S8 S8

Transition (at 369 K) :

Solubility (in water) :
Solubility (in CS2) :
Stability (at RT) :

The S8 ring in both the forms is puckered and has a crown shape.
 Allotropes of Sulphur

At elevated temperatures (~ 1000 K), S2 is the dominant species and is

paramagnetic like O2.
Order of B.P. :

CH4 NH3 H2O HF

SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl

GeH4 AsH3 H2Se H Br

SnH4 SbH3 H2Te HI

 Hydrogen Containing Compounds

H—F H — Cl H — Br H—I

Bond length :

Bond strength :

B.D.E. :

Acidic strength :

Boiling point :
 NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 BiH3

Bond length :

Bond strength :

B.D.E. :

Basic Strength :

Reducing power :

Boiling point :
 H2O H2S H2Se H2Te

Bond length :

Bond strength :

B.D.E. :

Acidic strength :

Reducing power :

Boiling point :
 Physical Properties (data based)

1. B.P. 13th & 14 : ↓ (Top to bottom)

15th, 16th, 17th, 18th : ↑ (Top to bottom)

2. M.P. 13th B > Al > Ga < In < Tl

14th C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb (Same Order as I.E.)

15th N < P < As > Sb > Bi

16th, 17th, 18th → Top to Bottom : M.P. ↑

3. Density : ↑ Top → Bottom in P-block

One Exception : C > Si
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Lecture- 06 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
1 Reactions of p block
 H3PO4 H3PO3 H3PO2

No. of replacable H+

No. of P — H bond

Reducing Property

Acidic Order

AgNO3 + H2O + H3PO2

 Standard Reduction Potential

F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
+ve E° value
Oxidising power

The ready acceptance of an electron is the reason for the strong oxidizing nature of halogens.

F2

3 factors are responsible for E° order Bond Dissociation Energy

Electron gain enthalpy
Hydration energy
Oxidising power F2 Cl2

F2

Cl2

Bond Dissociation Energy

Electron gain enthalpy

Hydration energy
F2 + Cl–

F2 + Br–

F2 + l–

Cl2 + Br–

Cl2 + I–

Br2 + I–
 Table for Oxidising Power
fir ozo bich-bazar mar gya per-man per man ka control nhi

F2 O3 CaOCl2 S2O82– KMnO4 / H+ H2O2 MnO2 K2Cr2O7/H+

kal nayi krega safayi

Cl2 HNO3 H2SO4

bahar nitrous fir

Br2 HNO2 Fe3+

se aayi
I2 Bi+5 Pb+4 : SOA
 Oxidation
Fe+2 Fe+3 SO2 SO3 / SO42–

Cl– Cl2 HNO2 HNO3

Br– Br2 H2O O2

I– I2 NO NO2

NH3 N2 H2SO3 H2SO4

H2O2 O2 S S2– SO2

 Oxidation
CO CO2

H3PO3 H3PO4

H2S S

Sn+2 Sn+4

H2C2O4 CO2
 Reduction
F2 F–
K2Cr2O7/H+ Cr+3
Br2 Br–
Fe+3 Fe+2
Cl2 Cl–
HNO3 NO2
I2 I–
HNO3 NO / N2O
O3 O2 /O2–
HNO2 NO
H2O2 H2O

MnO2 Mn2+
 Reduction
Pb+4 Pb+2 Hg+2 Hg2+2
PbO2
Pb3O4 Hg2+2 Hg

Bi+5 Bi+3
H+
Mn+2
Cu+2 Cu+1
KMnO4
Neutral
MnO2
CaOCl2 CaCl2
base
MnO4–2
Ag+ Ag
Non – Oxidising Acid Oxidising Acid

Conc. H2SO4 Conc. / dil. HX

Conc. / dil. HNO3 Conc. / dil. H2CO3

Conc. / dil. HXOn Conc. / dil. H3PO4

Conc. / dil. H3PO3

dil. H2SO4
C2O42– KI

H2SO3 Fe2+(Green)

KMnO4 / H+
SO32– Oxalic acid

NO2– H2S
 MnCl2 + K2S2O8 + H2O

I–

Neutral
S2O32–
MnO4–
Mild basic

Mn2+
ZnO as catalyst
QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2004)

The product of oxidation of I– with MnO4– in alkaline medium is :

A IO3–

B I2

C IO–

D IO4–
KMnO4 / H+
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O

1. In acid solutions:

(a) Iodine is liberated from potassium iodide:

10I– + 2MnO4– + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5I2

(b) Fe2+ ion (green) is converted to Fe3+ (yellow) :

5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8 H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+
KMnO4 / H+

(c) Oxalate ion or oxalic acid is oxidised at 333 K :

5C2O42– + 2MnO4– + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2

(d) Hydrogen sulphide is oxidised, sulphur being precipitated :

H2S 2H+ + S2–
5S2– + 2MnO4– + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5S

(e) Sulphurous acid or sulphite is oxidised to a sulphate or sulphuric acid:

5SO32– + 2MnO4– + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5SO42–

(f) Nitrite is oxidised to nitrate :

5NO2– + 2MnO4– + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 3NO3– + 3H2O
KMnO4

2. In neutral of faintly alkaline solutions :

(a) A notable reaction is the oxidation of iodide to iodate :

2MnO4– + H2O + I– 2MnO2 + 2OH– + IO3–

(b) Thiosulphate is oxidised almost quantitatively to sulphate:

8MnO4– + 3S2O32– + H2O 8MnO2 + 6SO42– + 2OH–

(c) Manganous salt is oxidised to MnO2; the presence of zinc sulphate or zinc
oxide catalyses the oxidation :
2MnO4– + 3Mn2+ + 2H2O 5MnO2 + 4H+
 H2S

Sn2+

K2Cr2O7/H+

Fe2+

I–
K2Cr2O7/H+

Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (E = 1.33 V)

6I– 3I2 + 6e– ; 3Sn2+ 3Sn4+ + 6e–

3H2S 6H+ + 3S + 6e– ; 6Fe2+ 6Fe3+ + 6e–

QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2023)

H2S (5 moles) reacts completely with acidified aqueous potassium

permanganate solution. In this reaction, the number of moles of water produced
is x, and the number of moles of electrons involved is y. The value of (x + y) is
___________.
QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2016)

In neutral or faintly alkaline solution, 8 moles of permanganate anion quantitative

oxidise thiosulphate anions to produce X moles of a sulphur containing product.
The magnitude of X is ...
QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2011)

Reduction of the metal centre in aqueous permanganate ion involves :

A 3 electron in neutral medium

B 5 electron in neutral medium

C 3 electrons in alkaline medium

D 5 electrons in acidic medium

QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2007)

Which of the following will not be oxidised by O3?

A Kl

B FeSO4

C KMnO4

D K2MnO4
09 April, 2019 (Shift-I)

C60, an allotrope contains:

A 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons

B 12 hexagons and 20 pentagons

C 18 hexagons and 14 pentagons

D 16 hexagons and 16 pentagons

11 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)

The chloride that CANNOT get hydrolysed is :

A PbCl4

B CCl4

C SnCl4

D SiCl4
10 April, 2019 (Shift-II)

The number of pentagons in C60 and trigons (triangle) in white phosphorus,

respectively are:

A 12 and 3

B 20 and 4

C 12 and 4

D 20 and 3
25 July, 2021 (Shift-I)

Which one of the following compounds of Group-14 elements is not known?

A [GeCl6]2–

B [Sn(OH)6]2–

C [SiF6]2–

D [SiCl6]2–
09 April, 2019 (Shift-II)

The correct statements among the I to III regarding group 13 element oxides are
(I) Boron trioxide is acidic.
(II) Oxides of aluminium and gallium are amphoteric.
(III) Oxides of indium and thallium are basic.

A (I), (II) and (III)

B (II) And (III) only

C (I) and (III) only

D (I) and (II) only

INDIA की सबसे बड़ी
Offline Test Series
JEE Advanced
REAL Test
HAPPENING ON
10th Nov (OFFLINE)
 Why JEE REAL TEST Series?

Exam at actual NTA like

Happening in 250+ Cities 10 Real Tests + 24 Printed
exam centers for real
across PAN India Tests with OMR Sheets
exam simulation

Post exam test paper

Available in both English
discussion by top PW
& Hindi language
faculties
 Toppers of DROPPER JEE REAL TEST 01
Congratulations
Exam Class Test Student Name Marks Total Marks Rank Location

JEE Dropper Test 01 Mahak Gupta 254 300 1 BIKANER

JEE Dropper Test 01 Akshit Kumar 253 300 2 SIKAR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Saurabh Gupta 237 300 3 BASTI

JEE Dropper Test 01 Subhranil Ghosh 235 300 4 KOLKATA

JEE Dropper Test 01 Mahesh Reddy 226 300 5 BANGALORE

JEE Dropper Test 01 Vedant Sandeep Mahant 224 300 6 NAGPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Ujjwal Singhal 223 300 7 SAHARANPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Krish Jain 222 300 8 GORAKHPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Adarsh Kumar 220 300 9 GAYA

JEE Dropper Test 01 Sumit Namdev 219 300 10 BETUL

 DROPPER JEE REAL TEST 02 & TEST 03 SYLLABUS
Overview
Exam Test
Mode Pattern Physics Chemistry Maths
Date No.
Rotational Motion
Thermodynamics
Mechanical Properties of Solids Sets
Equilibrium
Thermal Properties of Matter Relations and Functions
Electrochemistry
Sunday, October Kinetic Theory & Thermodynamics Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Online JEE Mains Test 2 Chemical Kinetics
27, 2024 Mechanical Properties of Fluids Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Structure of Atom
Oscillations Method of Differentiation
Some Basic Principles and
Waves Application of Derivatives
Techniques: IUPAC Nomenclature
Wave Optics
Mathematical Tools Classification of Elements and
Basic Maths
Motion in a Straight Line Periodicity in Properties
Quadratic Equations
Motion in a Plane Chemical Bonding and Molecular
Sequence and Series
Laws of Motion Structure
Trigonometric Functions
Work, Energy and Power Some Basic Concepts of
Trigonometric Equation
Circular Motion Chemistry
Determinants
Sunday, Centre of Mass & System of Particles Redox Reaction
Trigonometric Equation
November 10, Offline JEE Advanced Test 3 Rotational Motion Solutions
Matrices
2024 Mechanical Properties of Solids Thermodynamics
Sets
Thermal Properties of Matter Equilibrium
Relations and Functions
Kinetic Theory & Thermodynamics Electrochemistry
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Mechanical Properties of Fluids Chemical Kinetics
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Oscillations Structure of Atom
Method of Differentiation
Waves Some Basic Principles and
Application of Derivatives
Wave Optics Techniques:IUPAC Nomenclature
Lecture- 07 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
1 Reactions of p block ( part-2 )
 H2S

Sn2+

K2Cr2O7/H+
Fe2+

I–
QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2023)

H2S (5 moles) reacts completely with acidified aqueous potassium

permanganate solution. In this reaction, the number of moles of water produced
is x, and the number of moles of electrons involved is y. The value of (x + y) is
___________.
QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2016)

In neutral or faintly alkaline solution, 8 moles of permanganate anion quantitative

oxidise thiosulphate anions to produce X moles of a sulphur containing product.
The magnitude of X is ...
QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2011)

Reduction of the metal centre in aqueous permanganate ion involves :

A 3 electron in neutral medium

B 5 electron in neutral medium

C 3 electrons in alkaline medium

D 5 electrons in acidic medium

QUESTION (JEE Advanced 2007)

Which of the following will not be oxidised by O3?

A Kl

B FeSO4

C KMnO4

D K2MnO4
09 April, 2019 (Shift-I)

C60, an allotrope contains:

A 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons

B 12 hexagons and 20 pentagons

C 18 hexagons and 14 pentagons

D 16 hexagons and 16 pentagons

11 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)

The chloride that CANNOT get hydrolysed is :

A PbCl4

B CCl4

C SnCl4

D SiCl4
10 April, 2019 (Shift-II)

The number of pentagons in C60 and trigons (triangle) in white phosphorus,

respectively are:

A 12 and 3

B 20 and 4

C 12 and 4

D 20 and 3
25 July, 2021 (Shift-I)

Which one of the following compounds of Group-14 elements is not known?

A [GeCl6]2–

B [Sn(OH)6]2–

C [SiF6]2–

D [SiCl6]2–
09 April, 2019 (Shift-II)

The correct statements among the I to III regarding group 13 element oxides are
(I) Boron trioxide is acidic.
(II) Oxides of aluminium and gallium are amphoteric.
(III) Oxides of indium and thallium are basic.

A (I), (II) and (III)

B (II) And (III) only

C (I) and (III) only

D (I) and (II) only

17 March, 2021 (Shift-I)

The reaction of white phosphorus on boiling with alkali in inert atmosphere

resulted in the formation of product ‘A’. The reaction of 1 mol of ‘A’ with excess of
AgNO3 in aqueous medium gives______ mol(s) of Ag.
(Round off to the Nearest Integer).
 KMnO4 / H+ K2Cr2O7 / H+

H2SO4
O2 CuCl2
Deacon’s Process
HCl MnO2

PbO2

O3

Pb3O4 CaOCl2
KMnO4 / H+ K2Cr2O7 / H+

O3 H2SO4

HBr
PbO2 MnO2

Pb3O4 CaOCl2
KMnO4 / H+ K2Cr2O7 / H+

HNO3 K2S2O8

O3
H2SO4

HIO3
HI
MnO2
PbO2

FeCl3
HNO2

Pb3O4 CaOCl2
 Chlorine as Oxidising agent
FeSO4 + H2SO4 + Cl2

Na2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O

SO2 + H2O + Cl2

I2 + H2O + Cl2
 H2SO4 as Oxidising agent
H2SO4
Cu +
H2SO4

H2SO4
S +
H2SO4

H2SO4
C +
H2SO4
 Fe3+
I– + S2O82–

An explanation of this catalytic action can be given as :

Fe3+ + I–
Fe2+ + S2O82–

I2 + Na2S2O3
 HNO3

HNO3 + Non metals – ic acid + NO2

HNO3 + S

HNO3 + I2

HNO3 + P4

HNO3 + C
Li Pb
conc. HNO3 conc. HNO3
K H

Ba Cu
dil dil
Sr HNO3 HNO3
Hg

Ag
Zn
Pt

Sn
Au
M + Conc. HNO3 M(NO3)y + NO2

Zn + Conc. HNO3

Cu + Conc. HNO3

M + dil. HNO3 M(NO3)y + N2O / NO

Zn + dil. HNO3

Cu + dil. HNO3

M + Conc. HNO3
Noble Metals = Au / Pt
29 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)

Total number of acidic oxides among N2O3, NO2, N2O, Cl2O7, SO2, CO, CaO, Na2O
and NO is ___________.
30 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)

Bond dissociation energy of E – H bond of the “H2E” hydrides of group 16

elements (given below), follows order.
(A) O (B) S (C) Se (D) Te

A A>B>C>D

B A>B>D>C

C B>A>C>D

D D>C>B>A
31 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)

The oxidation state of phosphorus in hypophosphoric acid is +___________.

01 Feb, 2023 (Shift-I)

Sum of oxidation states of bromine in bromic acid and perbromic acid is ________.
03 Sep, 2020 (Shift-I)

Pyrophosphoric acid contains.

No. of P = O bond No. of P – OH bond No. of P – O – P bond

A 2 4 1

B 4 2 1

C 2 3 2

D 2 2 –1
07 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)

Number of S − O bond in S2O82− and number of S − S bond in Rhombic sulphur are

respectively :

A 8, 8

B 8, 6

C 2, 4

D 4, 2
08 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)

Given P4 + NaOH + H2O → PH3 + A ⎯⎯→ ( B ) Basicity of B is

HCl

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4
09 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)

Which of the following can not act as both oxidising and reducing agent ?

A H2SO3

B HNO2

C H3PO4

D H2O2
INDIA की सबसे बड़ी
Offline Test Series
JEE Advanced
REAL Test
HAPPENING ON
10th Nov (OFFLINE)
 Why JEE REAL TEST Series?

Exam at actual NTA like

Happening in 250+ Cities 10 Real Tests + 24 Printed
exam centers for real
across PAN India Tests with OMR Sheets
exam simulation

Post exam test paper

Available in both English
discussion by top PW
& Hindi language
faculties
 Toppers of DROPPER JEE REAL TEST 01
Congratulations
Exam Class Test Student Name Marks Total Marks Rank Location

JEE Dropper Test 01 Mahak Gupta 254 300 1 BIKANER

JEE Dropper Test 01 Akshit Kumar 253 300 2 SIKAR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Saurabh Gupta 237 300 3 BASTI

JEE Dropper Test 01 Subhranil Ghosh 235 300 4 KOLKATA

JEE Dropper Test 01 Mahesh Reddy 226 300 5 BANGALORE

JEE Dropper Test 01 Vedant Sandeep Mahant 224 300 6 NAGPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Ujjwal Singhal 223 300 7 SAHARANPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Krish Jain 222 300 8 GORAKHPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Adarsh Kumar 220 300 9 GAYA

JEE Dropper Test 01 Sumit Namdev 219 300 10 BETUL

 DROPPER JEE REAL TEST 02 & TEST 03 SYLLABUS
Overview
Exam Test
Mode Pattern Physics Chemistry Maths
Date No.
Rotational Motion
Thermodynamics
Mechanical Properties of Solids Sets
Equilibrium
Thermal Properties of Matter Relations and Functions
Electrochemistry
Sunday, October Kinetic Theory & Thermodynamics Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Online JEE Mains Test 2 Chemical Kinetics
27, 2024 Mechanical Properties of Fluids Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Structure of Atom
Oscillations Method of Differentiation
Some Basic Principles and
Waves Application of Derivatives
Techniques: IUPAC Nomenclature
Wave Optics
Mathematical Tools Classification of Elements and
Basic Maths
Motion in a Straight Line Periodicity in Properties
Quadratic Equations
Motion in a Plane Chemical Bonding and Molecular
Sequence and Series
Laws of Motion Structure
Trigonometric Functions
Work, Energy and Power Some Basic Concepts of
Trigonometric Equation
Circular Motion Chemistry
Determinants
Sunday, Centre of Mass & System of Particles Redox Reaction
Trigonometric Equation
November 10, Offline JEE Advanced Test 3 Rotational Motion Solutions
Matrices
2024 Mechanical Properties of Solids Thermodynamics
Sets
Thermal Properties of Matter Equilibrium
Relations and Functions
Kinetic Theory & Thermodynamics Electrochemistry
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Mechanical Properties of Fluids Chemical Kinetics
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Oscillations Structure of Atom
Method of Differentiation
Waves Some Basic Principles and
Application of Derivatives
Wave Optics Techniques:IUPAC Nomenclature
Lecture- 08 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
1 NH3

2 Borax
Alert !
Some metals do not dissolve in concentrated nitric acid because of the formation of a
passive film of oxide on the surface.

Fe Cr Co Ni Al Be

H2O
XeF4
29 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)

Total number of acidic oxides among N2O3, NO2, N2O, Cl2O7, SO2, CO, CaO, Na2O
and NO is ___________.
30 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)

Bond dissociation energy of E – H bond of the “H2E” hydrides of group 16

elements (given below), follows order.
(A) O (B) S (C) Se (D) Te

A A>B>C>D

B A>B>D>C

C B>A>C>D

D D>C>B>A
31 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)

The oxidation state of phosphorus in hypophosphoric acid is +___________.

01 Feb, 2023 (Shift-I)

Sum of oxidation states of bromine in bromic acid and perbromic acid is ________.
03 Sep, 2020 (Shift-I)

Pyrophosphoric acid contains.

No. of P = O bond No. of P – OH bond No. of P – O – P bond

A 2 4 1

B 4 2 1

C 2 3 2

D 2 2 –1
07 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)

Number of S − O bond in S2O82− and number of S − S bond in Rhombic sulphur are

respectively :

A 8, 8

B 8, 6

C 2, 4

D 4, 2
08 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)

Given P4 + NaOH + H2O → PH3 + A ⎯⎯→ ( B ) Basicity of B is

HCl

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4
09 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)

Which of the following can not act as both oxidising and reducing agent ?

A H2SO3

B HNO2

C H3PO4

D H2O2
 Ammonia NH3

(i) NH3 + HCl

(ii) NH3 + H2SO4

(ii) NH3 + H2O

Preparation

Urea + Water

NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2

Heat
(NH4)2SO4 + NaOH

NH4NO3 + NaOH 
 Zn / NaOH
NaNO2 NaNO3

Al / NaOH
NaNO2 NaNO3

Fe
Haber’s process N2 + H2
Reaction

NH4OH + ZnSO4

NH4OH + FeCl3

Detection of metal ion :

(i) Cu2+ + NH3

(ii) Ag+ + Cl–

AgCl(s) + NH3
Heating of ammonium salt :


(NH4)2Cr2O7

NH4NO3 

NH4NO2 

NH4Cl 
Nitrogen : N2

NH4Cl(aq) + NaNO2 (aq) In laboratory

Heat
(NH4)2Cr2O7

Heat
Ba(N3)2

Heat
NaN3
Borax

Tetranuclear Compound

No of sp2 Boron :

No of sp3 Boron :

No of B-O-B bonds :

No of B-O bonds :

No of bridging oxygen :

All boron’s are not in same plane.

Hydrolysis :

Aq. Solution of borax

Alkaline in nature

Buffer solution

Borax + HCl
Borax Bead Test Identification of d block metals
On Heating borax , first loses water and swells up .
On further heating it turns into transparent liquid which solidifies in glass like
material ( borax bead).

Na2B4O7 • 10H2O

CuO

Cr2O3
Compounds of Silicon
Silica Silicones Silicates Zeolites

Silica 95 % of earth crust is made up of silica & silicates .

Silicon dioxide is a covalent , 3-D network soild .

Silicon dioxide is solid but CO2 is gas .

Silica in its normal form is almost non-reactive because of very high Si — O bond enthalpy.

NaOH

HF
SiO2
Metal

X2

H2

H2O
QUESTION (29 Jan, 2023 / Shift-I)

During the borax bead test with CuSO4, a blue green colour of the bead was observed in
oxidising flame due to the formation of

A Cu3B2

B Cu

C Cu(BO2)2

D CuO
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2019)

The green colour produced in the borax bead test of a chromium (III) salt is due to

A Cr2O3

B CrB

C Cr(BO2)3

D Cr2(B4O7)3
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2016)

The crystalline form of borax has

A tetranuclear [B4O5(OH)4]2– unit

B all boron atoms in the same plane

C equal number of sp2 and sp3 hybridised boron atoms

D one terminal hydroxide per boron atom

QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2019)

Among B2H6 , B3N3H6, N2O, N2O4, H2S2O3 and H2S2O8 the total number of molecules
containing covalent bond between two atoms of the same kind is ..........
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2012)

With respect to graphite and diamond, which of the statement(s) given below is/are
correct ?

A Graphite is harder than diamond

B Graphite has higher electrical conductivity than diamond.

C Graphite has higher thermal conductivity than diamond.

D Graphite has higher C — C bond order than diamond

QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2008)

Statement I Pb4+ compounds are stronger oxidizing agents than Sn2+ compounds.
Statement II The higher oxidation states for the group 14 elements are more stable
for the heavier members of the group due to ‘inert pair effect’.

A Statement I is correct Statement II is correct Statement II is the correct

explanation of Statement I

B Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct Statement II is not the correct

explanation of Statement I

C Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect

D Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is correct

QUESTION (JEE Main 24th Feb 2021)

Among the following allotropic forms of sulphur, the number of allotropic forms,
which will show paramagnetism is.
(A)  - sulphur
(B)  - sulphur
(C) S2 - form
QUESTION (JEE Main 1st Sep 2021)

The oxide without nitrogen – nitrogen bond is :

A N2O

B N2O4

C N2O3

D N2O5
QUESTION (JEE Main 27th Aug 2021)

Which one of the following is formed (mainly) when red phosphorus is heated in a
sealed tube at 803 K?

A White phosphorus

B Yellow phosphorus

C -Black phosphorus

D -Black phosphorus
QUESTION (JEE Main 27th Aug 2021)

In polythionic acid, H2SxO6 (x = 3 to 5) the oxidation state(s) of sulphur is/are :

A + 5 only

B + 6 only

C +3 and + 5 only

D 0 and +5 only
QUESTION (JEE Main 25th Feb 2021)

Given below are two statements:

Statement I:  and  forms of Sulphur can change reversibly between themselves with
slow heating or slow cooling.
Statement II: At room temperature the stable crystalline form of Sulphur is monoclinic
Sulphur.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below:

A Statement I is true but Statement II is false

B Statement I is false but Statement II is true

C Both Statement l and Statement II are true

D Both Statement I and Statement II are false

QUESTION (JEE Main 26th Aug 2021)

The number of non-ionisable hydrogen atoms present in the final product obtained
from the hydrolysis of PCl5 is :

A 0

B 2

C 1

D 3
QUESTION (JEE Main 24th Feb 2021)

The reaction of sulphur in alkaline medium is given below :

S8 s + aOH− aq bS2− aq + cS2 O2−
3 aq + dH2 O(l)
The value of ‘a’ is ______. (Integer answer)
INDIA की सबसे बड़ी
Offline Test Series
JEE Advanced
REAL Test
HAPPENING ON
10th Nov (OFFLINE)
 Why JEE REAL TEST Series?

Exam at actual NTA like

Happening in 250+ Cities 10 Real Tests + 24 Printed
exam centers for real
across PAN India Tests with OMR Sheets
exam simulation

Post exam test paper

Available in both English
discussion by top PW
& Hindi language
faculties
 Toppers of DROPPER JEE REAL TEST 01
Congratulations
Exam Class Test Student Name Marks Total Marks Rank Location

JEE Dropper Test 01 Mahak Gupta 254 300 1 BIKANER

JEE Dropper Test 01 Akshit Kumar 253 300 2 SIKAR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Saurabh Gupta 237 300 3 BASTI

JEE Dropper Test 01 Subhranil Ghosh 235 300 4 KOLKATA

JEE Dropper Test 01 Mahesh Reddy 226 300 5 BANGALORE

JEE Dropper Test 01 Vedant Sandeep Mahant 224 300 6 NAGPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Ujjwal Singhal 223 300 7 SAHARANPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Krish Jain 222 300 8 GORAKHPUR

JEE Dropper Test 01 Adarsh Kumar 220 300 9 GAYA

JEE Dropper Test 01 Sumit Namdev 219 300 10 BETUL

 DROPPER JEE REAL TEST 02 & TEST 03 SYLLABUS
Overview
Exam Test
Mode Pattern Physics Chemistry Maths
Date No.
Rotational Motion
Thermodynamics
Mechanical Properties of Solids Sets
Equilibrium
Thermal Properties of Matter Relations and Functions
Electrochemistry
Sunday, October Kinetic Theory & Thermodynamics Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Online JEE Mains Test 2 Chemical Kinetics
27, 2024 Mechanical Properties of Fluids Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Structure of Atom
Oscillations Method of Differentiation
Some Basic Principles and
Waves Application of Derivatives
Techniques: IUPAC Nomenclature
Wave Optics
Mathematical Tools Classification of Elements and
Basic Maths
Motion in a Straight Line Periodicity in Properties
Quadratic Equations
Motion in a Plane Chemical Bonding and Molecular
Sequence and Series
Laws of Motion Structure
Trigonometric Functions
Work, Energy and Power Some Basic Concepts of
Trigonometric Equation
Circular Motion Chemistry
Determinants
Sunday, Centre of Mass & System of Particles Redox Reaction
Trigonometric Equation
November 10, Offline JEE Advanced Test 3 Rotational Motion Solutions
Matrices
2024 Mechanical Properties of Solids Thermodynamics
Sets
Thermal Properties of Matter Equilibrium
Relations and Functions
Kinetic Theory & Thermodynamics Electrochemistry
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Mechanical Properties of Fluids Chemical Kinetics
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Oscillations Structure of Atom
Method of Differentiation
Waves Some Basic Principles and
Application of Derivatives
Wave Optics Techniques:IUPAC Nomenclature
Lecture- 09 Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

Topics
H2O
1 Silicate NF3
At room temperature

2 Silicones
H2O
NF3
Only in drastic condition

Fe2O3 Ar > S2- > Cl-

QUESTION (29 Jan, 2023 / Shift-I)

During the borax bead test with CuSO4, a blue green colour of the bead was observed in
oxidising flame due to the formation of

A Cu3B2

B Cu

C Cu(BO2)2

D CuO
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2019)

The green colour produced in the borax bead test of a chromium (III) salt is due to

A Cr2O3

B CrB

C Cr(BO2)3

D Cr2(B4O7)3
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2016)

The crystalline form of borax has

A tetranuclear [B4O5(OH)4]2– unit

B all boron atoms in the same plane

C equal number of sp2 and sp3 hybridised boron atoms

D one terminal hydroxide per boron atom

QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2019)

Among B2H6 , B3N3H6, N2O, N2O4, H2S2O3 and H2S2O8 the total number of molecules
containing covalent bond between two atoms of the same kind is ..........
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2012)

With respect to graphite and diamond, which of the statement(s) given below is/are
correct ?

A Graphite is harder than diamond

B Graphite has higher electrical conductivity than diamond.

C Graphite has higher thermal conductivity than diamond.

D Graphite has higher C — C bond order than diamond

QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2008)

Statement I Pb4+ compounds are stronger oxidizing agents than Sn4+ compounds.
Statement II The higher oxidation states for the group 14 elements are more stable
for the heavier members of the group due to ‘inert pair effect’.

A Statement I is correct Statement II is correct Statement II is the correct

explanation of Statement I

B Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct Statement II is not the correct

explanation of Statement I

C Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect

D Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is correct

QUESTION (JEE Main 24th Feb 2021)

Among the following allotropic forms of sulphur, the number of allotropic forms,
which will show paramagnetism is.
(A)  - sulphur
(B)  - sulphur
(C) S2 - form
QUESTION (JEE Main 1st Sep 2021)

The oxide without nitrogen – nitrogen bond is :

A N2O

B N2O4

C N2O3

D N2O5
QUESTION (JEE Main 27th Aug 2021)

Which one of the following is formed (mainly) when red phosphorus is heated in a
sealed tube at 803 K?

A White phosphorus

B Yellow phosphorus

C -Black phosphorus

D -Black phosphorus
QUESTION (JEE Main 27th Aug 2021)

In polythionic acid, H2SxO6 (x = 3 to 5) the oxidation state(s) of sulphur is/are :

A + 5 only

B + 6 only

C +3 and + 5 only

D 0 and +5 only
QUESTION (JEE Main 25th Feb 2021)

Given below are two statements:

Statement I:  and  forms of Sulphur can change reversibly between themselves with
slow heating or slow cooling.
Statement II: At room temperature the stable crystalline form of Sulphur is monoclinic
Sulphur.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below:

A Statement I is true but Statement II is false

B Statement I is false but Statement II is true

C Both Statement l and Statement II are true

D Both Statement I and Statement II are false

QUESTION (JEE Main 26th Aug 2021)

The number of non-ionisable hydrogen atoms present in the final product obtained
from the hydrolysis of PCl5 is :

A 0

B 2

C 1

D 3
QUESTION (JEE Main 24th Feb 2021)

The reaction of sulphur in alkaline medium is given below :

S8 s + aOH− aq bS2− aq + cS2 O2−
3 aq + dH2 O(l)
The value of ‘a’ is ______. (Integer answer)
 Silicones Synthetic Organosilicon Polymers

Cu H2O
R — Cl + Si

Repeating unit :

Chain length of the polymer can be controlled by adding R3SiCl which blocks the ends.
 ether
R — Cl + Mg

SiCl4
NCERT
Silicones are resistant of Heat Water Electricity
High thermal stability High dielectric strength

Water repelling in nature

Non-polar alkyl groups

They are used as sealant, greases, electrical insulators and for water proofing of fabrics.
Silicones are Bio-compatible ( Surgical & Cosmetic plants ).
QUESTION (09 Jan, 2019 / Shift-I)

Correct statements among (i) to (iv) regarding silicones are

(i) They are polymers with hydrophobic character
(ii) They are biocompatible
(iii) In general, they have high thermal stability and low dielectric strength
(iv) Usually they are resistant to oxidation and used as greases.

A (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

B (i), (ii) and (iii)

C (i) and (ii) only

D (i), (ii) and (iv)

QUESTION (27 June, 2022 / Shift-I)

Match the List-I with List-II.

List-I (Si-compounds) List-II (Si-polymeric/Other products)
(A) (CH3)4Si (I) Chain Silicone
(B) (CH3)Si(OH)3 (II) Dimetric Silicone
(C) (CH3)2Si(OH)2 (III) Silane
(D) (CH3)3Si(OH) (IV) 2D-Silicone

A (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

B (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

C (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

D (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

 Binary compound of silicon & oxygen
Silicates
2 important man-made silicates are glass and cement .
 Orthosilicic acid Pyrosilicic acid
Formula

Anion

Name of silicates

Structure
Silicates Anion Si : O No of oxygen (-) charge per unit
(shared) tetrahedron
Ortho

Pyro

Chain/
Cyclic

2-D sheet

3-D sheet
Chain Silicates Cyclic Silicates
Chain Silicates Amphibole silicates

= Oxygen atom = Silicon atom

Amphibole are called double chain silicate. Amphibole

structure consists of doubled chains forming prism like shape.
2-D sheet : Talc

3-D sheet : Quartz , Feldspar , Zeolite and Ultramarines.

Aluminosilicate Aluminium replace few silicon atoms in 3-D network of SiO2 .
Feldspar and zeolites

Zeolite : Catalyst in petrochemical industries for cracking of hydrocarbons and

Isomerization.

ZSM – 5 : Alcohols Gasoline

QUESTION (27 June, 2019 / Shift-I)

The basic structural unit of feldspar, zeolites, mica and asbestos is :

A (SiO3)2–

B SiO2

C (SiO4)4–
R
D ( Si – O )
R (R = Me)
 Compounds of Boron
Boron is extremely hard and black coloured solid. Due to very strong crystalline lattice,
boron has unusually high melting point.

Boron fibres are used in making bullet-proof vest

and light composite material for aircraft.

Boron Isotope : 10B ( 19% )

11B ( 81% )

10Bisotope : high ability to absorb neutrons

( metal borides are used in nuclear industry as protective shields and control rods.)
QUESTION (12 April, 2023 / Shift-I)

Statements-I : Boron is extremely hard indicating its high lattice energy

Statement-II : Boron has highest melting and boiling point compared to its other group
members.

A Statement-I in incorrect but Statement-II is correct

B Both Statement-I and statement-II is correct

C Statement-I is correct but statement-II is incorrect

D Both Statement-I and Statement-II is incorrect

 NCERT LINES : Silica
Quartz, cristobalite and tridymite are some of the crystalline forms of silica, and
they are interconvertible at suitable temperature .

In silica , the entire crystal may be considered as giant molecule in which 8 membered
rings are formed with alternate silicon and oxygen atoms.

Kieselghur , an amorphous form of silica is used in filtration plants.

Quartz is extensively used as a piezoelectric material. Electricity resulting from pressure

. , modern radio and
(It has made possible to develop extremely accurate clocks
television broadcasting and mobile radio communications ) .

Silica gel is used as a drying agent and as a support for chromatographic materials
and catalysts.
QUESTION (JEE Main 09th April 2019 (II))

The amorphous form of silica is :

A Tridymite

B Kieselguhr

C Cristobalite

D Quartz
NCERT LINES : Carbon
Other forms of elemental carbon like carbon black, coke, and charcoal are all impure
forms of graphite or fullerenes. Carbon black is obtained by burning hydrocarbons in a
limited supply of air. Charcoal and coke are obtained by heating wood or coal respectively
at high temperatures in the absence of air.
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2001)

Statement I Between SiCl4 and CCl4, only SiCl4 reacts with water.
Statement II SiCl4 is ionic and CCl4 is covalent.

A Statement I is correct Statement II is correct Statement II is the correct

explanation of Statement I

B Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct Statement II is not the correct

explanation of Statement I

C Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect

D Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is correct

QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2005)

Name the structure of silicates in which three oxygen atoms of [SiO4]4− are shared is

A pyrosilicate

B sheet silicate

C linear chain silicate

D three-dimensional silicate
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2003)

Me2SiCl2 on hydrolysis will produce

A (Me)2 Si(OH)2

B (Me)2 Si = O

C [ — O — (Me)2 Si —O— ]n

D Me2 SiCl(OH)
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2010)

The value of n in the molecular formula Ben Al2 Si6 O18 is

QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2017)

The order of the oxidation state of the phosphorus atom in

H3PO2, H3PO4, H3PO3 and H4P2O6 is

A H3PO4 > H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H3PO3

B H3PO4 > H4P2O6 > H3PO3 > H3PO2

C H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H4P2O6 > H3PO4

D H3PO3 > H3PO2 > H3PO4 > H4P2O6

QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2011)

Which ordering of compounds is according to the decreasing order of the oxidation

state of nitrogen?

A HNO3, NO, NH4Cl, N2

B HNO3, NO, N2, NH4Cl

C HNO3, NH4Cl, NO, N2

D NO, HNO3, NH4Cl, N2

QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2007)

The percentage of p-character in the orbitals forming P—P bonds in P4 is

A 25

B 33

C 50

D 75
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2005)

Which gas is evolved when PbO2 is treated with concentrated HNO3?

A NO2

B O2

C N2

D N2O
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2005)

Which of the following isomers of phosphorus is thermodynamically most stable?

A Red

B White

C Black

D Yellow
QUESTION (JEE Adv. 2004)

Which of the following has —O—O— linkage?

A H2S2O6

B H2S2O8

C H2S2O3

D H2S4O6
QUESTION (JEE Main 15th April 2018 (I))

In graphite and diamond, the percentage of p-characters of the hybrid orbitals in

hybridization are respectively :

A 33 and 25

B 67 and 75

C 50 and 75

D 33 and 75
•
PRAYAS JEE 2.0 2025

• Subject - Inorganic Chemistry

• Chapter - p Block ( Advanced )

Lecture No.- 01

By - OM PANDEY , IIT-DELHI
 Boron & Carbon Family
Compounds of boron Compounds of carbon

Boric Acid CO CO2 C3O2 C12O9

Borax Compounds of silicon

Boric Anhydride Silica

Diborane Silicones

Borazine Silicates

Boron Nitride Zeolites

Compounds of boron – Always Covalent

Sharing of electron is easy w.r.t. ionization of B toB due

3+ to small size .
( Sum of its first three ionization enthalpies is very high )
Diborane
Electron deficient species
Acts as Lewis acid

NaH + B2H6

LiH + B2H6
H H

B H
H B
H H

Lithium and sodium tetra-hydridoborates, also known as borohydrides, are

NCERT

prepared by the reaction of metal hydrides with B2H6 in diethyl ether.

Preparation of B2H6
H2SO4

NaBH4
H3PO4

B2O3

 Al + H2 NaH

LiH LiAIH4
BF3

NaBH4
 NaBH4
I2

Diborane has a higher heat of combustion per unit weight of fuel. So it is used as
rocket fuel (Pyrophoric).

O2
BH3

Methylation of B2H6 Only 4 terminal hydrogens can be substituted by methyl group

CH3Cl + B2H6
 Reaction of B2H6

Symmetrical cleavage Unsymmetrical cleavage

H H H H
H H
B B B
B
H H H H
H H

NR3 CO RNH2 R2NH

NH3
 NH3
B2H6
Low temperature

NH3
200°C

Excess NH3

> 200° C

Inorganic Graphite
 Question
Borazine, also known as inorganic benzene can be prepared by the reaction of
3-equivalents of “X” with 6-equivalents of “Y”, “X” and “Y”, respectively are :

A. B(OH)3 and NH3

B. B2H6 and NH3

C. B2H6 and HN3

D. NH3 and B2O3

 Question
Identify the correct statement for B2H6 from those given below:
(A) In B2H6, all B-H bonds are equivalent
(B) In B2H6, there are four 3-centre 2-electron bonds
(C) B2H6 is a Lewis acid
(D) B2H6 can be synthesized from both BF3 and NaBH4
(E) B2H6 is planar molecule

A. (A) And (E) only

B. (B), (C) and (E) only

C. (C) and (D) only

D. (C) and (E) only

 Question
The geometry around boron in the product ‘B’ formed from the following reaction is
450 𝐾
BF3 + NaH A + NaF
A + NMe3 B

A. Trigonal planar

B. Tetrahedral

C. Pyramidal

D. Square planar
Question
Diborane (B2H6) reacts independently with O2 and H2O to produce, respectively

A. HBO2 and H3BO3

B. H3BO3 and B2O3

C. B2O3 and H3BO3

D. B2O3 and [BH4] –

Inorganic Benzene Borazine Borazole Isostructural
Isoelectronic

Nonpolar

Aromatic
More reactive than benzene

Hydrolysis
Addition Reaction

NH4Cl NaBH4
BCl3

CH3MgBr
 Question
The reaction of H3N3B3Cl3 (A) with LiBH4 in tetrahydrofuran gives inorganic
benzene (B)
Further, the reaction of (A) with (C) leads to H3N3B3(Me)3. Compounds (B) and (C)
respectively, are :

A. Borazine and MeBr

B. Boron nitride and MeBr

C. Diborane and MeMgBr

D. Borazine and MeMgBr

 Boric Acid 2 D sheet structure ( Solid )

Weak monobasic acid. Hexagonal planer structure

NCERT

It is not a protonic acid but acts as a Lewis acid 6 Hydrogen Bonds per unit
H
O O
H H B H
O O
O
B H H B H
O O O O

H H H H
O O O O
H B H H B
O
B2H6 O O
H B H H
O O
BCl3
H
 Boric Acid + Cis di-ols Acidity

HO CH2
H3BO3
HO CH2

HO
H3BO3 HO

Flame Test
Sodium Peroxo-borate Na2 [ B2 (OH)4 (O2)2 ]

By oxidizing boric acid or sodium metaborate with H2O2.

Sodium peroxoborate is used as a brightener in washing powders.

 Aluminium & Its Compounds
Aluminium Chloride

HCl
Al

HCl
Al2O3

HCl
Al(OH)3

Al + Cl2


Al2O3 + C + Cl2
Anhydrous AlCl3 cant not be prepared by hydrated salt.

AlCl3 . 6H2O

MgCl2 . 6H2O
Carbides
Ionic Carbide Covalent Carbide
Interstitial Carbide
( s block & Al ) ( p block ) ( d block )

CaC2 SiC Carborandom TiC, WC

Al4C3

Mg2C3

Acetylide CaC2

Methanide Al4C3

Mg2C3
 Reaction of N2 with Carbides

CaC2 reacts with N2 to form calcium cyanamide

BaC2 reacts with N2 to form barium cyanide

 Carborundum ( SiC ) Corundum B4C
Very hard substance Ruby is the red Boron Carbide
variety of corundum.
Diamond like structure Bulletproof Vest

Hybridisation
Compounds of Carbon O
CO C OH

1. Colourless , odourless and almost water C OH
insoluble gas.
2. It is a powerful reducing agent O

Fe2O3 + CO

NiO + CO

CO + I2O5

CO can be estimated by reaction with iodine pentoxide, the iodine which is produced
quantitatively being titrated with standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
 Hb – O2 + CO

Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin to form carboxy-haemoglobin which

prevents absorption of oxygen by it.
The highly poisonous nature of CO arises because of its ability to form a complex with
haemoglobin , which is about 300 times more stable than the oxygen-haemoglobin
complex. This prevents haemoglobin in the red blood corpuscles from carrying oxygen
round the body and ultimately resulting in death.

Breathing Aids : He + O2 CO2 + O2

Carbogen : Antidote for CO poisoning

HbO2 + CO
Carbogen, a mixture of 5% CO2 and 95% oxygen is used as an antidote for
carbon monoxide.
KO2 Oxygen Generator

KO2

It is used in breathing mask in submarine.

Oxygen cylinders in space and submarines because it acts as an oxygen generator.

CO2 O

HO C OH
O
Conc. H2SO4
H C OH 

Water gas / Synthesis gas : Mixture of CO and H2

C(s) + Water

Producer gas : Mixture of CO and N2

C(s) + Air
H2CO3 / HCO3 buffer system helps to maintain pH of blood between 7.26 to 7.42 .
–

Being acidic in nature, it combines with alkalis to form metal carbonates.

This buffer system is maintained so that if there is any addition of acid or base into
bloodstream, the buffer system will resist the change and maintain constant pH as it
contain weak acid H2CO3 and its conjugate base HCO3 . -

CO2 is easily liquefied and a cylinder of the gas under pressure is a convenient fire
extinguisher. When the highly compressed gas is allowed to expand rapidly solid
carbon dioxide (dry ice) is formed .
 C3O2 O

Carbon Suboxide C OH
P2O5
H C H

HO C
O

C12O9

C(graphite) + conc. HNO3 

Mellitic acid Mellitic anhydride

 Oxides of Lead

PbO2 

HCl
PbO2

HCl
Pb3O4

Conc.
Pb3O4
H2SO4

Conc.
Pb3O4
HNO3

SO2
PbO2
 Group - 15
Phosphine

Oxoacids of Phosphorus
Heating effect on phosphate salt

NaH2PO4



Na2HPO4

Na3PO4


NaH2PO2


Na(NH4)HPO4 

Mg(NH4)PO4 
 Phosphine
Preparation

Ca3P2 + H2O

Ca3P2 + HCl

AlP + HCl

P4 + NaOH + H2O

Highly poisonous Colourless gas with rotten fish smell

H 2O
Slightly soluble in water PH3
Presence of light
Phosphine Weakly basic in nature

HF + PH3 HF + NH3

HBr + PH3 HBr + NH3

HI + PH3 HI + NH3

When pure, it is non-inflammable but becomes inflammable owing to the presence of

P2H4 or P4 vapours .
To purify it from the impurities, it is absorbed in HI to form phosphonium iodide
(PH4 I) which on treating with KOH gives off phosphine.

HI + PH3

PH4 l + KOH
 CuSO4 + PH3

HgCl2 + PH3

PCl3 Preparation
P4 + Cl2

P4 + SOCl2

PCl5 Preparation

P4 + Cl2

P4 + SO2Cl2
 Oxides of Nitrogen

Oxidation Physical /
Formula Preparation
State chemical
NH4NO3 Heat
N2O

NO NaNO2 + FeSO4 + H2SO4

250 K
N2O3 NO + N2O4
 Oxidation Physical /
Formula Preparation
State chemical

Pb(NO3)2 673 K
NO2

Cool
N2O4 NO2
Heat

N2O5 HNO3 + P2O5

 Oxoacids of Phosphorus

Formula Oxidation State Preparation

H3PO2 White P4 + alkali

P2O3 + H2O
H3PO3

H4P2O5 PCl3 + H3PO3

 Formula Oxidation State Preparation

H4P2O6 red P4 + alkali

H3PO4 P4O10 + H2O

heat
H4P2O7 H3PO4

Br2 / heat
(HPO3)n H3PO3
Sealed tube
Aqua Regia Au, Pt : Do not dissolve
in HNO3
HNO3 + HCl

Au +

AuCl3 + HCl

Pt +

PtCl4 + HCl
 Group - 16
Dioxygen

Ozone

SO2

H2SO4

Hypo-solution

H2O2
 Dioxygen
By Heating :

KClO4

MnO2
KClO3

KMnO4

K2Cr2O7
Decomposition of H2O2

2H2O2 (aq.)

By the thermal decomposition of the oxides of metals :

Ag2O (s)

HgO (s)

PbO2 (s)

Pb3O4 (s)
 Reactions of Oxygen
Dioxygen directly reacts with nearly all metals and non-metals except some metals (Au,
Pt) and some noble gases.

Ca C

Al ZnS

P4 CH4

Some compounds are catalytically oxidised. For example,

CuCl2 V2O5
HCl SO2
 Ozone
Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen.
Ozone layer protects the earth’s surface from an excessive concentration of ultraviolet
(UV) radiations.

Preparation
When a slow dry stream of oxygen is passed through a silent electrical discharge,
conversion of oxygen to ozone (10%) occurs. The product is known as ozonised oxygen.

3O2 2O3 H (298 K) = +142 kJ mol –1

 cool
Dark blue gas Blue liquid

The colour is due to intense absorption of ……… light.

O3 Diamagnetic O3– Paramagnetic

O2 Paramagnetic

Reaction of Ozone

2e– + 2H+ + O3 2H2O SRP = + 2.07 V (in acidic medium)

2e– + H2O + O3 O2 2OH– SRP = + 1.24 V (in alkaline medium)

 Depletion of Ozone

NO emission from supersonic jets Chlorofluorocarbon

O3 + NO

Tailing of Mercury
Pure mercury is a mobile liquid but when brought in contact with O3 its mobility
decreases and it starts sticking to glass surface forming a type of tail due to the
dissolution of Hg2O(mercury sub-oxide) in Hg.
Meniscus of mercury is lost and mercurous oxide sticks to the glass. It is
known as tailing of mercury.

O3 + Hg
O3 + R.A

K2MnO4 I2 (moist) C

PbS

NO2–

SO32-
NO H2S

Sn +2

l –
 Sulphur Dioxide
Preparation

(i) On burning of sulphur S

(ii) Treating a sulphite with dilute sulphuric acid

SO32– + H+

(iii) Roasting of sulphide ores. FeS2 + O2

Reactions of SO2 NaOH + H2O

NaOH + SO2

Na2SO3 + H2O + SO2

 Reactions of SO2

Fe3+ + SO2 + H2O

SO2 + MnO4–
+ H2O
 SO2 as R.A.

SO2 + oxidising agent

Cr2O72–

MnO4–

Fe+3

V2O5 / O2
SO2
SO2 + H2S

PbO2 + SO2

SO2 + Cl2
 Sulphuric Acid
Contact Process

Burning of sulphur or sulphide ores

V2O5
Conversion of SO2 to SO3 SO2

Absorption of SO3 in H2SO4 to give Oleum

SO3 + H2SO4
Sulphuric acid, because of its low volatility can be used to manufacture
more volatile acid from their corresponding salts.

MX + H2SO4
If X = F

If X = Cl

If X = NO3
 SO3 as Oxidising Agent

SO3 + Reducing agent

P4

I –

PCl5
 PRAYAS JEE 2.0 2025
• Subject - Inorganic Chemistry

• Chapter - p Block

Lecture No.- 04

By - OM PANDEY , IIT-DELHI
 Sodium Thiosulphate

S + Na2SO3

S + NaOH

Uses Anti-chlor It removes chlorine from surface of fibres while dyeing.

Cl2 (aq.) + Na2S2O3

Sulphite Vs Thiosulphate

HCl + Na2SO3

HCl + Na2S2O3
 H2O2

KI and starch produces deeper blue colour with acidified H2O2.

Starch is often used in chemistry as an indicator for redox titrations where triiodide
is present . Starch forms a very dark blue-black complex with triiodide. However, the
complex is not formed if only iodine or only iodide (I ) is present.
−
 H2O2
Chemical Properties

2e– + 2H+ + H2O2 2H2O SRP = +1.77v (in acidic medium)

2e– + H2O2 2OH– SRP = +0.87v (in alkaline medium)

Oxidizing Power
H2O2 acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic and alkaline media.

H +

OH –

H2O2
+
H

HO -
 H2O2 in acidic medium

PbS

Fe 2+

H2O2 / H+

MnO4 -

HOCl
 H2O2 in basic medium

Mn 2+

Fe 2+

H2O2 / OH-

MnO4 -

I2
Group – 17
Physical State Colour Solubility

F2
Yellow Ionic Character

MF MCl MBr MI
Cl2
Greenish
Yellow

Br2
Red
Brown SnCl4, PbCl4, SbCl5 and UF6 are more
covalent than SnCl2, PbCl2, SbCl3 and
I2 UF4 respectively.
Violet
 Chlorine

MnO2 + HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O

NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4 MnCl2 + NaHSO4 + H2O + Cl2

KMnO4 + HCl KCl + MnCl2 H

+ 2O + Cl 2

O2 / CuCl2
HCl Cl2 + H2O
 Bromine NaBr + MnO2 + H2SO4

Extracted From Sea Br - + Cl2

Iodine NaI + MnO 2 + H2SO 4

Extracted From Sea I - + Cl2

 Hydrofluoric Acid
H2 + F2

KHF2

H2SO4 + CaF2

It is a weak dibasic acid and forms two series of salts.

NaOH + H2F2

It reacts with CCl4 to form freons.

CCl4 + HF
Aq. HF being corrosive to glass, is stored in wax lined bottles or in copper
vessel.

Na2SiO3 + HF

CaSiO3 + HF

SiO2 + HF

This action of HF on silica or silicates is used for Etching Glass.

 Hydrogen Chloride
Preparation

420K
NaCl + H2SO4

823K
NaHSO4 + NaCl

HCl decomposes salts of weaker acids.

Na2CO3 + HCl

NaHCO3 + HCl

Na2SO3 + HCl
Bleaching Agent Bleaching is the process of removing naturally occurring
colourants from raw textile material in order to decolorize it .

Permanent Bleaching Coloured substance Colourless matter

Cl2 + H2O

Temporary Bleaching

Coloured Colourless matter

SO2 + H2O
 Interhalogen Compounds

Large Size AB3 Small Size

Electro positive Electro negative

IF

IF3

IF5 BrF5 BrF7

IF7
Properties Halogen Inter Halogen
Nature

Magnetic
Property

M.P. / B.P

Reactivity
 Colour of Inter-Halogens
AgF AgCl AgBr AgI
Colourless White Pale Yellow Yellow

❑ Colour is due to charge transfer spectra According to Fazan’s Rule

❑ Interhalogen compounds, containing fluorine are colourless but other are coloured.

❑ Intensity of color increases when size increases due to increase in polorisation.

 Pseudohalogen
Ions consisting of two or more atoms of which at least one is N, that have
properties similar to those of the halide ions.
CN– SCN– OCN– N3–

Properties Halogen Pseudohalogen

Anion

Acid

Dimer

Solubility AgCl AgCN

Complex [CuCl4] 2– [Cu(CN)4] 2–

 Group 18
Occurrence All the noble gases except radon occur in atmosphere.

Most abundant element in air is Ar.

O2 PtF6
+ –

Xe + PtF6

First ionisation enthalpy of molecular oxygen : 1175 kJmol –1

First ionisation enthalpy of Xenon : 1170 kJmol –1

Note Noble gases have very low melting & boiling points.

Helium has the lowest boiling point (4.2 K) of any known substance.
 2:1

1:5
Xe + F2

1 : 20

XeF4 + O2F2

F – donor XeF2 + PF5

F – Acceptor XeF6 + NaF

e– Accepting Tendency : XeF2 XeF4 XeF6

Oxidising Power :
 Drying / Dehydrating Agents
P2O5 Conc. H2SO4 CaO CaCl2 Silica gel
Dehydrating Agents It should be non-reactive with Reagent.

Conc. H2SO4 As Dehydrating Agents

HCl + H2SO4

HBr + H2SO4

NH3 + H2SO4

C12H22O11

HNO3
 Drying Agents for NH3

H2SO4 + NH3

P2O5 + NH3

CaCl2 + NH3

CaO + NH3
 P2O5 as Dehydrating Agents

H2SO4 + P4O10

HNO3 + P4O10

It can not be used to dry the basic substances such as CaO and NH3 because
they form salts with P4O10.

CaO + P4O10
Explosives
 Fertilizers
Fertilisers are those substances which provide nitrogen and phosphorus in the
form of ammonia or sulphate

KNO3 NH4NO3 Ca3(PO4)2 (NH4)2SO4 CaCN2

NO3– Soluble : not found in earth’s crust

PO43– Insoluble : found in earth’s crust

 Occurrence
Nitrogen : 78% by volume of the atmosphere
In the earth’s crust sodium nitrate Chile saltpetre
potassium nitrate Indian saltpetre

It is found in the form of proteins in plants and animals.

Phosphorus : Occurs in minerals of the apatite family

Ca9 (PO4 )6 . CaX2 (X = F, Cl or OH)

Ca9 (PO4 )6 . CaF2 Fluorapatite
(main components of phosphate rocks)

Arsenic, antimony and bismuth are found mainly as sulphide minerals.

 Occurrence

Oxygen : Most abundant of all the elements on earth → 46%

Dry air : 21%

Sulphur : Gypsom CaSO4 . 2H2O

Epsom MgSO4 . 7H2O

Galena PbS

Zinc blende ZnS

Polonium occurs in nature as a decay product of thorium and uranium minerals.

 Occurrence
Fluorine : Fluorspar ( CaF2 ) Cryolite ( Na3AlF6 )

Fluorapatite ( Ca9 (PO4)6 . CaF2 )

Chlorine : Sea Water

Bromine : Sea Water

Iodine : Sea Water

Astatine : Radioactive

Astatine don’t occur in nature.

 He
Its boiling point is 4.2 K .

(I) Used in cryogenic experiment

(II) To produce and sustain super-conducting magnets ( NMR & MRI )

(III) Breathing equipment

Helium is used as diluent for oxygen in modern diving apparatus because of its very low
solubility in blood.