UPS Working Principle and Types

A UPS, or Uninterruptible Power Supply, is a device designed to

provide continuous power to critical loads that must operate
without interruption. Even during a power outage, the UPS system
continues to operate, suppressing line transients and harmonic
distortions in the power supply.

It protects the instrument and equipment and prevents the plant

from shutting down.

Many instruments require a safe shutdown to function properly;

otherwise, a sudden power outage can destroy the equipment.

Other names for UPS include uninterruptible power source,

battery backup, and flywheel backup. The size of UPS units
available varies from 200 VA for a single computer to progressively
significant units up to 46 MVA.

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Components of UPS

UPS’s basic components are as follows:

1. Rectifier – conversion of AC to DC for feeding batteries,

2. Inverter – conversion of DC to AC for feeding load,
3. Battery – to supply DC power to the inverter, and
4. Semiconductor switch is used to switch load transfer
between the mains AC supply and the inverter supply.

1). Rectifier

The Rectifier’s function is to convert alternating power to direct

current using a 6- or 12-pulse thyristor to supply both the battery
and the inverter. The main current distortion is roughly half that of
a 6-pulse thyristor rectifier when employing a 12-pulse thyristor
rectifier.

2). Inverter

By implementing an IGBT – pulse width modulated (PWM)

inverter module, the inverter is able to perform the task of
converting DC current to AC current.

3). Battery

In the condition that there is a disruption to the power supplied by

the mains, the battery pack that is included within this module will

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be used to power the UPS module. There are many distinct
categories of batteries, including SMFB, LATB, NI-CD, and others.

4). Semiconductor Switch

When a semiconductor switch is in the UPS state, it is powered by

either mains or battery power and connects the inverter output to
the load. In the event of a heavy inrush or an inverter fault, the
semiconductor switch quickly switches the load back to bypass.
This is a significant consideration, particularly for critical loads
where even a 5-10 ms switchover time from bypass to inverter can
be critical.
The semiconductor switch has the advantage of transferring data
in less than four milliseconds.

Features of UPS

1. The output of a regulated sinusoidal with total harmonic

distortion (TDH) is independent of changes in load or input
voltage, whether linear or nonlinear, balanced or
unbalanced.
2. It should be highly reliable and require little maintenance.
3. Low TDH sinusoidal input current and power factor of
unity (PF).
4. Low cost, high efficiency.
5. Weight and size are reduced.
6. Low noise and electromagnetic interference (EMI).
7. Mains supply frequency instabilities can be minimized.

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The working principle of UPS differs depending on the type.

UPS System output waveforms

UPS systems output have either

• Sine wave or
• Simulated sine wave output
depending on the model.

1). Sine Wave Output

The sine wave, which is a smooth, repeated oscillation of

alternating current power, produces the finest quality waveform
output. Industry UPS systems generate sine wave power, which is
used to power sensitive electronic equipment. When switching

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from grid power to battery power, sine wave output assures that
equipment using Active PFC power supplies does not shut down.

2).Simulated Sine Wave Output

A sine wave output waveform that is approximated. It generates a

stepped, approximated sine wave using pulse wave modulation to
provide more cost-effective battery backup power for equipment
that does not require sine wave output. This sort of simulated sine
wave output (power output) technology is less expensive to build
and is commonly seen in standby and line interactive UPS systems.

Types of UPS

There are 3 different types of UPS as follows

1. Online UPS
2. Offline UPS and
3. Line-Interactive UPS

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1). Online UPS

Online UPSs are used to ensure continuous power supply. Online

UPSs, unlike offline UPSs, do not connect utility power to the
outlet. The rectifier-inverter system provides alternating current to
the load while simultaneously charging the battery. When there is
a break in the operation because its battery is always linked to the
inverter through which the load is supplied, online UPSs may
deliver uninterruptible power without any transfer delay.

Working Principle of Online UPS

Normally, the semiconductor switch in an online UPS is turned

off. It is only used when an overload condition exists or when the
associated motor pulls a large inrush current. In this case, the
power electronic circuit connected to the semiconductor
switch senses the high current and transfers power from the

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inverter to the main power. This protects the UPS internal
hardware from damage.
There would be no transfer time on online UPSs in an online UPS
system. Because the rectifier converts the AC input to DC and then
back to AC, these are also known as double conversion UPS. In
online UPSs, the rectifier must deliver power to both the load and
the load’s battery bank. As a result, the rectifier must withstand a
higher load, and online UPSs often have substantial heat sinks.

Advantages of the Online UPS

• Because the battery is always linked to the load, an online

UPS requires no transfer time.
• Although employed for applications requiring more than
10 kW, online UPSs are now accessible for devices requiring
less than 500 W due to remarkable advancements in
technology and cost reduction.
• Because the rectifier is intended to handle high power for
simultaneous load and load supply, the cost of an
online UPS is higher.

Disadvantages of the Online UPS

• The above-described UPS topology has a poor transient

responsiveness to load variations.
• The transformer could generate a lot of acoustic noise.

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2). Offline UPS

The Offline UPS is so termed because the inverter is positioned

outside the main current line, whereas the Stand-By UPS is so
called because the inverter is switched off and “waiting” to be
activated.

Working Principle of Offline UPS

When main power is connected, the battery bank is not connected

(offline to the load). In this condition, the main power is probably
connected to the load output via a normally on
semiconductor switch. When mains power is available, the backup
bank is charged by DC using a charger device that includes a
rectifier circuit.

In the event of a power outage or surge, the semiconductor switch

quickly disconnects the main power to the load and reconnects the

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battery to the load. This transfer time from mains to battery is
typically 10 to 25 ms and is determined by the semiconductor
(or) power electronic circuit that detects the loss of mains power
and implements the switching.

Because the utility power is directly connected to the load in

normal operation, any distortion including such spikes, sags, and
noise on the utility appear at the UPS output. However,
some UPS systems do power conditioning on the output.

Advantages of the Offline UPS

• Offline UPSs are the most affordable of all UPS systems due
to their simple construction

Disadvantages of the Offline UPS

• Because switching time is unavoidable with offline UPSs,

there is a visible power outage in linked loads. As a result,
this form of UPS is employed with loads that can withstand
such a brief blackout, such as desktop PCs, printers,
emergency lighting circuits, and so on.

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3). Line-Interactive UPS

Working Principle of Line-Interactive UPS

Line-interactive UPS’s are a sort of offline UPS that deals with

minor overvoltages and undervoltages on the network. They use a
multi-tapped autotransformer (or) a boost transformer to convert
the input mains voltage to the correct (exact) output
voltagewithout requiring a battery switch.

Advantages of the Line-Interactive UPS

• They supply power during a blackout, voltage sag, voltage

spike, or over-voltage.
• It does not require any switching time.

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Disadvantages of the Line-Interactive UPS

• Usually larger than both offline and online UPS.

• When AC power is inconsistent, battery power is frequently
employed.

Applications of UPS

The following are some uses for a UPS:

1. Data centers
2. Process Industries
3. Telecommunications
4. Hospitals
5. Banking and insurance companies

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