Introduction to
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria
convert light energy into chemical energy, producing oxygen and
carbohydrates as byproducts.
by Alimsyah Digyadana
The Process of Photosynthesis
Light-Dependent Reactions Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin
This is the first stage of photosynthesis and occurs
Cycle)
in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. During this stage, the energy produced in the light-
dependent reactions is used to convert carbon
dioxide into sugars.
Light-Dependent Reactions
1 Photon Absorption
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membrane.
2 Water Splitting
The absorbed light energy is used to split water into its components, releasing oxygen as a
byproduct.
3 ATP Production
Energy from the electron transport chain is used to produce ATP, a molecule used to store
energy.
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin
Cycle)
1 Carbon Fixation 2 Sugar Synthesis 3 Regeneration of
Carbon dioxide is The stable compound
RuBP
converted into a stable produced in the Calvin RuBP, the molecule that
compound using energy cycle is used to assemble starts the cycle, is
from ATP and NADPH. sugars and other regenerated to facilitate
carbohydrates. further rounds of the
Calvin cycle.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Light Intensity Carbon Dioxide Temperature
Higher light intensity generally Increased levels of carbon Optimal temperatures facilitate
increases the rate of dioxide can stimulate enzyme activity in
photosynthesis. photosynthesis. photosynthesis.
Importance of Photosynthesis
Oxygen Production Food Production Carbon
Photosynthesis is the primary It is the foundation of the
Sequestration
source of atmospheric food chain, providing Plants absorb and store
oxygen, vital for all aerobic nutrition for plants and the atmospheric carbon, playing
life forms. organisms that consume a crucial role in mitigating
them. climate change.
Examples of Photosynthetic
Organisms
Phytoplankton Trees Algae
Microscopic marine plants that Massive terrestrial plants that Diverse aquatic organisms
are the base of marine food webs. harbor diverse ecosystems in ranging from microscopic single-
their canopies and roots. celled forms to large seaweeds.
Conclusion and Summary
Complex Process
1 Photosynthesis is a complex and finely regulated process critical for life on Earth.
Environmental Impact
2 Understanding photosynthesis is essential for managing environmental resources
sustainably.
Future Research
3 Ongoing research in photosynthesis offers promising solutions to global
challenges.
