UNIT-1 : INTRODUCTION

Historical Developments:-

INDIVIDUAL GROUPS/
COMMUNITIES

SOCITIES
CIVILIZATION
BUILDING:-

► IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, BUILDING IS DEFINED AS A STRUCTURE CONSISTING OF

VARIOUS COMPONENTS LIKE FOUNDATION, WALLS, COLUMNS, BEAMS, ROOFS,
FLOORS, AND DOORS ETC.
► ALL BUILDINGS ARE PREPARED KEEPING IN MIND THE BUILDING BYE LAWS.
Classification of building based on
occupancy:-(as per national building code)

1. Group A -residential building

2. Group B -educational building
3. Group C -institutional building
4. Group D -assembly building
5. Group E -business building
6. Group F -mercantile building
7. Group G -industrial building
8. Group H -storage building
9. Group I -hazardous building
Group A - Residential Building
► As per NBC, building which are used for normal residential
purposes are called residential buildings. They must be
provided with sleeping accommodation and with or
without cooking or dining facilitiesor both. The residential
building are further classified into following subgroups:
1. A-1 : lodging ROOMING HOUSES
2. A-2 : ONE OR TWO FAMILY PRIVATE DWELLINGS
3. A-3 : DORMITORIES (HOSTEL)
4. A-4 : APARTMENT HOUSES
5. A-5 : HOTELS
Group B - Educational Buildings

► They are exclusively used for school or college, recognized by

appropriate board or university or any other competent authority.
► It shall also include quarters for essential staff required to reside in
the premises, and building used as a hostel.
Group c – Institutional Buildings

► This group includes buildings constructed by government,

semi-government or registered trusts and used for medical
purposes.
► These are divided into following subgroup:-
1. C.1 hospitals
2. C.2 custodial institutions – orphanages, old age homes
etc.
3. C.3 penal institutions – jails, mental hospitals etc.
Group D - Assembly Buildings

► People congregate or gather for amusement, recreation,

social, religious, civil, travel etc.
► example museums, gym, railway station etc.
Group E - Business Building:-

► The building used for transaction of business for the

keeping of accounts and records and other similar
purposes are called business buildings.
► Office building includes a building or premises or part
thereof whose sole or the principle use is for an office.
► Example editorial preparation , machine calculation,
keeping of account and record
Group F - Mercantile Buildings

► Any building or a part of building which is used as shops,

market, for display and sale of whole sale or retail goods
Group G - Industrial Building

► Any building or a part of building in which products or

materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated,
assembled or processed.
► Example assembly plants, gas plants, refineries etc.
Group H - Storage Buildings

► Used for sheltering of goods, wares etc.

► Example warehouses, cold storages sheds etc.
Group I - Hazardous Building

► This group include any building or part of building which is

used for storage handling, manufacturer or processing of
highly combustible explosive material or products which
are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and may produce
explosive which are very toxic and dangerous for life.
► Example storing gases under pressure like ammonia,
hydrogen, chlorine etc
Components of a building:-

A BUILDING IS MAINLY DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING TWO

PARTS:-
1. SUBSTRUCTURE :- THE PART OF THE BUILDING WHICH IS
BELOW THE GROUND LEVEL IS CALLED AS SUBSTRUCTURE
FOR EXAMPLE, THE FOUNDATION.
2. SUPER STRUCTURE :- THE PART OF BUILDING ABOVE THE
GROUND LEVEL IS CALLED AS SUPERSTRUCTURE FOR
EXAMPLE WALLS , ROOFS ETC.
1. FOUNDATION:- it is the substructure part of building which is in direct contact with the
subsoil. It is one of the most important part which transmit all building load to subsoil.

2. PLINTH:- the part of building between ground level and the top of floor level,
immediately above the ground, is known as plinth. The height of plinth should not be less
than 45 cm.

3. Walls:- walls are constructed to enclose or divide the floor space in desired way. They
are needed to provide security, privacy and protection from weather i.e., sun, rain, wind
etc.

4. Columns:- columns are vertical compression members which transfer the superimposed
load from beam floors to the foundation.

5. floors:- floors divide building into different levels to create more accommodation on a
given plot of land. floor immediately above the ground level is called ground floor or
basement and the floor above it is called upper floors or first floor, second floor etc.

6.SILLS, LINTELS, SHEDS:- sills are provided between bottom of window and top of the wall
bellow in which window is provided. Lintel are provided above any kind of openings in walls
such as windows, doors etc. sheds are generally provided alongwith lintels to protect the
doors/windows/ventilators from rain, sun etc.
7. DOORS, WINDOWS, VENTILATORS :-doors are necessary in a building to permit
free movement. Windows and ventilators are provided in building for day light,
vision and ventilations.

8. ROOFS:- a roof is a top most part of a building, provided to keep out rain,
snow, sun and to protect the building from their adverse effects.

9. STAIRS:- A stairs may be defined as a series of steps suitably arranged,

connecting one floor to another of the building.

10. BUILDING FINISHES:- building finishes are used to give a cosmetic and
decorative touch to the building. Building finishes includes plastering, pointing,
colour washing etc.

11. UTILITY FIXTURES OR BUILDING SERVICES:- building services include services

like electricity, water supply drainage, sanitation, fire control etc.
National building code and building
byelaws:
► NBC is a comprehensive code which provides the guidelines for construction of
most types of buildings in a country.
► It is published by bureau of Indian standard, INDIA. The code was first
published in 1970 and later on many revisions has been done. Latest NBC
2016(NBC-2016 OR SP-7) provides regulations for adoption by all agencies like
municipal, pwd, local bodies etc.
► It also contain stipulation regarding use of materials, structure design and
construction. The building which does not satisfy the building code or violate
its guideline will lead to penalty, cancellation of sanction or demolition of
building.
► These laws may vary from state to state and in the same state from place to
place.
Terms related with buildings:-
► AREA:- It means the superficies of a horizontal section thereof made at the plinth level
inclusive of external walls and of such portion of party walls as belong to the building.
► BALCONY:- A horizontal projection, cantilevered or otherwise to serve as a passage or
sit out place
► BARSATI:- A habitable room/rooms on the roof of the building with or without
toilet/kitchen.
► BASEMENT OR CELLAR:- The lower storey of a building, below or partly below the
ground level.
► BUILDING LINE:- The line up to which the plinth of building adjoining a street or an
extension of a street or on a future street may lawfully extend and includes the lines
prescribed, if any, in any scheme and/or development plan.
► BUILDING HEIGHT:- The vertical distance measured from average level of front road and
continuance to the highest point of the building.
► CANOPY:- Shall means a cantilevered projection from the face of wall over an entry to
the building at the lintel or slab level.
► CHAJJA:- A sloping or horizontal structure overhang provided over opening on external
walls for protection from weather.
CARPET AREA:-This is the area which is usable and does not include verandah, bathrooms,
staircase etc.

COURTYARD:- A space permanently open to sky, enclosed fully or partially by buildings and
may be at ground level or any other level with in or adjacent to a building.

COVERED AREA:-The ground area covered immediately above the plinth level covered by
the building.

CORNICE:- means a sloping or horizontal structural overhang usually provided over opening
or external walls to provide protection from sun and rain.

DAMP PROOF COURSE:- A course consisting of some appropriate water proofing material
provided to prevent penetration of dampness or moisture.

DRAINAGE:- A system constructed for the purpose of removal of wastewater.

DRAINS:- a system or a line of pipes, with their fitting and accessories such as manholes,
inspection chamber.

FLOOR:- The lower surface in a storey on which one normally walks in a building, and does
not include a mezzanine floor.

Floor area:- it is the plinth area minus the area occupied by walls, doors and openings etc.
FLOOR AREA RATIO:- The quotient of the ratio of combined covered area(plinth
area) of all floors, excepting areas specifically exempted under regulations, to
total plot area.

FOOTING:- A foundation unit constructed in brick work, stone masonry or

concrete under the base of a wall or column for the purpose of distributing the
load over a larger area.

FOUNDATION:-that part of the structure which is in direct contact with ground

and transmit loads over it.

GROUND FLOOR:- which is in direct contact with ground and transmits loads over
it.

PARPET:- A low wall or railing built along the edge of a roof or a floor.

PLINTH:- The portion of a structure between the surface of the surrounding

ground and surface of the floor immediately above the ground.

STAIRCASE:-A structure used for vertical movement inside the building across
various level.