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Chapter 4
Flexure: Basic Concepts,
Rectangular Beams
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4-1 Introduction 4-2 Flexure Theory
Most reinforced concrete structures can be
A beam is a structural member that supports applied
subdivided into beams and slabs subjected primarily
loads
to flexure (bending) and columns subjected to axial
compression Fig 4-3a shows a simple beam that supports its own
dead weight
Typical examples of flexural members are the slab
and beams shown in Fig 4-1 Loads w and P cause bending moments distributed as
shown Fig 4-3b
The slab in Fig 4-1 is assumed to transfer loads in
one direction and thus is called one-way flexure. Fig 4-3c shows the internal resisting moment at any
section within the beam
The
Th basic
b i safety
f equation
i ffor flflexure iis
The internal resisting moment, internal compressive, C,
factored resistance ≥ factored load effects (4-1a)
and tensional, T, force is separated by a lever arm, jd as
Or shown in Fig 4-3fd
φM n ≥ M u (4-1b)
Where Mu is the moment due to factored loads
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4-2 Flexure Theory 4-2 Flexure Theory
Since no external forces, summation of horizontal forces, From Fig 4-4, we can write
C − T = 0 or C = T (4-2)
bh ⎛ 2
2hh⎞ (4 5a)
(4-5a)
If moment are summed about point of application of C, M = σ c ( max ) ⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ 3 ⎠
M = T × jd (4-3a) (4-5b)
bh 3 12
Similarly if moment are summed about point of application of M = σ c ( max )
h2
T,
M = C × jd (4-3b)
σ c ,max I (4-5c)
or M=
The resultant compressive stresses is the force C given by ymax
σ c (max ) ⎛ h ⎞
C = ⎜b ⎟ (4-4)
2 ⎝ 2⎠
The stress diagram is shown in Fig 4-4
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4-2 Flexure Theory
Flexural Behavior
Fig 4-5 shows cracking patterns and strains measured in a
lab test
A photograph of the beam after failure is shown in Fig 4-6
The strains can be computed from Fig 4-7 as
1 ε
= (4-6)
r y
Fig 4-6
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4-2 Flexure Theory
Basic Assumptions In Flexure Theory
3 basic assumptions are made:
1. Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending that are plane
before bending remain plane after bending
2. Strain in the reinforcement is equal to strain in concrete at
same level
3. Stresses in concrete and reinforcement can be computed from
strains by using stress-strain curves for concrete and steel
Additional assumptions made are
4. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural-strength
calculations
5. Concrete is assumed fail when maximum compressive strain
reaches a limiting value
Fig 4-5 6. Compressive stress-strain relationship for concrete may be
based on stress-strain curves
Cracks, strain and stresses in test beam
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4-3 Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete 4-3 Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete
Beams Beams
Two requirements are satisfied throughout analysis Definitions of effective depth
p and extreme effective depth
p
1. In flexural failure, effective depth, d, is measured from extreme
and design of reinforced concrete beams and column:
compressive fiber to centroid of longitudinal reinforcement
1. Stress and strain compatibility
2. For any of compression-controlled, transition or tension-controlled
2. Equilibrium failure, the governing strain is Et in the extreme tensile layer of steel
at depth, dt
The analysis of flexural capacity of a general capacity Traditional definition of tension, compression and balanced
i shown
is h iin Fi
Fig 4
4-15
15 failures
1. Balanced failure – Concrete crushes and steel yields simultaneously
2. Tension failure – Reinforcements yield before concrete crushes
3. Compression failure – Concrete crushes before steel yields
Fig 4-16 shows the moment-curvature diagrams
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4-3 Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete
Beams
From eq 4-3b
4 3b, Substituting T = AsFs where fs = fy
jd = (d – a/2),
( ⎛ a⎞
M n = 0.85 f c' ba⎜ d − ⎟ ) (4-12a)
⎝ 2⎠
⎡ a ⎞⎤
φM n = φ ⎢(0.85 f c' )ba⎜ d − ⎟⎥
⎛ (4-12b)
⎣ 2 ⎝ ⎠⎦
Nondimensionalized equations for Mn, substitute As = pbd
ρf y ⎛ d ⎞ (4-13a)
a= ⎜ ⎟
f c' ⎝ 0.85 ⎠
ωd (4-13b)
a=
0.85
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4-3 Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete 4-3 Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete
Beams Beams
Analysis of rectangular beams with tension Substituting (4-13b)
(4 13b) into (4-12)
(4 12) gives
φM n = φ [ f c'bd 2ω (1 − 0.59ω )]
reinforcement only, depth of equivalent rectangular
stress block is (4-14)
As f y (4-10)
a=
0.85 f c'b For design, this is frequently expressed as
From eq 4-3a, Substituting T = AsFs where fs = fy
⎛ bd 2 ⎞
jd = (d – a/2), φM n = φ ⎜⎜ 6 k n ⎟⎟ (4-15)
⎝ 10 ⎠
⎛ a⎞ (4-11a) M u bd 2
M n = As f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = (4-16)
⎝ 2⎠ φk n 106
⎡ a ⎞⎤
where
⎛
φk n = φ [ f c'ω (1 − 0.59ω )]
φM n = φ ⎢ As f y ⎜ d − ⎟⎥ (4-11b)
⎣ 2 ⎝ ⎠⎦ (4-17)
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4-3 Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete
Beams
Neutral axis depth for balanced steel ratios
ratios,
cb ε cu
= (4-18)
d ε cu + ε y
Substituting Ecu = 0.003 and multiplying numerator and
denominator by Es = 200,000 Mpa,
cb 600
= (4-19)
(4 19)
d 600 + f y
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4-3 Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete 4-3 Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete
Beams Beams
For extreme tension depth and net tensile strainstrain, the net From Fig 4-18e
4 18e, using similar triangles
triangles,
tensile strain in the layer of steel farthest from compression cTCL
face is Et = 0.375 (4-22)
dt
Depth of rectangular stress block at failure at compression- aTCL
controlled limit, accl is = 0.375 β1 (4-23)
dt
aCCL ⎛ 600 ⎞ Therefore at balanced failure,
= β1 ⎜ ⎟ (4-21)
(4 21)
dt ⎜ 600 + f ⎟
⎝ y ⎠
cb ρb f y
= (4-24)
d 0.85 β1 f c'
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Cont’d
Fig 4-22 shows the deflection in a cantilever beam as it develops a
negative moment
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Cont’d
4-4 Design of Rectangular Beams
Reinforced concrete beams are continuous over several
General factors affecting Design of Rectangular Beams supports
Location of reinforcement – In Fig 4-21deflects a simply supported
beam by a uniform load Under gravity loads
loads, they develop a moment diagram
and deflected shape as shown in Fig 4-23
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4-4 Design of Rectangular Beams
Concrete Cover and Bar spacing
It is necessary
y to have cover for four p
primary
y reasons:
1. To bond the reinforcement
2. To protect the reinforcement against corrosion
3. To protect the reinforcement from strength loss due to
overheating in case of fire
4. Additional cover sometimes provided on top of slabs so that
abrasion and wear due to traffic will not reduce cover below
that
Fig 4-25 shows the specified spacing and
arrangements
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4-4 Design of Rectangular Beams
Relationship between Beam Depth and Deflection
Deflection of the beam can be calculated from:
C1wl 4
Δ max = (4-31a)
EI
Rearranging this and assuming the steel strains and
neutral-axis depth,
Δ l
=C (4-31b)
l d
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4-4 Design of Rectangular Beams 4-4 Design of Rectangular Beams
Estimating the effective depth of a beam
beam, for beam with The minimum amount of flexural reinforcement equal to
one layer, f c' 1.4bw d
As ,min = bw d , and ≥ (4-33)
4 fy fy
d ≅ h − 65 mm
For statically determinate T beams, minimum amount of
For beams with two layers of reinforcement flexural reinforcement equal to
d ≅ h − 90 mm
f c' (4-34)
As ,min = bw d
2 fy
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4-4 Design of Rectangular Beams
For one
one-way
way slabs spans up to 3
3.5m
5m
d ≅ h − 25 mm (4-32c)
For one-way slabs span over 3.5m
d ≅ h − 30 mm (4-32d)
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