RCo Rem emeeM rey ett i calnelassireiccm xed seen CPU: The CPU is the central processing unit of the computer. It is referred to as a processor, central processor or, microprocessor. A computer’s CPU handles all instructions it receives from hardwared and software running on the computer. For example, the CPU processed the instructions to use a web browser to open and display this web page on your computer. The CPU’s main function is to take input from a peripheral (keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) or, computer program, and interpret what it needs. The CPU then either outputs information to your monitor or, performs the peripheral’s requested task & Components of the CPU : In the CPU. there are two primary components. ALU (arithmetic logic unit) - performs mathematical, logical, and decision operations. CU (control unit) - directs all the processors operations. aaa Control Unit 4 ALU Main Memory ea Fig. 1.30 Components of the CPU = Memory(Types) : Memory is the electronic holding place for the instructions and data a computer needs to reach quickly. It’s where information is stored for immediate use. Memory is one of the basic functions of a computer, because without it, a computer would not be able to function properly. Memory is also used by a computer’s operating system, hardware and software. There are technically two types of computer memory: primary and secondary. The term memory is used as a synonym for primary memory or, as an abbreviation for a specific type of primary memory called random access memory (RAM). This type of memory is located on microchips that are physically close to a computer’s microprocessor, Ifa computer’s central processer (CPU) had to only use a secondary storage device, ‘computers would become much slower. In general, the more memory (primary memory) a computing device has, the less frequently the computer must access instructions and data from slower (secondary) forms of storage.Computer Fundamental p> : y_ 39 | Types of Computer Memory : In general, memory can be divided into primary and secondary memory: moreover. there are numerous types of memory when discussing just primary memory. ome types of primary memory include the following Cache memory. This temporary storage oe known asa cache. is more readily available to the processor than the computer's main memory source. It is also called CPU memory because it is typically integrated directly into the CPU chip Or placed on a separate chip with a bus interconnect with the CPU RAM. The term is based on the fact that any storage location can be accessed directly by the propenamic RAM. DRAM is a type of semiconductor memory that is typically used by the data or program code needed by a computer processor to function ‘Static RAM. SRAM retains data bits in its memory for as long as power is supplied to it, Unlike DRAM, which stores bits in cells consi ofa capacitor and a transistor, SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed. Double Data Rate SDRAM. DDR SRAM is SDRAM that can theoretically improve memory clock speed to at least 200 MHz. Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic RAM. DDR4 RAM is a type of DRAM that has a high-bandwidth interface and is the successor to its previous DDR2 and DDR3 versions. DDR4 RAM allows for lower voltage requirements and higher module density. It is coupled with higher data rate transfer speeds and allows for dual in-line memory modules (DIMMS) up to 64 GB. Rambus Dynamic RAM. DRDRAM is a memory subsystem that promised to transfer up to L.6 billion bytes per second. The subsystem consists of RAM, the RAM controller, the bus that connects RAM to the microprocessor and devices in the computer that use it. Read-only memory. ROM is a type of computer storage containing nonvolatile, permanent data that, normally, can only be read and not written to. ROM contains the programming that enables a computer to start up or regenerate each time it is turned on. Programmable ROM. PROM is ROM that can be modified once by a user. It enables a user to tailor a microcode program using a special machine called a PROM programmer. Erasable PROM. EPROM is programmable read-only memory PROM that can be erased and reused. Erasing is caused by shining an intense ultraviolet light through a window designed into the memory chip. Electrically erasable PROM, EEPROM is a user-modifiable ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly through the application of higher than normal electrical voltage. Unlike EPROM chips. EEPROMSs do not need to be removed fromi the computer to be modified. However, ROM chip must be erased and reprogrammed in its entirety, not selectively. Virtual memory. A memory management technique where secondary memory can be used as if it Were a part of the main memory. Virtual memory uses hardware and software to enable a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transte: a from RAM to disk storage @ Display(Modern) : A display is a computer output surface and projecting nism that shows text and often graphic imayes to the computer user, using a cathode ray tube (CRT ). liquid crystal display (LCD ). light-emitting diode, gas plasma, or, other image projection technology The display is usually considered to include the screen oF, projection surface and the device that Produces the information on the s lomputers, the display is packaged in a separate 1. In someOO ——— eS iA 4 AText Book of Introduction to IT System Theory 5 it with the prow i the display is integrated into a 7 w ith the Pree unit called a monitor . In eter eoniete ee mnake the distinction an he re Fi an hides ter. (Som: : ction - Howeve herder ee i. feed and control the display 7 Lah unit, as in the Ai this distinction disappears when all these parts become pau called video display termina, of notebook computers.) Displays (and monitors) are also en . (VDTS). The terms display and monitor are often used ne at a nauectvor mechanisn Most computer displays use analog signals as input tothe Pl al Sea Soha This requirement and the need to continually refresh the display ‘ 7 | data sent by applicting also needs a display or video adapter . The video adapter takes the digital oa 7 alps Programs, stores it in video random access memory ( video RAM ), and tenae } 8 data forthe display scanning mechanism using an digital-to-analog converter ( . Displays can be Characterized according to : Color capability Sharpness and viewability The size of the screen The projection technology Keyboard : A keyboard is one o f the primary input devices that allows users to input text into a computer or any other electronic machinery. It is a peripheral device that is the most basic Way for the user to communicate With a computer. It consists of multiple buttons, which create numbers, symbols, and letters, and special keys like the Windowsand Alt key, including performing other funetions. The design ofthe keyboard comes fon, the typewriter keyboards, and numbers which helps to type quickly, and letters are arranged on the keyboard in that way, For example, if you press Ctrl + § button whi Save the document F, to F,y on Fy) at the top of th Perform numerous functions, ination with other keys. Microsoft Word, it will rds have function keys n the downside used to ile Working on a document in t Sr Most Of the keyboa Keyboard and arranged arrow keys jnComputer Fundamental >> Ae Mouse: A mouse is a small hardware input device used by hand. It controls the movement ‘the cursor on the computer screen and allows users fo move and select folders, text, files, and : .s on a computer. It is an object. which needs to put on a hard-flat surface to use. When the = move the mouse, the cursor moves in the same direction on the display screen. The name inouse is derived from its size as it isa small, corded, and elliptical shape device that looks a bit like a mouse. A connecting wire of a mouse is imaginable to be the mouse’s tail. Additionally, some of the mice have combined features like extra buttons, which may be assigned and programmed with many commands. The mouse invention is considered as one of the most important breakthroughs in the computer field as it helps to reduce the use of a keyboard. ig. 1.32 Scroll Mouse A mouse is capable of performing various functions on a computer, which are as follows: = Move the Mouse Pointer : The main function of a mouse is to move the mouse cursor on the screen in the desired direction. a Select : A mouse provides users the option to select the text, file or, folder and many files at once. For example, if you want to send multifile to anyone, you can select many files at ‘once and can send them. = Open or, Execute a Program : You can open a folder, icon, or other objects by a mouse. You are required to move the cursor toa file, folder or, an icon, then double click on the object that you want to open or execute. = Drag-and-Drop : When you select something, it can also be moved from one location to another by using the drag-and-drop method, In this method, first, you need to highlight the file or, an object that you want to move. Then, move this file while pressing the mouse button and drop it on the desired location. = Hovering : When you move the mouse pointer on any object, hover changes the color of links, and by clicking on that link, you can go on the destination page. = Scroll Up & Down: If youare viewing a long web page or, working with a large document, you need to scroll up or, down a page. The mouse’s scroll button helps to up and down your document page; otherwise, you can also click and drag the scroll bar. = Perform Other Functions : Most of the desktop mouse contains buttons, which can perform any function by programming them according to the requirement. For instance, on the thumb portion, many mouses have two side buttons that can be programmed to go back on web pages.. IT System Theory f introduction to La. «A Text Book o arious games like chase on to play vario! = Playing Game : A mouse provides users the op Y objects. . i y particular obj u es ie games, in which a mouse is used to ae ae ica bination activities ike, Cte inati ivities : A mouse can be use’ any 2 Combination Activities : A mo see arta + Mouse click can be used for the hyperlink in ne E , vare device that controls A computer hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile memory ae eee Sire Hard dick the positioning, reading and writing of the hard disk, which os Se eae drives are commonly used as the main storage device in a compul 7 eee red system, software programs and other files, and can be found in desktop comp § i ge arrays in data centers. . consumer electronics and enterprise storage arrays in data Re en A hard disk drive— often shortened to hard drive — ant es i : i r vhole unit. but they are packaged as a unit and either term can refer to the w a a i found i i i c motherboard Ina computer, an HDD is commonly found in the drive bay and is connected to the r via an ATA, SATA or SCSI cable. The HDD is also connected to a power supply unit and can keep stored data while powered down. & How It Works? : Most basic hard drives consist of a number of di: positioned around a spindle inside heads and motors, isk platters that are a sealed chamber. The chamber also includes read-and-write The motor is used to spin the platters, which hold the d: lata, at up to 15,000 rotations per minute (a higher rpm number results in faster performance). As the platters spin, a second motor controls the position of the read-and-write heads that magnet read information from, tracks on each platter. tically record information to, and © ESPEU lure nee eta @ Common Peripherals = Input Keyboard Computer mouse Graphic tablet Touchscreen Barcode reader Image scanner Microphone Webcam Game controller Light pen Scanner’ eccceeoeose cee Digital camera = Output Computer dis, Printer Projector Speaker PlayComputer Fundamental _>> MA nz Storage Devices Floppy disk drive Flash drive Disk drive Smartphone or Tablet computer storage interface © CD/DVD drive © Input/Output e Modem OED A solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of storage device used in computers. SSDs replace traditional mechanical hard disks by using flash-based memory, which is significantly faster, Older hard-disk storage technologies run slower, which often makes your computer run slower than it should, SSDs speed up computers significantly due to their low read-access times and fast throughputs. For decades, data was stored primarily on mechanical hard drives. These traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) are mostly based on moving parts. like a read/write head that goes back and forth to gather data. This makes HDDs the likeliest computer hardware component to fail. SSD adoption began in high-performance technology areas and in enthusiasts” PCs, where the drives extremely low access times and high throughput justified the higher cost. But they have \ce become an accepted option— or, even the default choice — in lower-cost mainstream laptops and PCs, @ Types of Software : Different Types : Software is the collection of data, programs, procedures, routines and instructions that tell a computer or, electronic device how to run, work and execute specific tasks. This is in contrast to hardware, which is the physical system and components that perform the work. w Types of Software : © Application Software © System Software © Firmware © Programming Software © Driver Software © Freeware © Shareware © Open Source Software © Closed Source Software © Utility Software