Q1 Attmpt any Five

a) Classification of Dryers
The various types of solar dryers are:
1. Natural convection or direct type solar dryers (cabinet
dryers) 2. Forced circulation solar dryers i) Direct gain type and
ii) Indirect gain type)
b Types of Solar PV cell-
a) Single crystal silicon solar cell
b) Multi crystalline silicon solar cell
c) Amorphous silicon (A-si) solar cell
d) Gallium arsenide (Ga-AS) solar cell
e) Copper indium (gallium) diselenide (CIS/CIGS) solar cell
f) Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar cell
g) Organic Solar cell
h) thin film solar cell (TFSC)
i) Concentrated solar cell
j) Bio hybrid solar cell
c Advantages of Ni-Cd batteries over lead acid batteries
1. No need for electrolyte- no spilling and freezing
2. Less sensitive to temperature
3. Less sensitive to rate of discharge
4. Battery can remain discharged for long duration without charging.
5. Faster charging rate,
6. Longer storage period
7. Long life,
8. Low maintenance.
d Classification of wind energy conversion system
A) According to the axis of rotor
i) Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT)
ii) Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT)
B) According to capacity -
i)Small wind energy systems - Small (20 kW)
ii) Intermediate wind energy system- Intermediate (20-500 kW)
iii) Large wind energy system - Large (500 kW -5MW)
C) According to application
i) Commercial wind energy system
ii) Domestic wind energy system
D) According to arrangement -
i)Stand-alone wind energy system
ii) Grid connected wind energy system.
e Following situation must be consider during selection of micro hydro
power station-
 1) Micro hydro schemes are used in remote areas, where electric utility
grid (transmission lines) does not exist.
2) Availability of natural flow of water to meet electricity power
requirement up to 100 KW.
3) Where long and continuous water streams available in hilly areas.
These plants meet the power requirement of hilly areas.
f Specification of small biogas power plant
1. Digester diameter - 13 to 16 m (60 m³per day production)
2. Type - combined heat and power station
3. Rated power output-75 KW with Otto gas engine.
4. Heat output (kW)- 90 KW
g The main components of the Wind Biogas Hybrid System are I
1) Wind Turbine
2) Synchronous Generator
3) Voltage regulator
4) Voltage source convertor
5) Biogas Plant
6) Biogas Engine (I Cengine)
Q2 Attempt any THREE
a

1. Visually Check for Leaks. Check the inlet and outlet pipes, the T&P
(temperature & pressure) relief valve, and the drain valve. If you see any
water leaking or weeping around the valve body, it's best to replace that
part.
 2. Test the Temperature & Pressure (T&P) Valve. The T&P valve is one
of the most important safety devices in water heaters. If the pressure
or temperature inside the tank gets too high, it will open to release
water to prevent the tank from an explosion.
3. Drain & Flush the Tank to Remove Sediment. Over the course of 12
months, sediments and minerals will accumulate at the bottom of the
tank. To do a deep flush, drain all the water until the tank is empty.
Then do a flush to of water heaters, causing remove the built-up
sediment. Sediment degrades the efficiency of more energy spend to
heat the same amount of water.
4. Check the Insulation of the Pipes. Insulation will help to reduce the
amount of heat loss. Check for proper insulation, and repair / replace if
needed.
b Working Principle of silicon PV cell

Working Principle-
A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an
ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a thicker
layer of boron-doped (P-type) silicon. An electrical field is created near
the top surface of the cell where these two materials are in contact,
called the P-N junction. When sunlight strikes the surface of a PV cell,
the photons (positively charged) are absorbed by semiconductor
material such as silicon.
An electrical field is created near the top surface of the cell where
these two materials are in contact, called the P-N junction. When
sunlight strikes the surface of a PV cell, the photons (positively
charged) are absorbed by semiconductor material such as silicon. The
electrons get highly charged and flow through the material from n type
semiconductor to P type semiconductor. This generates the
electromotive force (emf), thereby producing electric current, i.e.
electricity. This electrical field provides momentum and direction to
light-stimulated electrons, resulting in a flow of current when the solar
cell is connected to an electrical load.
c Advantages of VAWT over HAWT
1. Power is produced in any wind direction
. 2. A strong supporting tower is not required since most of its
components are placed on the ground.
 3. Low production cost compared to horizontal axis wind turbines.
4. Yaw drive and pitch mechanism are eliminated since there is no
need for the turbine to the wind direction. I
5. Easy installation
6. Low maintenance costs
7. Easy to transport from one place to another.
8. Suitable for areas with extreme weather conditions.
9. They are installed in urban areas.
10. Low risk for humans and birds because blades move at relatively
low speeds.
Limitation of VAWT over HAWT
1. Efficiency is low because only one blade works at a time.
2. VAWTs create noise pollution.
3. The initial push to start is required so that the blades can start
spinning.
4. Vertical axis wind turbines are very less efficient because of the
additional drag created when the blades rotate.
5. Vibration is relatively high because the airflow near the ground
creates turbulent flow.
6. This vibration increases bearing wear which may result in to increase
in maintenance cost.
d Typical Layout of micro hydra power plant.

Functions of various components of micro hydro power plants are

1. Diversion structure - A diversion weir is design to divert and
maintain constant flow in channel.
 2. Desilting tank-Used to trap and remove suspended matters, silt (i.e.
sand, soil, clay, mud or deposited sediments), pebbles(small stones)
etc. so as to minimize erosion damage to turbine runner
3. Water Channel or conductor system- Water flows through the water
channel. It is design in such a way that, the water will flow with least
loss of head due to friction.
4. Forebay tank - Forebay tank is a temporary storage of water which is
finally used for electricity generation. It stores water when less power
demand and stored water is supplied to turbine when higher electricity
demand. Trash Rack are also provided to prevent entry of trash, debris
etc.
5. Penstock- Penstock is a water conduit system (i.e. pipeline)
connecting forebay with turbine. Penstock should be design in such a
way that head loss due to friction is minimum.
6. Turbine - Turbine is used to convert kinetic energy of water into
mechanical power at shaft.
7. Generator-Generator coupled with turbine convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
8. Power House- It is water way to discharge the water from turbine
back to the river. After producing useful mechanical work, the water is
leaving the turbine is discharged through tailrace.
Q3 Attempt any THREE
a Advantages of Parabolic collector over flat plate collector
1. Absorber area is small
2. Concentration ratio is high varying from 4 to 3000
3. Higher temperatures obtained up to 3000 °C
4. Used for power generation.
5. It has high collector efficiency.
6. The cost of heat storage system is less due to storage of high
temperature.
7. Required less quantity of water. 8. Used for small distributed power
source.
b Industrial applications of solar photovoltaic system.
1. SPV power plants
2. Food processing
3. Chemical production
4. water desalination,
5. Cathodic protection of oil pipe line.
6. Mineral processing industry.
Commercial applications of solar photovoltaic system.
1. Solar lantern 2
. Solar home system
3. SPV street light
4. SPV traffic signal system
 5. Building integrated power system
c

d KVIC biogas plant ( Floating drum type biogas plant)

Construction-
It consists of slurry inlet tank, gas valve, floating gas holder (dome), outlet
tank, inlet pipe,
digester, partition wall.
The plant consist of digester made of masonry construction in thi form a
well below the
 ground level There is a steel dome for gas collection which float on slurry
(floating gas
holder) made of mild steel. A partition wall provided in the digester
improves circulation
which is necessary for fermentation. It consists of inlet for feeding animal
dung slurry and
an outlet pipe for sludge.
A pressure of about 100 mm of water column is built in floating gas holder
which is
sufficient to supply gas up to 100m. This gas pressure also forces out
digested slurry
through a sludge pipe. ( i.e. outlet pipe)

Q4 Attempt any THREE

a Routine maintenance procedure for small wind turbine power

plantsWind turbine routine maintenance refers to the process of
keeping wind turbines running smoothly. It includes routine
inspections, cleaning, lubrication, and repairs. Wind turbine
maintenance tasks include turbine inspection, turbine cleaning, turbine
Lubrication and turbine repair. Wind turbine routine maintenance
activities are wide-ranging, with technicians working through extensive
checklists.
In general, the work carried out will include:
1. Inspection of the electrical cabinet, gearbox, generators, yaw
system, and brake.
2. Assessing the blades and blade pitching
3. Examining and tightening bolts
4. Surveying the tower foundation
5. Measuring oil and lubrication levels, sampling, and if necessary,
replacing
6. Alignment of the drive train
7. Evaluating nacelle
8. Checking ventilation, air filters, and shock absorbers
9. Repairing cracks and corrosion
10. Inspecting bearing and connections.

b Advantages of microhydro power plant

1) Fuel free source of power.
2) This plant is free from pollution.
3) Its operation and maintenance cost i less
 4) It has no stand by losses.
5) Hydraulic turbines can be started speedily.
6) The plant has longer service life.
7) Good co-relation with demand
8) No change in efficiency with the age.
9) Reasonable payback period of 10 or less than 10 year.
10) Constant electricity generation over long periods.

Limitations of Microhydro Power plant

1) High cost of power generation per unit I
2) High managerial & administrative cost due to installation at isolated
and remote areas.
3) Low load factor or utilization of power.
4) Unstable operation due to changes in water stream flow in different
season.
5) Generation depend on availability of water.
6) Susceptible losses due to extreme climatic condition leading to
flooding , thereby
damaging equipment

c Maintenance procedure of micro hydro power System

To operate microhydro power plant in good condition for a long period,
water way
facilities, electric equipment, transmission and distribution lines should
be maintained
properly.
General maintenance procedure of micro hydro is as power plants
follows:
1) Preventive maintenance-
Preventive maintenance is planned maintenance of plant and equipment.
« It Improves equipment life & avoid unplanned maintenance activities.
« PM is inspection, replacement; repair of any component based on time
& set parameter.
« Itincludes painting, lubrication, cleaning, adjusting and minor
component replacement to
extend the life of equipment & facility.
«+ Main purpose is to minimize break down & excessive deterioration
Maintenance of following various systems are required-
1. intake and water ways I
2. Sedimentation basin
3. Head race
4. Forebay
S. Penstock / conduits
6.Turbine
 7. Generator
8. Transformer, transmission and distribution lines
9.l0ad stabilizer system.

2) Predictive maintenance-
« This ensures ability to judge when a piece of equipment is going to fail &
replace the
same before it does.
« It requires some form of testing &analysis which help in predicting a
failure.
# These include vibration monitoring, oil analysis, temperature i ampere
reading, Resistance reading of motors, efficiency in power generation
output leakage of oil & water.
« All these things can be captured and tracked by computer system. This
analysis canpredict the failure.

d Layout of Solar biogas hybrid system -

Specification of Solar biogas hybrid system -

Consider specification of any manufacturer of Solar-biogas hybrid system.

e Installation procedure of wind —solar hybrid system

The installation of wind solar hybrid system is feasible, when following
situations exits
1. Average annual wind speed is at least 4 m/s
2. Ample sunlight is available at least for one season.
3. A grid connection is not available
4.To generate clean power.
5. To gain energy independence from local electric utility grid.
Installation procedure-
1) Installation of wind energy conversion system-
This include installation of following components as per the design-
a) Wind turbine &
 b) Generators ( Permanent magnet synchronous generator or any
other type)
2) Installation of solar PV system-
This include installation of following components as per the desitn
a) PV module,
b) Charge controller &
c) control box for D.C. bus
3) Installation of battery bank
Once the individual renewable source is place, the Battery bank for
storage could be
Installed.
This includes selection and installation of charge controller and other
allied system
necessary for operation.
4) Various convertors (D.C. /A.C., A.C. / D.C.) are used to connect solar
PV power with
wind energy conversion system. Depending upon nature of load
(DC/AC/Both) the
convertor installed for power conversion.

Q5 Attempt any TWO

a Parabolic collector

Construction
• This type is line focusing type collector. The cross-section area
of such collector is in parabolic shape.
• In this type of collectors, the solar radiations falling on the area
of the parabolic reflector are concentrated at the focus of
parabola.
 • When the reflector is manufactured in the form of a trough with
parabolic cross- section, the solar radiations gets focused along
a line.
• Mostly cylindrical parabolic concentrators are used in which the
absorber is placed along the focus axis.
• In this collector pipe is used as an absorber with a selective
doating.
• Parabolic reflectors are usually made of highly polished or
silvered glass or of a film of aluminized plastic on a firm base.
‘Working-
In this the collector pipe is used as an absorber with a selective coating.
Parabolic trough
reflectors are usually made of highly polished or silvered glass or of a film
of aluminized
plastic on a firm base. Instead of the reflector having a continuous form,
the reflector may
be made of many flat mirror strips on the parabolic firm base.
A parabolic trough or parabolic cylinder collector is shown in Fig. In order
that the
solar radiations are always focused on a line with respect to changes in
sun's elevation by
the parabolic reflector, either the trough or the collector pipe is rotated
continuously about
the axis of absorber.
The orientation of the trough type collectors is kept in the east-west or
north-south
directions.

b ‘Grid connected Solar PV system (interactive system)

Grid- connected solar PV systems are designed to operate in accordance with

the electric utility grid. This electric utility grid act as an energy storage system, which
 means that the PV system does not need to include battery storage. The electricity
demand of the load is primarily meet by the solar PV array. Depending upon the
relative output power, excess power from the solar array is feed to the grid.
The primary component in grid connected PV system is the power conditioning
unit. (DC-AC inverter) The inverter convertes DC power generated by the PV array into
AC power consistent with the voltage and power quality requirement of the particular
utilityity grid. The bidirectional interface is made between the solar pv system AC
output circuits and the electric utility network typically at on site distribution panel.
The solar PV system should supply the AC power produced to fulfill the load
demand of on-site electrical loads first. When the power output of solar pv system is
greater than the on- side load demand then excess power can be feed to electricity
utility grid.At night and during other periods when the demand of electrical load is
greater than the power put of solar pv system, then the excess electric power
demanded is automatically pulled from the electric utility.

2) Stand alone Solar PV system or Off-grid connected solar PV system

They supply power to the system independently without the use of any common
grid or connection to any other system. It operates autonomously and independently.
Stand alone system commonly used for backup power where connecting to grid are
very costly. It may or may not use energy. It can be used to power DC loads and also
AC loads using an inverter. Hybrid stand alone system may include other power
producing devices also for backup.
Stand alone PV system is a simple system to install or run compare with other
forms of off grid systems like wind turbines, hydroelectric systems etc. Stand alone
system may be of any one of the categories given below-
a) Stand alone Solar PV system without battery or Direct coupled PV system

b) Stand alone Solar PV system with battery

c Wind turbine power plant

 All wind turbine power system have the following basic components:
1) Tower structure- Supports rotor, generator, nacelle, and other components in
nacelle. Smaller wind turbine use lattice or tubular towers. Height of smaller wind
turbines may have equal to several times of the rotor diameter to place rotor in high
wind speed.
2)Rotor with blades- To extract energy from wind and convert it in to rotational
motion. It has two or three blades of wood or high density glass fibre reinforced
plastic (FRP) of aerofoil section. Rotor diameter is 2m to 25 m and are assembled on
hub.
3) Nacelle- The nacelle houses the gear box, generator, high & low speed shafts,
brakes and control equipments.
4) Gear box- Mechanical power generated by rotor blade is transmitted to the
generator through two stage gear box. Gear box is provided for increasing shaft
speed.
5) Generator- To convert mechanical energy into electricity.
6) Speed control system- Pitch control of blades: A system where the pitch angle of
blade changes according to the wind speed for efficient operation.
7) Yaw control - Small HAWT have tails to keep the rotor facing directly into the wind.
Q6 ‘Attempt any TWO

a Forced convection (Indirect gain type) solar dryers are very efficient
and faster.These can be used at low as well at hgh temperature drying of
large quantity ofagricultural products Ike dying of food grains, pad te,
coffe, tobace et.
 Working

«The working is similar in principle to active hot air heating system.

« It consists of an array of solar collectors in which the surrounding air is
forced by a
blower.
« The heated air is supplied to the dehydrator for drying the products. The
excess hot air
is supplied to rock storage tank where the excess solar heat can be
stored.
« The hot air temperature to the dehydrator can be controlled by passed
fresh air with
the help of dampers and temperature controllers.
« The humid hot air is exhausted to surroundings after drying the food
products in the dehydrator

b Installation Procedure of Biogas Plant

Any typical biogas plant starts with Project proposal and pre-feasibility
study. After thisdetailed planning of plant is done.
The general procedure may be followed for plant installation is
1. Dimension marking
2. Excavation works
3. Preparation of digester bottom
4. Building the digester
5. Integrating heating tubes
6. Building the gas holder
7. Technology installation
8. Installing the insulation
9. Gas processing unit 1
10.Mixing technology
11.Solids feeder
12.Biogas storage
 13.Cover membrane
14. Monitoring and Controlling
15.Digestate substrate storage
Maintenance procedure of Biogas Plant
1) Removal of sediments in digester
Sediment formation & its problem minimize by some basic measures
are
i) Regularly emptying of prestorage and storage tanks
ii) Establishing sufficient prestorage capacity
iii) Applying adequate stirring method
iv) Adequate placement of the pumping pipe stubs to avoid sand
circulation.
v) Avoid feedstock with high sand content. vi) Sand evacuation from
digesters
2) Measures against foam layers
The foam formation and swimming layer on the surface of biomad: can
cause clogging of
gas lines. To prevent this
i) Gas lines should install as high as possible inside the digester.
ii) A foam sensor can be installed in the gas area of digester to start
automatically
spraying foam retardant inside digester.
3) Steps performed to improve and maintain reactor for its long life
i) Clean and lubricate primary gas valve
ii) Clean and lubricate gas faucets
iil) Clean or repair gas lamp
iv) Clean and repair water drain and overflow
V) Repair pipeline to stop leakage
vi) Clean the stoves
vii) Replace rubber hose

c Wind - Solar hybrid power system -

Above block diagram shows solar wind hybrid system for an isolated
location. During favorable wind period, wind turbine generator
generates A C power.
• It may use directly and connected to AC load. The excess AC power
is converted to DC by rectifier and stored in battery bank.
• During the day time and favorable sun shine, the solar PV system
converts solar radiation received directly into DC power. It is stored in
battery bank.
• The DC power is converted to AC power by inverter and this power is
supplied to various consumers through consumer control device.
• Battery acts as storage system. It stores excess power when demand
by consumer is less than power produced by wind solar hybrid system.
• Also if power produce by wind solar hybrid system is less the
additional energy needed by consumer is supplied from battery.
Operating procedure of wind -
solar PV hybrid system- The wind - solar REHS can operate in two
modes-
1. Simultaneous mode- produces energy concurrently.
2. Sequential mode- produces electricity alternatively.
a. The wind - solar REHS may work in stand-alone or grid connected
mode.
b. If load demands less power than production capacity, then the
excess amount of power is used to charge the battery. If the battery is
full charged the excess power is fed to local utility grid.
c. At peak load duration if renewable subsystem cannot meet load
demand, the
conventional diesel generator supplies the necessary load. This power
is used for
load supply. Battery is not charged by power of generator.
d. If no solar radiation or no wind speed, the generator supplies full
load.
e. The purpose of diesel generator and battery system is to fulfil the
excess demand
load, whenever needed.