DCC CHAPTER 3
State any two limitations in Bluetooth. 2M
Ans: Following are the two limitations in Bluetooth:
- It has a small range: 10 meters.
- It can be hacked and hence, less secure.
State types of errors. 2M
Ans: Following are the Types of Errors:
- Single Bit Error
- Multiple Bit Error
- Burst Error
Compare LRC and VRC. 4M
Ans:
Explain mobile generation: i) 1G, ii) 2G, iii) 3G, iv) 4G, v) 5G. 6M
Ans:
1G (First Generation):
- Introduced in the 1980s.
- Analog cellular networks.
- Voice calls were the primary service.
- Limited data capabilities, mainly used for voice communication.
- AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was a popular 1G technology.
2G (Second Generation):
- Introduced in the early 1990s.
- Digital cellular networks.
- Offered improved voice quality and added text messaging (SMS).
- Used technologies like GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access).
- Basic data services for sending/receiving small amounts of data, such as SMS and basic internet
browsing.
3G (Third Generation):
- Rolled out in the early 2000s.
- Enhanced data capabilities, allowing for faster internet access and multimedia services.
- Supported video calling, mobile TV, and higher-speed data transfer.
- Technologies included UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and CDMA2000.
4G (Fourth Generation):
- Deployed in the late 2000s.
- High-speed data networks with significantly faster internet speeds than 3G.
- Supported services like HD streaming, online gaming, and video conferencing.
- Technologies included LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access).
5G (Fifth Generation):
- Began deployment in the 2010s and ongoing.
- Offers ultra-fast internet speeds, low latency, and high reliability.
- Enables advanced applications like IoT (Internet of Things), autonomous vehicles, virtual reality
(VR), and augmented reality (AR).
- Utilizes technologies such as mmWave (millimeter wave) and sub-6 GHz bands for high-speed
data transfer.
- Enables massive device connectivity and network slicing for customized services.
Draw the architecture of Bluetooth and explain. 6M
Ans: Bluetooth architecture defines two types of networks namely, Piconet and Scatternet:
Piconet:
Definition: A Piconet is a basic network topology in Bluetooth where one master device
communicates with up to seven active slave devices.
Master Device: The master device initiates and controls communication within the Piconet. It
establishes connections with slave devices and coordinates data transmission.
Slave Devices: Up to seven slave devices can be connected to a master device within a Piconet.
They communicate with the master and follow its instructions for data exchange.
Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Links: Used for voice communication and time-
sensitive data transmission between the master and specific slave devices.
Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) Links: Used for general data transmission between the
master and all connected slave devices.
Scatternet:
Definition: A Scatternet is an advanced Bluetooth network topology where multiple Piconets are
interconnected, allowing devices to participate in multiple simultaneous connections across
different Piconets.
Bridge Devices: Devices capable of participating in multiple Piconets act as bridges between
separate Piconets in a Scatternet. They facilitate communication and data exchange between
devices in different Piconets.
Inter-Piconet Communication: Bridge devices manage inter-Piconet communication by relaying
data packets between Piconets. They maintain synchronization and manage interference between
overlapping frequency channels.
Increased Connectivity: Scatternets enable devices to have broader connectivity and participate
in diverse communication scenarios, such as data sharing between different groups of devices or
multi-hop communication across interconnected Piconets.
Draw and Explain the architecture of wireless LAN 802.11 . 6M
Ans:
The IEEE 802.11 standard delineates the physical layer and media access control (MAC) layer
specifications for wireless local area networks (WLANs). WLANs facilitate data transmission and
reception wirelessly, using either radio frequency (RF) or infrared optical technology. This eliminates
the necessity for fixed wired connections, offering flexibility and mobility in network connectivity.
802.11 Architecture:
The 802.11 architecture encompasses two primary services:
1. Basic Service Set (BSS):
- A Basic Service Set comprises either stationary or mobile wireless stations and a central base
station known as the Access Point (AP).
- The use of an access point within a BSS is optional; in its absence, the BSS operates as a stand-
alone network, unable to communicate with other BSSs, thereby forming an ad hoc architecture.
- Conversely, when an access point is present, the BSS becomes part of an infrastructure network,
allowing data exchange within the network and connectivity to other networks.
2. Extended Service Set (ESS):
- An Extended Service Set is formed by connecting multiple Basic Service Sets (BSSs) that include
access points (APs).
- These extended networks are established by interconnecting the access points of BSSs via a
wired Local Area Network (LAN) referred to as the distribution system.
- Stations within an ESS can be categorized as:
- Mobile stations: These are standard stations located within a BSS and can move within the
network area.
- Stationary stations: These are AP stations that are integrated into a wired LAN and facilitate
network connectivity for mobile stations within the ESS.
