Analog and Digital Communication
ETUA22183
Unit 2 Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
slides are taken/prepared from:
Principles of Communication Systems, Third
Edition Herbert Taub, Donald L Schilling, Goutam Saha
Students are recommended to read the book thoroughly
Amplitude Modulation
Need for Frequency Translation
• Frequency Multiplexing : Different message bearing
signal in different frequency range.
• Practicability of Antennas : Antenna size directly
depends on wavelength or inversely to frequency. A higher
frequency range gives lower antenna size.
• Narrowbanding :Converts wideband signal to a
relative narrowband signal which solves many
implementation issues.
• Common Processing : For shifting signal to a
common frequency range to use same processing blocks.
Frequency Translation Method - 1
Consider,
message signal
Consider, an
auxiliary
(carrier) signal
Multiplying,
Frequency Translation Method - 2
Frequency Translation Method - 3
Extending previous logic for message signal which consists
of multiple sinusoids (as is the case from Fourier
decomposition)
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSB-SC) Modulation
DSB-SC Modulator - 1
Balanced Modulator :
DSB-SC Modulator - 2
Nonlinear Modulator : Previous figure AM block
replaced by nonlinear device
Output of first block
second block
Summer o/p
Simplifying
Band Pass Filtering DSB-SC o/p
DSB-SC Modulator - 3
Switching Modulator :
Band Pass Filtering DSB-SC output
DSB-SC Demodulator - 1
Coherent Detection : Reverse frequency translation by
multiplying with carrier and then Low Pass Filtering.
If local carrier has phase shift , w.r.t. original then from
above demodulated message is No message
for . Also with phase ampltude changes.
If local carrier frequency is different then
demodulated signal is proportional to
and has waxing and waning.
Need to be precisely synchronous
DSB-SC Demodulator - 2
Squaring synchronizer : Obtaining synchronous
carrier from squaring, filtering, and divide by two.
Amplitude Modulation
Double Sideband with Carrier(DSB-C)
Amplitude of carrier
modulated according
to message signal.
(a) Sinusoidal carrier
(b) Modulating waveform
(c) Amplitude Modulated signal
DSB-C Modulator
Switching
Modulator :
Switching in previous fig. approximated by pulse train
BPF that passes will bring out and carrier.
DSB-C Demodulator - 1
Envelop
Detector :
Also from considering diode switching
as a series of pulse train (as done
before) and Low Pass Filtering to get
message component.
Maximum Allowable Modulation for
Rectifier Detection
Required
Percentage Modulation
Spectrum and Power Efficiency
Carrier Power
Useful power i.e.
sideband power
Power efficiency
For tone
modulation
Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Modulation
In VSB, vestige or appendage is added to SSB spectrum.
VSB Demodulation
Demodulation is done by multiplying the signal with a
coherent local carrier and Low Pass Filtering.
Final demodulated output =
If is constant over frequency band of
interest demodulated output is proportional to m(t).
VSB and Television Broadcasting
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)
QAM is similar to DSB-SC but sends two message
signals over the same spectrum.
Demodulation uses coherent detection.
Similarly,
LPF brings out message signals.
Thank You
