Name: Dayrit, Sherina B.
Date: February 29, 2023
Course, Year & Section: BSCE 2-A Professor: Dr. Maria Cristina David
Assignment in Constructional Materials and Testing
Steel
Steel is an iron alloy with a carbon composition that ranges from 0.03% to
1.075% and frequently additional components. Due to its great tensile
strength and low cost, it has become a crucial material for the manufacture of
tools, ships, automobiles, machineries, appliances, and weaponry in addition
to buildings and other infrastructure. It is one of the most widely used
materials worldwide, with annual output topping 1.3 billion tons.
Types of Steel
Carbon Steel
Three major categories can be used to categorize carbon steel.
1. steel with low carbon (known as mild steel)
2. Mid-carbon steel
3. steel with high carbon.
Alloy Steel
Little amounts of one or more alloying elements, such as aluminum,
manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, chromium, and copper, are present in
alloy steel. As a result, special qualities including hardness, hardness
retention, and corrosion resistance are introduced that are not present in
conventional carbon steel.
Stainless Steel
It is a steel alloy containing a minimum 11.5 weight percent of chromium.
Stainless steel products don't rust or corrode as quickly as their non-stainless
equivalents, yet they are still not stain proof.
Tool Steel
Tool steels are extremely strong and heat resistant because they are alloys of
vanadium, cobalt, tungsten, and molybdenum in varying quantities.
Different Shapes of Steel
Angles, beams, channels, tubes, and plates are the five main forms of
structural steel shapes that are broadly classed as structural steel. Each of
these shapes for structural steel has distinguishing characteristics and ideal
uses.
Angles
The most fundamental type of structural steel is
structural steel angles. A hot-rolled product with an
L-shaped cross-section is what it is (usually 900
angles). The thickness of the legs and leg length
provide a conventional structural angle.
L-Shapes
The structural steel angles known as L-shapes can
have equal or unequal leg lengths. The strength of
angles or L-shapes is typically minimal. The longer
leg is used to identify them, followed by the
thickness.
Hollow Structural Sections
High-strength welded steel tube or hollow steel
sections are referred to as hollow structural
sections (HSS). They have cross-sections that are
elliptical, square, circular, or rectangular. The most
common choice for multidirectional load support is
hollow structural steel forms.
Structural Steel Beams
The most common shapes made of structural steel are beams. These are the
main components for holding up enormous loads and are made to support
the most bending load with the least amount of material.
There are several different types of structural steel beams, as follows:
I-beams: I-beams are often referred to as wide flange
beams or universal beams. This structural form's
name derives from the fact that its cross-section
resembles the letter I with its legs parallel.
S-beams: S-beams are stronger than other types of beams
and have flanges that are wider and sloped on the inside.
They are used in the construction of houses and other
buildings, truck bed frames, hoists, lifts, and other things.
T-beams: As their name implies, T-beams are shaped
like a T. These resemble universal beams but do not
have a bottom flange. T-beams are typically utilized for
strengthening.
Bearing piles: Similar to I-beams, bearing piles are
primarily employed to carry vertical loads and have a
consistent thickness throughout all sections.
H-piles: Although they too have an I-shape, H-piles are
mostly utilized to support superstructures' deep
foundations.
Channels
The cross-section of structural steel channels is formed
like a 'C'. Structures called C-channels have an inner
flange surface that has a small slope. They work well as
frames and for bracing but are typically not employed
as principal load-bearing beams.
Plates
Simple flat plates with the necessary thickness for varied
construction applications are structural steel plates.
Building and bridge frames are typically constructed
using structural steel plate components that have been
welded together.
Custom Structural Steel Shapes
Many times, depending on the requirements of the
project, a particular design is created in the steel fabrication shops and is
referred to as a bespoke structural steel shape. These do not fit the described
above typical structural shapes. Custom structural steel shapes are designed
and produced only in accordance with specifications.
Grades of Steel
To fully describe the product requirements for rebar, a grade must be used in
the context of a material specification. Using a grade alone only indicates the
minimum permitted yield strength. The standards for grades as well as other
characteristics, such as chemical composition, minimal elongation, physical
tolerances, etc., are established by the material specifications. When
inspected and tested, fabricated rebar must above the grade's minimum yield
strength standards and any other material specifications.
Color Coding of Steel
Regular Steel Bars
Both ends of the bar are colored "white" for grade 230R. Grade 280R is color
"yellow" at both ends of the bar. Both ends of the bar are colored "green" for
grade 420R. Both ends of the bar are colored "orange " for grade 520. Both
ends of the bar are colored "blue" for grade 550R.
For weldable Steel Bars
Colors for grade 280W is a yellow and red grade (One color per end of the bar).
Colors for grade 420W are green and red (One color per end). Colors for grade
550W are blue and red (One color per end).
Rebars are considered weldable if they have a red color at the ends.
Diameter of Steel
Length of Steel
