Database Management Systems
CE-416
Basic Concepts
&
Definitions
Lecture # 1
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Course Instructor
Engr. Muhammad Atif Bajwa
Lecturer
Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Qualification: M.Sc. Engineering in Computer Systems
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone # 0300-5288926
Course Objectives
Introduction to very basics
Guides through different design stages
Familiarize with tools
Emphasis on design stages of database
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ASSESSMENT SYSTEM
Theoretical/Instruction 100%
Assignments 10%
Quizzes 10%
CEP 10%
Midterm Exam 25%
End Semester Exam 45%
Total 100%
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Text Book
Modern Database Management
Prentice Hall (2010)
10th Edition
Authors
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Ramesh, Heikki Topi
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Examples of Database Applications
Purchases from the supermarket
Purchases using your credit card
Booking a holiday at the travel agents
Using the local library
Taking out insurance
Renting a video
Using the Internet
Studying at university
Definitions of Database
Def 1: Database is an organized collection of logically related
data
Def 2: A database is a shared collection of logically related data
that is stored to meet the requirements of different users of an
organization
Def 3: A database is a self-describing collection of integrated
records
Def 4: A database models a particular real world system in the
computer in the form of data
Definitions
Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events
Referred to facts concerning objects and events that could be
recorded and stored on computer media
Structured: numbers, text, dates
Unstructured: images, video, documents
Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person
using the data
Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user
data
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What is a Database
Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of
this data), designed to meet the information needs of an
organization.
System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to
enable program–data independence.
Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and
relationships of an organization’s information.
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Figure 1-1a Data in Context
Context helps users understand data
Graphical displays turn data into useful information
that managers can use for decision making and
interpretation
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,
including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data
context
The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management Marketing
Product
Planning Control Sales
Development
Corporate
Database
Accounting Manufacturing
Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
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A bit of History
Computer initially used for computational/ engineering
purposes
Commercial applications introduced File Processing
System
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File Processing System
A collection of application programs that perform
services for the end-users such as production of
reports
Each program defines and manages its own data
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File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration
Library Examination Registration
Applications Applications Applications
Library Examination Registration
Data Data Data
Files Files Files
Program and Data Interdependence 16
File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration
Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class
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Files Based Processing
Three file processing systems
Duplicate
Data
Disadvantages of File Processing
Program-Data Dependence
File structure is defined in the program code.
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Duplication of Data (Data Redundancy)
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
Same data is held by different programs.
Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for
the same item.
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access
each other’s files.
Disadvantages of File Processing
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of of information systems budget
Vulnerable to Inconsistency
Change in one table need changes in corresponding tables as well
otherwise data will be inconsistent
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Problems with Data Dependency
Each application programmer must maintain their own data
Each application program needs to include code for the
metadata of each file
Each application program must have its own processing
routines for reading, inserting, updating and deleting data
Lack of coordination and central control
Non-standard file formats
Problems with Data Redundancy
Waste of space to have duplicate data
Causes more maintenance headaches
The biggest problem:
When data changes in one file, could cause
inconsistencies (Vulnerable to Inconsistency)
Compromises data integrity (data reliability)
The DATABASE Approach (Solution)
Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient form
This requires a
Database and Database Management System (DBMS)
Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration
Library Examination Registration
Applications Applications Applications
Database
Management
System
- Data Sharing - Data Independence
- Controlled Redundancy University - Better Data Integrity
Students
Database
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Database Management System
A software system that is used to create, maintain,
and provide controlled access to users of a database
(Database) application program: A computer program
that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate
request (SQL statement) to the DBMS
Database Management System
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
GCR CODE
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