Chapter 1:
The Database
Environment
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Definitions
Data
Stored representations of meaningful
objects and events
Structured: numbers, text, dates
Unstructured: images, video,
documents
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3
Definitions
Information
Processed data to increase
knowledge.
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Graphical displays turn data into
useful information that managers
can use for decision making and 5
Definitions
Metadata
Data that describes the properties
and context of user data
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Descriptions of the properties or
characteristics of the data, including data
types, field sizes, allowable values, and
data context
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Definitions
Character
The smallest unit in data organization
Field / attribute
A group of related characters.
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Definitions
Record
A group of related fields
File
A group of related records
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Definitions
Database
An organized collection of logically
related data.
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File processing systems
To be useful for business
applications, data are stored in files.
Computer file processing systems
were developed to manipulate and
retrieve data files.
Each user defines and implements
the files needed for his specific
application.
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In file processing systems, each
program or application that is
developed is designed to meet the
needs of a particular requesting
department or user group.
As business applications became
more complex, it became evident
that the traditional file processing
systems had limitations.
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Disadvantages of File
Processing
Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Duplication of Data
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the
same data
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of information systems budget
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Duplicate Data
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SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling
agent
Stored in a standardized,
convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS
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Database Management
provide controlled System
A software system that is used to create, maintain, and
access to user databases
Order Filing
System
Invoicing Central database
DBMS
System
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
Payroll
customer data
System
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages
hardware resources
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Advantages of the Database
Approach
Program-data independence
Planned data redundancy
Improved data consistency
Improved data sharing
Increased application development
productivity
Enforcement of standards
Reduced program maintenance
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Elements of the Database
Approach
Data models
Graphical system used to capture the
nature and relationships among data
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Elements of the Database
Approach
Relational Databases
Database technology involving tables
(relations) representing entities and
primary/foreign keys representing
relationships
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Elements of the Database
Approach
Use of Internet Technology
Networks and telecommunications,
distributed databases, client-server, and
3-tier architectures
Database Applications
Application programs used to perform
database activities (create, read, update,
and delete) for database users
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Definitions
Entity
A person, place, object, or event
in the user environment about
which the organization wishes to
maintain data.
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Segment of an
Enterprise Data Model
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Segment of a Project-Level Data Model
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One customer
may place many
orders, but each
order is placed by
a single customer
One-to-many
relationship
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One order has
many order lines;
each order line is
associated with a
single order
One-to-many
relationship
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One product can
be in many
order lines, each
order line refers
to a single
product
One-to-many
relationship
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Therefore, one
order involves
many products
and one product is
involved in many
orders
Many-to-many
relationship
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Components of the Database Environment
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Web-Enabled Databases
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Table 1-6 Summary of Database Applications
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Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with wireless
local area network
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Enterprise Database
Applications
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Integrate all enterprise functions
(manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing,
inventory, accounting, human resources)
Data Warehouse
Integrated decision support system derived
from various operational databases
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Web-Enabled Databases:-
Very successful companies have been shaken by
competition from new businesses that have employed
the Internet to improved customer information and
service, to eliminate traditional marketing channels and
distribution channels, and to implement employee
relationship management.
Each of these applications requires database support,
and many applications require universal access.
When a database is Web-enabled, the Web browser
interface enables users to ask unique and specific
questions and receive answers based on current
information.
Companies are scrambling to collect information about
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Assignment
Please write everything about
Blockchain technology.
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