Chapter 1: The Database Environment
Modern Database Management 6th Edition
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Fred R. McFadden Instructor: Mr. Sadiq Shah Date: 10/09/12
Tentative Grading Policy
20% Mid Tem Exam 70% Final Exam 5% Project/Assignments/Presentation
5% Quizzes
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Class Etiquettes
Respect each others Keep your mobiles switched off
Be careful of class timing
Late comer may be not allowed Delay talks with colleagues
Avoid interruption in class
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Definitions
Data: facts, text, graphics, images, sound,
video segments that have some meaning. Database: An organized collection of logically related data Information: Data processed to be useful in decision making Metadata: Data that describes data
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Figure 1-1a Data in Context
Large volume of facts, difficult to interpret or make decisions based on
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Figure 1-1b Summarized data Useful information that managers can use for decision making and interpretation
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Table 1-1 Metadata Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and documentation
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Disadvantages of File Processing
Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same
data
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of of information systems budget
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Figure 1-2 Three file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture
Duplicate Data
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Problems with Data Dependency
Each application programmer must maintain
their own data Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file Lack of coordination and central control Non-standard file formats
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Problems with Data Duplication
Waste of space to have duplicate data
Causes more maintenance headaches
The biggest Problem: When data changes in one file, could cause inconsistencies Compromises data integrity
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SOLUTION: The DATABASE Approach
Central repository of shared data Data is managed by a controlling
agent Stored in a standardized, convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
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Database Management System
A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval system
which permits data to be stored non-redundantly while making it appear to the user as if the data is well-integrated.
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Database Management System
Application #1
Application #2
DBMS
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
Database containing centralized shared data
Application #3
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Advantages of Database Approach
Program-Data Independence
Metadata stored in DBMS, so applications dont need to
worry about data formats Results in: increased application development and maintenance productivity
Minimal Data Duplication
Leads to increased data integrity/consistency
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Advantages of Database Approach
Improved Data Sharing
Different users get different views of the data
Enforcement of Standards
All data access is done in the same way
Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness
Use of standard data query language (SQL)
Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency
Disaster recovery is easier
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Costs and Risks of the Database Approach
Up-front costs:
Installation Management Cost and Complexity Conversion Costs
Ongoing Costs
Requires New, Specialized Personnel Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
Organizational Conflict
Old habits die hard
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Figure 1-5 Client/server system for Pine Valley Furniture Company
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Figure 1-6 Customer invoice (Pine Valley Furniture Company) Application program functions: inserting new data, updating existing data, deleting existing data, reading data for display
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The Range of Database Applications
Personal Database standalone desktop
database Workgroup Database local area network (<25 users) Department Database local area network (25100 users) Enterprise Database wide-area network (hundreds or thousands of users)
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Figure 1-7 Typical data from a personal computer database
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Figure 1-8 Workgroup database with local area network
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Figure 1-9 An enterprise data warehouse
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Components of the Database Environment
CASE Tools computer-aided software engineering Repository centralized storehouse of metadata Database Management System (DBMS) software for
managing the database Database storehouse of the data Application Programs software using the data User Interface text and graphical displays to users Data Administrators personnel responsible for maintaining the database System Developers personnel responsible for designing databases and software End Users people who use the applications and databases
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Figure 1-10 Components of the database environment
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End of lecture 1
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