C H A P T E R

15
Communication
System
A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter
1. Communication is the act of transmission and The message signals are of two types as given below.
reception of information. (i) Analog signal A continuous electrical signal which at
2. Every communication system has three essential any instant lies within the range of a maximum and a
elements which are as transmitter, medium or minimum value.
communication channel and receiver. (ii) Digital signal (Pulse signal) Digital signals are those
3. Basic terminology used in electronic which can take only discrete stepwise values,
communication system e.g., output of a computer, fax etc.
(i) Signal Information converted into electrical form 5. Bandwidth of communication channel is the range of
and suitable for transmission is called a signal. frequencies used to pass through channel.
(ii) Transducer Any device/arrangement that converts 6. Ground wave propagation (f < 2 MHz) In ground wave
one form of energy into another is called a propagation, the radio waves (AM) travel along the
transducer, e.g. microphone. surface of the earth. These waves are guided along the
(iii) Noise It refers to the unwanted signals that tend to earth’s surface and they follow the curvature of the earth.
disturb the transmission and processing of
7. Sky wave propagation (2 MHz < f < 30 MHz)
message signals in communication system.
Long distance communication can be achieved by
(iv) Attenuation It refers to the loss of strength of a ionospheric reflection of radio waves back towards
signal during its propagation through the
earth. This mode of propagation is called sky wave
communication channel.
propagation and is used by short wave broadcast
(v) Amplification It is the process by which amplitude
services.
of a signal is increased using an electronic circuit
called the amplifier. 8. Space wave propagation (f > 30 MHz)
(vi) Range It is the largest distance between a source A space wave travels in a straight line from transmitting
and a destination up to which the signal is received antenna to the receiving antenna. Space waves are
with sufficient strength. used for Line-of-Sight (LOS) communication as well as
(vii) Repeater Repeaters are erected at suitable satellite communication.
distances between the transmitter and receiver. (i) Range of TV transmission, d = 2hR
Repeaters are used to extend the range of a where, h = height of antenna, R = radius of the earth,
communication system. d = maximum distance/range of transmission
4. Message signals A time varying electrical signal (ii) Range of line-of-sight distance between two antennas,
generated by a transducer out of original signal is
dM = dT + dR , dM = 2hT R + 2hRR
termed as message signal.
 where, h T and hR are heights of transmitting and (i) AM can be represented by expression
receiving antenna and dT is the radio horizon of the µAc µAc
Cm (t ) = Ac sin ω ct + cos (ωc − ω m )t −
transmitting antenna. 2 2
9. Satellite communication Signals which are reflected cos (ωc + ω m )t
by ionosphere is reflected back by satellite. In this where, Ac = amplitude of a carrier wave,
communication, frequency band 5.9 GHz to 6.4 GHz is Am = amplitude of modulating wave
used for uplinking and 3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz is used for µ = Am / Ac is the modulation index (µ ≤ 1 ),
downlinking. fc = frequency of carrier wave
10. For transmitting a signal, we need an antenna. This and fm = modulating wave frequency.
antenna should have a size comparable to the
wavelength of the signal (atleast λ /4 is dimension). 16. Modulation index
Change in amplitude of carrier wave
11. The effective power radiated by an antenna is µ=
proportional to ( l / λ ) 2 , where l is the length of linear Amplitude of carrier wave
antenna. For a good transmission, we need high power. A m A max − A min
= = , Amax = Ac + Am, Amin = Ac − Am
12. Baseband Band of frequencies representing the A c A max + A min
original signal is called baseband.
where, A max = maximum amplitude of AM wave
13. Modulation Modulation is the process of variation of
A min = minimum amplitude of AM wave
some characteristics of a carrier wave in accordance
with the instantaneous value of a modulating signal. 17. Upper side band frequency = fc + fm
14. Types of pulse modulation Lower side band frequency = fc − fm
(i) PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) where, fc and fm are frequencies of carrier wave and
(ii) PDM (Pulse Duration Modulation) modulating wave.
(iii) PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) Bandwidth = USB – LSB = (fc + fm ) − (fc − fm ) = 2fm
(iv) PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
18. Demodulation It is the process of extracting the audio
15. Amplitude modulation In amplitude modulation, the frequency message signal from the modulated wave.
amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with
the information signal.

Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text

Topic 1
Basic Terminology used in Electronic
Communication System
1. A modern communication system acts as a 4. Identify the parts K X K and K Y K in the block
(a) transmitter (b) receiver diagram of a generalised communication system.
(c) messenger (d) None of these Communication system
2. Languages and methods used in communication have Information Message Transmitted
X Channel
source signal signal
kept evolving from prehistoric to modern times, to meet
the growing demands in terms of ...… and ...… of Noise
information.
Received Message User of
(a) receive, sender (b) receiver, sender Y
information
signal signal
(c) speed, complexity (d) language, quality
(a) channel, transmitter (b) transmitter, receiver
3. A communication system consists of
(c) receiver, channel (d) receiver, transmitter
(a) transmitter and receiver
(b) receiver and communication channel 5. If the output of the information source is a non-
(c) transmitter and communication channel electrical signal like a voice signal, a ..... converts it
(d) transmitter, communication channel and receiver to ..... form before giving it as an input to the ..... .
 (a) receiver, electrical, channel 16. With the advancement of technology, a communication
(b) channel, magnetic, transducer system is based on
(c) transducer, electrical, channel (a) electrical (b) electronic
(d) transducer, electrical, transmitter (c) optical (d) All of these
6. When noise adds to the transmitted signal, which
17. Which type of communication system is used in FAX
part of the generalised communication system
machine?
receives a corrupted version of the transmitted
(a) Binary (b) Analog (c) Hybrid (d) All of these
signal?
(a) Channel (b) Receiver 18. Tremendous growth of message transmission through
(c) Transducer (d) Transmitter post offices is due to
7. ..... reconstructs a recognisable form of the original (a) E-mail (b) FAX (c) television (d) telegraph
message signal for delivering it to the user 19. Which of the following is not a transducer?
information. (a) Loudspeaker (b) Amplifier
(a) channel (b) transducer (c) Microphone (d) All of these
(c) receiver (d) transmitter
20. A device that converts some physical variable (pressure,
8. In a point to point communication mode, displacement, force, temperature, etc.) into the
communication takes place over a link between corresponding variation in the electrical signal at its
(a) transmitter and channel (b) channel and transmitter output is that
(c) transmitter and receiver (d) channel and receiver (a) transducer (b) receiver
9. Which of the following is an example of point to (c) noise (d) transmitter
point communication mode? 21. Audio signal cannot be transmitted directly upto large
(a) Radio (b) Television distance
(c) Telephone (d) Microwave (a) the signal has more noise
10. The transmission media can be (b) the signal cannot be amplified for distance
(a) only guided (b) only unguided communication
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (c) the transmitting antenna length is very small to design
(d) the transmitting antenna length is very large and cannot
11. Point to point communication requires the use of be achieved practically
(a) only a guided medium (b) only unguided medium
22. In electronic communication systems, we usually come
(c) any medium (d) None of these
across devices that have either their inputs and outputs
12. Quality of transmission depends upon in the form of
(a) nature of the medium only (a) magnetic (b) electrical
(b) nature of signal only (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(c) Both (a) and (b)
23. Signals are essentially single-valued function of
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(a) distance (b) displacement
13. Which of the following project was undertaken by (c) speed (d) time
US defence department?
24. Which of the following is the fundamental analog signal?
(a) ETHERNET (b) ARPANET
(a) cos wave (b) cosec wave
(c) INTERNET (d) INTRANET
(c) sine wave (d) tan wave
14. ARPANET allowed
25. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) file transfer from one computer to another connected
to the network (a) All analog signals can be fully understood in terms of
their sine wave components
(b) a message signal representing the original signal
delivered by the source of information (b) Sound and picture signals in TV are analog in nature
(c) communicating without using wires (c) Digital signals are those which cannot take only discrete
(d) message signals and make it suitable for transmission stepwise values
(d) Binary system that is extensively used in electronics
15. Which of the following optical systems are superior employs just two level of a signal
and more economical as compared to traditional 26. Fading in the variation in the strength of a signal at a
communication system? receiver is due to
(a) Ray optical (b) Fibre optical (a) interference of waves (b) diffraction of waves
(c) Wave optical (d) Light optical (c) polarisation of waves (d) None of these
27. The loss of strength of a signal while propagating 31. Consider the transmission of singal as shown in figure.
through a medium is known as
(a) amplification (b) receiver
(c) attenuation (d) noise
Mountain
28. Why is the amplification necessary in the
communication system? Earth’s surface
(a) To compensate for the attenuation of the signal
(b) To compensate for the range of the signal
(c) To compensate for the receiver of the signal Why are repeaters used?
(d) To compensate for the transmitter of the signal (a) To discrete the range of a communication system
29. The energy needed for additional signal strength is (b) To extend the range of a communication system
obtained from (c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) AC power source (b) DC power source (d) None of the above
(c) generator (d) sunlight 32. Which one of the following is essentially repeater
30. Which is the largest distance between a source and a station in space?
destination upto which the signal is received with (a) Artificial satellite
sufficient strength? (b) Natural satellite
(a) Bandwidth (b) Demodulation (c) Communication satellite
(c) Repeater (d) Range (d) All of the above

Topic 2
Bandwidth of Signals &
Transmission Medium
33. In a communication system, message signal can be 37. Large bandwidth for higher data rate is achieved by
(a) voice (b) music using
(c) picture or computer data (d) All of these (a) high frequency carrier wave
(b) low frequency carrier wave
34. The type of communication system needed for a given
(c) high frequency audio wave
signal depends on the ..... which is considered
(d) low frequency audio wave
essential for the communication process.
(a) range of wavelength 38. A laser is a coherent source because it contains
(b) band of frequencies (a) many wavelengths
(c) Either (a) or (b) (b) in ordinate wave of particular wavelength
(d) None of the above (c) coordinate waves of many wavelength
(d) coordinate waves of particular wavelength
35. Rectangular wave can be decomposed into a
superposition of sinusoidal waves of frequencies are 39. Message signals are also called
(a) ν 0 , 3 ν 0 , 6ν 0 , 9ν 0 , L, nν 0 (a) band signals (b) electronic signals
(b) 4 ν 0 , 8ν 0 , 12ν 0 , 16ν 0 , L, nν 0 (c) electromagnetic signals (d) baseband signals
(c) ν 0 , 2ν 0 , 3 ν 0 , 4 ν 0 , L, nν 0 40. How many signals, is a single frequency sinusoid?
(d) 2ν 0 , 4 ν 0 , 6ν 0 , 8ν 0 , L, nν 0 (a) Two bandwidth (b) No signal
36. What happen if the bandwidth is large enough to (c) One signal (d) Three signals
accommodate a few harmonics? 41. A singal spreads over a range of frequencies called
(a) The information is not lost (a) signal bandwidth
(b) The rectangular signal is more or less recovered (b) signal baseband
(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) signal audio frequency
(d) Only (b) (d) signal video frequency
42. The effective power radiated by a long wavelength 48. How much bandwidth, is required by an optical fibre
baseband signal would be for data transmission?
(a) large (a) 100 GHz (b) 1000 GHz
(b) small (c) 100 kHz (d) 1000 kHz
(c) either small or large
49. The range of frequency allotted for UHF TV
(d) neither small nor large
broadband is
43. The radio waves frequency 80 MHz of 300 MHz (a) 470 - 960 kHz (b) 47 - 960 MHz
belong to (c) 470 - 960 MHz (d) 174 - 216 MHz
(a) high frequency band
50. The Cellular Mobile Radio wave of frequency
(b) very high frequency band
840 - 935 MHz belongs to
(c) ultra frequency band
(a) base station to mobile (b) mobile to base station
(d) super high frequency band
(c) ultra high frequency (d) very high frequency
44. Coaxial cables are normally operated below
51. Which type of communication uses carrier signals
(a) 18 GHz (b) 18 kHz
(c) 18 MHz (d) 18 THz
having frequencies in the range of 10 12 Hz to 10 16 Hz?
(a) Optical communication (b) Analog communication
45. Communication through free space using ..... waves (c) Digital communication (d) None of these
takes place over a very wide range of frequencies :
52. A communication between a fixed base station and
from a few hundreds of kHz to a GHz. several mobile units, located on ships or aircraft
(a) gamma waves (b) microwaves
utilising two way radio communication in the VHF
(c) radio waves (d) None of these
and UHF is of frequency band
46. For mobile communication to base station, the (a) 3 to 30 MHz (b) 30 to 300 MHz
required frequency band is (c) 30 to 470 MHz (d) 30 to 600 MHz
(a) 896-901 MHz (b) 896-901 kHz 53. Optical fibre communication is generally preferred
(c) 840-935 MHz (d) 840-935 kHz over general communication system because
47. Optical communication is performed in the frequency (a) it is more efficient
range of (b) it has signal security
(a) 100 GHz (b) 1 THz to 1000 THz (c) it cannot be jammed as easily as radio waves
(c) 1 THz to 100 Tz (d) Only 1000 THz (d) All of the above

Topic 3
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
54. As the electromagnetic waves travel away from the 57. Sky wave is used by
transmitter, the strength of the wave keeps on (a) long wave broadcast services
(a) increasing (b) short wave broadcast services
(b) decreasing (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Either increasing or decreasing (d) middle wave broadcast services
(d) Both (a) and (b)
58. The ionosphere is acting as reflector due to
55. Which size of the antenna should have comparable to
(a) Presence of a short number of ions
the wavelength λ of the signal, to radiate signals with
(b) Presence of a large number of ions or charged particles
high frequency?
(c) Presence of neither short nor large number of ions
(a) Atleast ~ λ / 2 (b) Atleast ~ λ / 4
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) At maximum ~ λ / 2 (d) At maximum ~ λ / 4
56. A ground receiver in line-of-sight communication 59. From which height does the ionosphere extends
cannot receive direct waves due to above the earth’s surface?
(a) its low frequency (b) curvature of earth (a) 65 to 75 km (b) 170 to 190 km
(c) its high intensity (d) smaller antenna (c) ~ 65 km to 400 km (d) ~ 65 to ~ 75 km
60. Ionisation occurs due to 70. Which of the following are the examples of
(a) absorption of the gamma rays communication system using space wave mode of
(b) absorption of the infrared rays propagation?
(c) absorption of the X-rays (a) Telephonic communication, microwave links and
(d) absorption of the ultraviolet rays television broadcast
(b) Telephonic communication, satellite communication, and
61. The degree of ionisation depends on microwave links
(a) height (b) intensity (c) Radio broadcast, television broadcast and telephonic
(c) thickness (d) All of these communication
62. Which of the following is the correct statement? (d) Microwave link, satellite communication and television
(a) Electromagnetic wave of frequencies higher than broadcast
30 MHz penetrates the ionosphere and escape 71. What does the given figure depict?
(b) Electromagnetic wave of frequencies higher than
30 kHz, penetrates the ionosphere and escape Communication satellite
(c) Electromagnetic wave of frequencies lower than
30 MHz penetrates the ionosphere and escape
(d) Electromagnetic wave of frequencies lower than Space wave
30 kHz penetrates the ionosphere and escape
63. Radio waves are propagated through Ionosphere
(a) ground wave (b) sky wave LOS
(c) space wave (d) All of these Los Sky wave
Ground wave
64. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Ground wave propagation can be sustained at Earth
frequencies 500 kHz to 1500 kHz
(b) Satellite communication is useful for the frequencies (a) various propagation modes for electromagnetic waves
above 30 MHz (b) various propagation modes for magnetic waves
(c) Sky wave propagation is useful in the 50 to 80 MHz (c) sight communication by space waves
(d) Space wave propagation takes place through (d) sky wave propagation
tropospheric space
(e) The phenomenon involved in sky wave propagation is 72. A transmitting antenna at the top of tower has a height
total internal reflection 32 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 50 m.
What is the maximum distance between them for
65. The part of the ionosphere which exists during day satisfactory communication is LOS mode?
and night time is (given, radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m)
(a) D-layer (b) E-layer
(a) 45.5 km (b) 4.55 m
(c) F1-layer (d) F2-layer
(c) 45.5 m (d) 45.5 cm
66. On which path, a space wave travels from
73. Frequencies in the UHF range, normally propagate by
transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna?
means of
(a) Parabola (b) Straight line
(a) ground waves (b) sky waves
(c) Circular path (d) Rectangular path
(c) surface waves (d) space waves
67. Space waves are used for
(a) Line-of-Sight (LOS) communication
74. A radar has a power of 1 kW and is operating at a
(b) satellite communication
frequency of 10 GHz. It is located on a mountain top of
(c) Both (a) and (b)
height 500 m. The maximum distance upto which it
(d) None of the above
can detect object located on the surface of the earth
(Radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m) is [AIEEE 2012]
68. Line-of-Sight (LOS) communication is only possible
(a) 80 km (b) 16 km
when the frequency is (c) 40 km (d) 64 km
(a) above 40 MHz (b) above 40 kHz
(c) equal to 40 MHz (d) below 40 MHz 75. The highest frequency of radio waves which when sent
at some angle towards the ionosphere, gets reflected
69. Where the receiving antenna must be stand so that from that and returns to the Earth is called
the signal is to be received beyond the horizon? (a) critical frequency (b) maximum usable frequency
(a) At lowest (b) At highest possible
(c) polarisation of waves (d) None of the above
(c) In the middle (d) Neither low or high
76. Through which mode of propagation, the radio waves 83. For transmitting a signal, we need an
can be sent from one place to another (a) signal (b) modulation
(a) ground wave propagation (c) receiver (d) antenna or aerial
(b) sky wave propagation
84. Antenna should have a size comparable to the
(c) space wave propagation
(a) bandwidth of the signal
(d) All of the above
(b) baseband of the signal
77. A transmitting antenna of height 20 m and the (c) wavelength of baseband
receiving antenna of height h are separated by a (d) wavelength of the signal
distance of 40 km for satisfactory communication in
85. For an electromagnetic wave of frequency 20 kHz, the
line of sight mode. Then, the value of h is
wavelength λ is that
(Given radius of the earth is 6400 km)
(a) 20 km (b) 20 m (c) 15 km (d) 15 m
(a) 40 m (b) 45 m (c) 30 m (d) 25 m
86. To transmit a signal of 3 kHz frequency, the minimum
78. What should be the height of a transmitting antenna, if
length of antenna is ……… km.
the TV telecast is to cover a radius of 128 km?
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 50 (d) 75
(a) 1280 m (b) 1280 km (c) 1540 m (d) 1140 km
87. What should be the length of the dipole antenna for a
79. The maximum distance upto which TV transmission
carrier wave of frequency 3 × 10 8 Hz?
from a TV tower of height h can be received is
proportional to (a) 1 m (b) 1 cm (c) 0.5 m (d) 5 cm
1/ 2 3/ 2 2
(a) h (b) h (c) h (d) h 88. A theoretical study of radiation from a linear antenna
80. A TV transmission tower antenna is at a height of (length l ) shows that the power radiated is
20 m. The percentage increase in area covered in case (a) proportional to ( λ / l )2
if the receiving antenna is at ground level to that at a (b) inversely proportional to ( l / λ )2
height of 25 m is (Radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m) (c) proportional to ( l / λ )2
(a) 248% (b) 348.9% (c) 150% (d) 360.2% (d) inversely proportional to ( l / λ )2
81. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a 89. For a good transmission, we need
height of 36 m and the height of the receiving (a) high power
antenna is 49 m. What is the maximum distance (b) low power
between them for satisfactory communication in LOS (c) never low power
mode? (d) neither low power nor high power
(a) 46.5 km (b) 45.5 km (c) 42.75 km (d) 35.77 km
90. The fundamental radio antenna is a metal rod which
82. The area of the region covered by the TV broadcast has a length equal to
by a TV tower of 100 m height is (radius of the earth (a) λ in free space at the frequency of operation
= 6.4 × 106 m) (b) λ / 2 in free space at the frequency of operation
(a) 12.8 × 108 km2 (b) 1.28π × 103 km2 (c) λ / 4 in free space at the frequency of operation
(c) 0.64 π × 10 km3 2
(d) 1.28π × 104 km2 (d) 3 λ / 4 in free space at the frequency of operation

Topic 4
Modulation
91. A figure shows the nature of wave is 92. A figure shows the nature of wave is
Time period T Pulse
duration
Amplitude ω=2 π
T
Time Pulse
rise Pulse Pulse
fall amplitude

(a) pulse (b) sinusoidal (a) sinusoidal (b) pulses

(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
93. A process which attaches information to the carrier 100. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier
wave, known as is varied in accordance with the
(a) modulation (b) demodulation (a) message signal (b) baseband
(c) amplification (d) transmission (c) bandwidth (d) information signal
94. During the process of modulation, any of the three 101. To avoid distortion modulation index µ is kept.
parameters, viz., Ac , ω c and φ, of the carrier wave can (a) < 1 (b) > 1 (c) = 1 (d) ≤ 1
be controlled by 102. Using trigonometric relation sin A sin B
(a) baseband
= 1/ 2 [cos ( A − B )] − cos ( A + B ), we can write
(b) bandwidth
cm ( t ) = Ac sin ω c t + µAc sin ω m t sin ω c t as follows
(c) message or information signal µ Ac
(d) Both (a) and (b) (a) cm ( t ) = A c sin ω m t + cos (ω c − ω m ) t
2
95. Choose the correct statements. [JEE Main 2016] µ Ac
− cos (ω c + ω m ) t
(a) In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the high 2
frequency carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to µAm
(b) cm ( t ) = A c sin ω c t + cos (ω c − ω m ) t
the amplitude of the audio signal. 2
(b) In amplitude modulation, the frequency of the high µ Am
− cos (ω c + ω m ) t
frequency carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to 2
the amplitude of the audio signal. µAc
(c) cm ( t ) = A c sin ω c t + cos (ω c − ω m ) t
(c) In frequency modulation, the amplitude of the high 2
µ Ac
frequency carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to − cos (ω c + ω m ) t
the frequency of the audio signal. 2
µAc
(d) In frequency modulation, the amplitude of the high (d) cm ( t ) = A c sin ω c t + cos (ω c + ω m ) t
frequency carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to 2
µAc
the frequency of the audio signal. − (ω c − ω m ) t
2
96. The significant characteristics of a pulse are
(a) pulse amplitude, pulse duration, pulse receiver 103. A signal of 5 kHz frequency is amplitude modulated
(b) pulse amplitude, pulse repeater, pulse width on a carrier wave of frequency 2MHz. The
(c) pulse amplitude, pulse duration or pulse width, pulse frequencies of the resultant signal is/are
repeater (a) 2 MHz only [JEE Main 2015]
(d) pulse amplitude, pulse duration or pulse width, pulse (b) 2005 kHz and 1995 kHz
position (c) 2005 kHz, 2000 kHz and 1995 kHz
(d) 2000 kHz and 1995 kHz
97. Various types of pulse modulation are
(a) pulse amplitude modulation, pulse position modulation, 104. A signal wave of frequency 12 kHz is modulated with
pulse frequency modulation a carrier wave of frequency 2.51 MHz. The upper and
(b) pulse frequency modulation, pulse phase modulation, lower sideband of frequencies are respectively,
pulse position modulation (a) 2512 kHz and 2508 kHz (b) 2522 kHz and 2488 kHz
(c) pulse amplitude modulation, pulse phase modulation, (c) 2502 kHz and 2498 kHz (d) 2522 kHz and 2498 kHz
pulse position modulation
105. As carrier wave,
(d) pulse amplitude modulation, pulse duration or pulse µ Ac
width modulation, pulse position modulation cm ( t ) = Ac sin ω c t + cos (ω c − ω m ) t
2
98. In an amplitude modulation with modulation index − µ Ac / 2 cos (ω c + ω m ) t
0.5, the ratio of the amplitude of the carrier wave to In the given equation, (ω c − ω m ) and (ω c + ω m ) are
that of the sideband in the modulated wave is (a) upper side frequency, lower side frequency
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (b) lower side frequency, lower side frequency
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1 (c) upper side frequency, lower side frequency
99. The modulation techniques used for transforming (d) lower side frequency, upper side frequency
digital data into analog signals are 106. The modulated signal consists of the carrier wave of
(a) only Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) frequency ω c plus two sinusoidal waves each with a
(b) only Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) frequency slightly different, known as
(c) only Phase Shift Keying (PSR) (a) sidebands (b) baseband
(d) All of the above (c) width band (d) All of these
107. 116. In the communication system, AM is used for
Ac broadcasting because
Amplitude

µAc (a) it avoids receiver complexity

2 (b) it is more noise immune than other modulation system
(c) it requires less transmitting power
(ωc – ωm) ωc (ωc + ωm) ω (in radian) (d) no other modulation system can give the necessary
bandwidth for faithful transmission
Which one of the following graphs is shown in figure?
(a) Modulation of carrier wave 117. Identify the parts A and B of a diagram of a receiver.
(b) Modulation of sky wave Receiving
(c) Frequency spectrum of the amplitude modulated signal antenna
(d) Pulse modulation of carrier wave
Output
A IF stage B Amplifier
108. A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak Received
signal
voltage of 10 V is used to modulate a carrier of
frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage of 20 V. (a) detector, amplifier
Determine the modulation index. (b) signal, carrier wave
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.2 (c) 2 (d) 5
(c) amplifier, detector
109. In the above question, sidebands produced are (d) carrier wave, signal
(a) 1010 kHz and 990 kHz (b) 1010 MHz and 990 MHz 118. Which of the following is the process of recovering
(c) 1010 Hz and 990 Hz (d) 1010 THz and 990 THz the modulating signal from the modulated carrier
110. A sinusoidal carrier voltage of amplitude 100 V is wave?
amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal voltage to give (a) Amplification
as amplitude modulation wave to minimum voltage (b) Detection
amplitude of 70 V. Find the modulation index. (c) Rectifier
(a) 0.03 (b) 30 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.003 (d) Demodulation
111. A carrier wave of peak voltage 10 V is used to 119. The method shown in the block diagram is used to
transmit a message signal. What would be the peak obtain.
voltage of the modulating signal in order to have a AM Wave Envelope m (t)
Rectifier Output
modulation index of 50%? detector
(a) 5 V (b) 3 V (c) 9 V (d) 10 V
(a) (b) (c)
112. If the minimum voltage in an AM wave was found to
Time Time Time
be 2V and maximum voltage 10 V. Find per cent
modulation index. AM input wave Rectified wave Output (without RF
(a) 80% (b) 66.67% (c) 64.25% (d) 76.25% component)

113. A carrier is simultaneously modulated by two sine (a) the original message signal m ( t )of angular frequency ω m
waves having modulation index of 0.3 and 0.4. The (b) the original information signal c( t ) of a simpler
total modulation index will be modular
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.35 (c) an AM signal
114. The modulator is to be followed by a (d) modulation of carrier wave
(a) baseband (b) bandwidth 120. In a modulated signal, an envelope of rectified wave is
(c) signal (d) power amplifier (a) message signal
115. Identify the part A in the block diagram of transmitter. (b) informal signal
Transmitting (c) Both (a) and (b)
antenna (d) None of these
m (t) Amplitude
A 121. In order to retrieve m ( t ), the signal is passed through
Message modulator
signal (a) rectifier
Carrier (b) amplifier
(a) square law device (b) band pass filter centred (c) envelope detector
(c) power amplifier (d) modulating signal (d) Both (a) and (c)
 Special Format Questions
I. Assertion and Reason 128. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
Directions (Q. Nos. 122-125) In the following I. Similar to message signals, different types of
questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a transmission media offer different bandwidths.
corresponding statement of reason. Of the following II. The commonly used transmission media are wire, free
statements, choose the correct one. space and optical fibre.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is III. Coaxial cable is widely used wire media, which offers
the correct explanation of Assertion. a bandwidth of approximately 750 MHz.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is (a) I and II (b) II and III
not the correct explanation of Assertion. (c) I, II and III (d) Only I
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. 129. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
I. The frequency used in satellite communication lies
122. Assertion Digital signals are preferred over analog
between 5MHz and 1MHz.
signals for transmission of information.
II. The uplink and downlink frequencies are different.
Reason Analog signals require amplification and
III. The orbit of geostationary satellite lies in the equatorial
correction at suitable intervals.
plane at inclination of 0°.
123. Assertion In real life, an approximate bandwidth of (a) I and II (b) I and III
20 kHz is required to transmit the music. (c) II and III (d) I, II and III
Reason High frequencies are produced by the 130. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
musical instruments. regarding ground wave propagation?
124. Assertion A TV signal requires the bandwidth of I. A wave induces current in the ground over which it
76-88 MHz for transmission. passes and surrounding particle.
Reason A TV signal contains both voice and picture. II. It is attenuated as a result of absorption of energy by the
125. Assertion Antenna should have a size comparable to Earth and surrounding particle.
the wavelength of the signal (atleast λ / 4 in dimension). III. The attenuation of surface waves decreases very
Reason The antenna properly senses the time rapidly with increase in frequency.
variation of the signal. IV. The maximum range of coverage depends on the
transmitted power and frequency (less than a few
II. Statement Based Questions MHz).
(a) I and II (b) I and III
126. Digital signals (c) I, II and IV (d) All of these
I. do not provide a continuous set of a values.
II. represent values as discrete values. 131. Consider the following figure
dM
III. can utilise binary system and. dT
IV. can utilise decimal as well as binary systems.
h Earth’s surface hR
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) I and II (b) II and III Line of sight communication by space waver
(c) I, II and III (d) All of these
Which statement of the following is/are correct?
127. Read the following statements and select the correct
I. Because of line of sight nature of propagation, direct
option from the options given below.
waves get blocked at some point by the curvature of the
I. To reproduce the rectangular wave shape exactly we need Earth.
to superimpose all the harmonics v 0 , 2 v 0 , 3 v 0 , 4 v 0 L,
which implies an infinite bandwidth. II. Because of sky wave nature of propagation, direct
waves get blocked at some point by the curvature of the
II. For practical purposes, the contribution from higher
Earth.
harmonics cannot be neglected, thus limiting the
bandwidth. III. Because of surface wave nature of propagation, direct
III. Received waves are distorted version of the waves not blocked at some point by the curvature of the
transmitted one. Earth.
(a) I and III (b) I and II (c) Only III (d) All of these (a) Only I (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I and II
132. High frequency carrier waves are needed for effective 135. Match the following Column I with names given in
transmission of signals. Column II and choose the correct option from the
I. To reduce the length ( l ) of the transmitting antenna as codes given below. [HOTS]
l = λ / 4.
Column I Column II
II. To increase the power ( P ) radiated by the antenna (as
P α 1/ λ 2 ) so as to increase the range of transmission. A. Speech signals 1. Bandwidth of 20 kHZ
III. To transmit a large number of signals simultaneously. B. Speech signals for 2. Frequencies extends
(a) I and II (b) Only I commercial telephonic from 20 Hz to 20 kHz
(c) I and III (d) All of these communication
C. Music transmission 3. Frequency range 300 Hz
133. A schematic arrangement for transmitting a message to 3100 Hz.
signal (20 Hz to 20 kHz) is given in figure
D. Audible range of 4. 6 MHz of bandwidth
Transmitting antenna Antenna
frequencies
E. Video signals for 5. Bandwidth of 2800 Hz
Amplifier Amplifier transmission of picture (3100 Hz - 300 Hz)
Microphone
Transmitter Receiver Loudspeaker
F. TV signal 6. 4.2 MHz of bandwidth
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
A B C D E F
I. The message signal is in the AM range and cannot be (a) 6 4 3 2 1 5
transmitted beyond some distances as it possess small
(b) 5 3 2 1 4 6
energy.
(c) 3 5 1 2 6 4
II. An Amplitude Modulation (AM) signal does not possess
(d) 4 2 1 6 5 3
enough energy to travel an appreciable distance from the
antenna. 136. Consider the following figure.
III. The heights of the antennas required are so large that is 1.5
(s) (r) (q )
impossible to build them. 1.0 (p )
(a) Only I
0.5
(b) I and II
Voltage

(c) I and III 0 1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 time
(d) All of the above –0.5
–1.0
III. Matching Type –1.5
134. Match the following Column I with names given in
Match the following columns.
Column II and choose the correct option from the codes
given below. Column I Column II

Column I Column II A. (p) 1. Fundamental wave (ν0 )

A. 0 1. Binary coded decimal. B. (q) 2. Fundamental (ν0 ) + second harmonics
B. Combinations of 2. High level of voltage/current. (2ν0 ) + third harmonics (3ν0 )
number system. C. (r) 3. Rectangular wave
C. Universally 3. Low level of voltage/ current.
popular digital D. (s) 4. Fundamental wave (ν0 ) + second
code. harmonics (2ν0 )
D. ‘1’ 4. (ASCII) American Standard Code
for Information Interchange. A B C D
(a) 2 4 3 1
A B C D A B C D (b) 1 3 4 2
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 3 1 4 2 (c) 3 2 1 4
(c) 4 1 3 2 (d) 2 4 1 3 (d) 4 1 2 3
137. Match the following Column I with names given in IV. Passage Based Questions
Column II and choose the correct option from the
codes given below. Directions (Q. Nos. 140-142) These questions are
based on the following situation. Choose the correct
Column I Column II options from those given below.
A. Standard AM broadcast 1. 54 - 72 MHz Space waves are used for line-of-sight (LOS)
B. FM broadcast 2. 5.925 - 6.425 GHz communication as well as satellite communication.
C. Satellite communication 3. 540 - 1600 kHz Because of line-of-sight nature of propagation, direct
(uplink) waves gets blocked at some point by the curvature of
D. Television (VHF) 4. 88 - 108 MHz the earth as illustrated in figure. If the signal is to be
received beyond the horizon then the receiving antenna
A B C D A B C D
must be high enough to intercept the line-of-sight
(a) 4 2 3 1 (b) 2 1 4 3
waves.
(c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 3 4 2 1
dM
dT
138. Match the following Column I with names given in
Column II and choose the correct option from the hT Earth’s surface hR
codes given below.
Column I Column II 140. If the transmitting antenna is at a height hT , the
A. F2 (Thermosphere) 300 km 1. Partially absorbs HF distance to the horizon dT is given as
at night, 250-400 km waves yet allowing them
during day time. to reach F2 . (a) dT = 2hR T (b) dT = 2Rh T
 hr 
B. E (part of stratosphere) 2. Efficiently reflects HF (c) dT = 2Rh T (d) dT = 2Rh T 1 + 
(100 km). waves, particularly at  2R 
night.
C. F1 (Part of mesosphere) 3. VHF (upto several GHz)
141. In the above question, dT is also called the radio
170 − 190 km. (a) horizon of the transmitting antenna
D. D (Part of stratosphere) 4. Helps surface waves, (b) horizon of the transmitter
(65-75 km). reflects HF. (c) horizon of the modulation
E. Troposphere (10 km). 5. Reflects LF, absorbs MF (d) horizon of the signal
and HF to some degree.
142. The maximum line of sight distance d M between the two
A B C D E A B C D E antennas having heights hT and hR above the Earth is
(a) 2 4 1 5 3 (b) 1 4 5 2 3 (a) d M = 1 + 2RhT (b) d M = 1 + 2RhR
(c) 4 2 5 3 1 (d) 5 1 4 3 2
(c) d M = 2Rh T + 2RhR (d) d M = 2Rh T (1 + 2RhR )
139. Match the following Column I with names given in
Column II and choose the correct option from the Directions (Q. Nos. 143-145) These questions are
codes given below. based on the following situation. Choose the correct
options from those given below.
Column I Column II
The modulated signal cm ( t) can be written as
1. Output cm ( t) = ( Ac + Am sin ω m t) sin ω c t
A. (V) (t)
 A 
(a) = Ac 1 + m sin ω m t sin ω c t …(i)
2. AM input wave
 A c 
A
B. (V) (b) (t) Here, µ = m is the modulation index; in practice µ is
Ac
3. Rectified wave kept ≤ 1 to avoid distortion.
C. (V) (t) µAc
(c) Now, cm ( t) = Ac sin ω c t + cos (ω c − ω m ) t
2
µAc
A B C A B C − cos (ω c + ω m )t …(ii)
(a) 3 2 1 (b) 2 3 1 2
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 1 3 2 Here, ω c − ω m and ω c + ω m are respectively called the
lower side and upper side frequencies.
143. An amplitude modulation wave is represented as (a) the size of the required antenna would be atleast 5 km
which is not convenient
cm ( t ) = 10 (1 + 0.4 sin 3140 t ) sin (2.2 × 10 t) V. The
6
(b) the audio signal cannot be transmitted through sky waves.
minimum and maximum voltage applied amplitude of (c) the size of the required antenna would be 5m
the wave are (d) effective power transmitted would be very low, if the
(a) 10 V, 2 V (b) 8 V, 10 V size of the antenna is less than 5 km
(c) 14 V, 6 V (d) 8 V, 14 V
148. Audio sine waves of 3 kHz frequency are used to
144. The frequency components contained in the wave are amplitude modulate a carrier signal of 1.5 MHz.
(a) 350 kHz, 349.5 kHz, 350.5 kHz Which of the following statements are true?
(b) 350 MHz, 349.5 MHz, 350.5 MHz (a) The sideband frequencies are 1506 kHz and 1494 kHz.
(c) 250 kHz, 249.5 kHz, 250.5 kHz (b) The bandwidth required for amplitude modulation is
(d) 250 MHz, 249.5 MHz, 250.5 MHz 6 kHz.
(c) The bandwidth required for amplitude modulation is
145. Amplitudes of frequency components are
3 MHz.
(a) 10 V, 6 V, 8 V (b) 10 V, 2 V and 2 V
(d) The sideband frequencies are 1503 kHz and 1497 kHz.
(c) 8 V, 4 V and 2 V (d) 8 V, 6 V, 2 V
149. In amplitude modulation, the modulation index m, is
V. More than One Option Correct kept less than or equal to 1 because
(a) m > 1, will result in interference between carrier
146. A TV transmission tower has a height of 240 m. frequency and message frequency, resulting into
Signals broadcast from this tower will be received by distortion
LOS communication at a distance of (assume the (b) m > 1, will result in overlapping of both sidebands
radius of earth is to be 6.4 × 106 m) resulting into loss of information
(a) 100 km (b) 24 km (c) 55 km (d) 50 km (c) m > 1, will result in change in phase between carrier
signal and message signal
147. An audio signal of 15 kHz frequency cannot be (d) m > 1, indicate amplitude of message signal greater than
transmitted over long distances without modulation, amplitude of carrier signal resulting into distortion
because

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

NCERT NCERT Exemplar
150. Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by 153. Three waves such as A, B and C of frequencies
means of 1600 kHz, 5 MHz and 60 MHz, respectively are to be
(a) ground waves (b) sky waves transmitted from one place to another. Which of the
(c) surface waves (d) space waves following is the most appropriate mode of
151. Is it necessary for a transmitting antenna to be at the communication?
same height as that of the receiving antenna for line of (a) A is transmitted via space wave while B and C are
sight communication? A TV transmitting antenna is transmitted via sky wave
81 m tall. How much service area can it cover, it the (b) A is transmitted via ground wave, B is sky wave and C is
receiving antenna is at the ground level? space wave
(a) 3258.5 km 2 (b) 2200.5 km2 (c) B and C are transmitted via ground wave while A is
2 transmitted via sky wave
(c) 4512 km (d) 1212 km2
(d) B is transmitted via ground wave while A and C are
152. For an amplitude modulated wave, the maximum transmitted via space wave
amplitude is found to be 10 V while the minimum
amplitude is found to be 2.V. Determine the 154. A 100 m long antenna is mounted on a 500 m tall
modulation index µ. building. The building can become a transmission
What would be the value of µ, if the minimum tower for waves with λ is
amplitude is 0 V? (a) ~ 400 m (b) ~ 25 m
(a) 3/2, 1.5 (b) 2/3, 1 (c) 2/3, 0.5 (d) 3/2, 1.33 (c) ~ 150 m (d) ~ 2400 m
155. A 1 kW signal is transmitted using a communication Choose the correct sequence in which these are
channel which provides attenuation at the rate of arranged in basic communication system.
−2 dB per km. If the communication channel has a (a) ABCDE (b) BADEC
total length of 5 km, the power of signal received is (c) BDACE (d) BEADC
(a) 900 W (b) 100 W (c) 990 W (d) 1010 W 160. Which of the following would produce analog
156. A speech signal of 3 kHz is used to modulate a carrier signals?
signal of frequency 1 MHz using amplitude modulation. (a) A vibrating tuning fork (b) Light pulse
The frequencies of the sidebands will be (c) Output of NAND gate (d) All of the above
(a) 1.003 MHz and 0.997 MHz
161. Which of the following would produce digit signals?
(b) 3001 kHz and 2997 kHz
(a) Musical sound
(c) 1003 kHz and 1000 kHz
(b) A vibrating tuning fork
(d) 1 MHz and 0.997 MHz
(c) Sound and picture signals in TV
157. A message signal of frequency ω m is superposed on a (d) Light pulse
carrier wave of frequency ω c to get an Amplitude
Modulated (AM) wave. The frequency of the AM will be 162. The frequency response curve for the filter circuit
ωc + ωm ω − ωm used for production of AM wave should be
(a) ω m (b) ω c (c) (d) c
2 2 Gain Gain
158. I-V characteristics of four devices are shown in figure
I I (i) (ii)

(i) (ii)
ω ω
(ωc + ωm) (ωc – ωm)
V V
Gain Gain
I I

(iii) (iv) (iii) (iv)

ω ω
V V
(ωc – ωm) (ωc + ωm) (ωc – ωm) (ωc + ωm)
Identify devices that can be used for modulation.
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) Only (iii) (a) (i) followed by (ii) (b) (ii) followed by (i)
(c) (ii) and some regions of (iv) (d) All devices can be used (c) (iii) (d) (iv)
159. A basic communication system consists of 163. Would sky waves be suitable for transmission of TV
(A) transmitter (B) information source signals of 60 MHz frequency?
(C) user of information (D) channel (a) Yes (b) No
(E) receiver (c) May be (d) Never yes

Answers
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24 (c) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (c)
46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (a) 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (c) 65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (d) 71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (b)
76. (d) 77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (b) 81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (d) 84. (d) 85. (c) 86. (b) 87. (c) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (c)
91. (b) 92. (b) 93. (a) 94. (c) 95. (b) 96. (d) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (d) 100. (d) 101. (d) 102. (c) 103. (c) 104. (d) 105. (d)
106. (a) 107. (c) 108. (a) 109. (a) 110. (c) 111. (a) 112. (b) 113. (b) 114. (d) 115. (c) 116. (a) 117. (c) 118. (b) 119. (a) 120. (a)
121. (c) 122. (b) 123. (a) 124. (a) 125. (a) 126. (c) 127. (a) 128. (c) 129. (c) 130. (c) 131. (a) 132. (d) 133. (c) 134. (b) 135. (c)
136. (c) 137. (d) 138. (a) 139. (b) 140. (b) 141. (a) 142. (c) 143. (c) 144. (a) 145. (b) 146. (b,c, 147. (a,b, 148. (b, 149. (b, 150. (d)
d) d) d) d)
 Hints and Explanations
1. (c) A modern communication system acts as a messenger. 21. (d) For efficient transmission, size of antenna = λ /4
It sends as a input signal in the form of message through
25. (c) Digital signals are those which cannot take only discrete
communication channel to receive an output signal at the
end of receiver. stepwise values.
26. (a) Fading in the signal received is due to interference of
Input signal Communication
(Message) Transmitter waves or attenuation which decreases in strength of a signal.
channel
29. (b) The energy needed for additional signal strength is
Output Receiver obtained from a DC power source in order to amplify the
signal
amplitude of a signal.
2. (c) Languages and methods used in communication have
35. (c) Rectangular wave can be decomposed into a superposition
kept evolving from prehistoric to modern times, to meet
of sinusoidal waves of frequencies ν 0 , 2ν 0 , 3ν 0 , 4 ν 0 , L , nν 0 ,
the growing demands in terms of speed and complexity of
where n is an integer extends to infinity.
information such as videophones, voicemail and satellite
conferences. 36. (c) The information is not lost and the rectangular signal is
7. (c) A receiver reconstructs a recognisable form of the more or less recovered.This is so because the higher the
original message signal for delivering it to the user’s harmonic less is its contribution to the waveform.
information. 37. (a) High frequency carrier wave provides a larger bandwidth
8. (c) In a point to point communication mode, communication for higher date rate transmission from sender to receiver or
takes place over a link between a transmitter and a vice-versa.
receiver.It is also known as peer-to-peer communication. 40. (b) No signal, in general, is a single frequency sinosoid, but it
10. (c) The transmission media can be both, guided as well as spreads over a range of frequencies called the signal bandwidth.
unguided. In guided medium, signal is guided along a solid 41. (a) A range of frequencies between two bands, i.e., upper and
medium such as transmission line, while in unguided lower limit is called the signal bandwidth.
medium, signal is transmitted and received by wireless
medium. 47. (b) Optical communication using fibres is performed in the
frequency range of 1 THz to 1000 THz (microwaves to
11. (a) A guided medium can provide point to point ultraviolet).It lies in extremely-high-frequency band (EHF).
communication.
52. (c) A communication link between a fixed base station and
13. (b) ARPANET was a project undertaken by the US
mobile units on a ship or aircraft works on 30 to 470 MHz.
department of defence.
55. (b) To radiate signals with high efficiency, the antennas
14. (a) ARPANET allowed file transfer from one computer to
should have a size comparable to the wavelength λ of the
another connected to the network by using File Transfer
signal (atleast ~ λ / 4). So, lesser the wavelength, the higher
Protocol (FTP).
will be frequency of a signal.
15. (b) Fibre optical systems are superior and more economical
56. (b) A ground receiver in line-of-sight communication cannot
as compared to traditional communication systems because
receive direct waves due to curvature of earth.
it is used to transmit more information and is immune to
electromagnetic interference. 60. (d) Ionisation occurs due to the absorption of ultraviolet and
very high energy radiation coming from the sun by air molecules.
16. (d) The modern communication system is based on
electrical, electronic or optical signals. For example, a 61. (a) The degree of ionisation varies with the height.So,the
microphone converts speech signal into electrical signals. density of atmosphere decreases with height.
17. (a) The fax or facsimile telegraphy is the electronic 62. (a) Electromagnetic waves of frequencies higher than 30 MHz
transmission and reproduction of a document at a distinct penetrate the ionosphere and escape. These phenomena are
place. It is the most popular example of a digital shown in the figure.
communication system.
19. (b) A transducer is a device that converts a signal in one
F2
form of energy to another form of energy. So, amplifier is F1
not a transducer. Ionospheric
layers E
20. (a) An electrical transducer may be defined as a device that D
converts some physical variable/pressure, displacement,
force, temperature, etc) into corresponding variations in Earth’s surface
the electrical signal at its output.
63. (d) Radio waves are propagated through ground, sky and 79. (a) As maximum distance on Earth from transmitter upto
space waves. It has frequency from 300 Hz to as low as 3 which a signal can be received is d T = 2Rh , d T ∝ h1 / 2
kHz and corresponding wavelength ranging from 1 mm to where, R is radius of Earth and is constant.
100 km.
80. (b) Here, hT = 20 m, R = 6.4 × 106 m = 64 × 105 m
64. (c) Sky wave propagation is possible for the radio waves of
frequency range from 3 MHz to 30 MHz and not in the If the receiving antenna is at ground level,
range 50-80 MHz. Range, d = 2hT R
66. (b) A space wave travels in a straight line from transmitting
= 2 × 20 × ( 64 × 105 )
antenna to the receiving antenna because its frequency is
below 2 MHz. So, it cannot travel over the horizon or behind = 16 × 103 m = 16 km
obstacles. 22
Area covered, A = π d 2 = × (16 )2 = 804.6 km2
69. (b) If the signal is to be received beyond the horizon, then 7
the receiving antenna must be high enough to intercept the
If the receiving antenna at a height of 25 m, then
line of sight waves.
Range, d1 = 2hT R + 2hR R
72. (a) The maximum Line of Sight (LoS) distance d M between
the two antennas having heights h T and hR is = 2 × 20 × ( 64 × 105 ) + 2 × 25 × 64 × 105
d M = 2Rh T + 2RhR
= 16 × 103 + 17.9 × 103
d = 2 × 64 × 10 × 32 + 2 × 64 × 10 × 50 m
5 5
= 33.9 × 103 m = 33.9 km
= 64 × 10 × 10 + 8 × 10 × 10 m
2 3
22
Area covered, A1 = π d12 = × (33.9)2 = 3611.8 km2
= 144 × 10 × 10 m = 45.5 km
2
7
74. (a) Range of radar on earth’s surface (optical distance, for A −A
Percentage increase in area = 1 × 100
space wave, i.e., line of view). A
 3611.8 − 804.6
=  × 100 = 348.9%
Ra

h
 
n

804.6
ge

81. (a) Given, hT = 36 m

R
hR = 49 m
R
R = 6400 km
Range = ( R + h )2 − R 2 = 2Rh + h 2 Maximum distance between transmitting and receiving
antenna,
~ 2Rh = 2 × 6400 × 1 km = 80 km
−
2 i.e., d M = d T + d R = 2RhT + 2RhR

75. (b) The highest frequency of radio waves that can be = 2( 6400 )( 36 × 10−3 ) + 2( 6400 )( 49 × 10−3 km)
reflected by the ionosphere is called maximum usable = 21.5 + 25 = 46.5 km
Critical frequency .
frequency (MUF), so MUF = 82. (b) Area of broadcast, A = πd 2 = π ( 2hR )
cos θ
Given, h = 100 m and R = 6.4 × 106 m
77. (b) d M = 2RhR + 2RhT
⇒ A = π ( 2 × 100 × 6.4 × 106 )
where, hR and hT are the heights of receiving and
transmitting antenna and R is the radius of the earth. = 1.28π × 103 km2
40 × 103 = 2 × 6400 × 103 × h + 2 × 6400 × 103 × 20 85. (c) Frequency, i.e., ν = 20 kHz = 20 × 103 Hz
Speed of light, i.e., c = 3 × 108 ms −1
40 × 103 = 2 × 6400 × 103 × h + 16 × 103
c
[( 40 − 16 ) × 103 ]2 So, ν=
h= = 45 m λ
2 × 6.4 × 106
c 3 × 108
78. (a) Here, height of a transmitting antenna, i.e., d T =128 km Wavelength, i.e., λ = = = 1. 5 × 104 m =15 km
ν 2 × 104
= r radius of Earth, i.e., R = 6400km (Q 1km = 1000 m)
∴ Height of a transmitting antenna, d T = 2RhT For an electromagnetic wave of frequency 20 kHz, the
d2 (128 km)2 wavelength λ is 15 km.Obviously, such a long antenna is
hT = T = = 1.28 km = 1280 m
2R 2 × 6400 km not possible to construct and operate.
 c 3 × 108 ms −1 108. (a) Here, A m = 10 V, A c = 20 V
87. (c) Wavelength of an antenna, λ = = = 1m
v 3 × 108 Hz As we know modulation index,
1 ( µ ) = A m / A c = 10 / 20 = 0.5
Length of the dipole antenna = λ / 2 = = 0.5 m
2
109. (a) The sidebands of a modulated message signal is ω c − ω m
89. (a) For good transmission, we need high powers and hence and ω c + ω m are (1000 + 10 ) = 1010 kHz andd
this also points out to the need of using high frequency (1000 − 10 kHz) = 990 kHz
transmission.
110. (c) Here, A c = 100 V, M 2 (minimum voltage amplitude of
90. (b) The fundamental radio antenna is a metal rod which has a
length equal to λ / 2in free space at the frequency of operation. AM wave) = 70 V
Since, M 2 = A c (1 − µ )
95. (b) As, we know, an amplitude modulated wave, the
bandwidth is twice the frequency of modulating signal. So, modulation index
M2 70 V
Therefore, amplitude modulation (AM), the frequency of the i.e., µ = 1− =1− = 1 − 0.7 = 0.3
high frequency carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to Ac 100 V
the amplitude of the audio signal. 50 1
111. (a) Given, A c = 10 V, µ = 50% = =
98. (a) Here, modulation index, µ = 0.5 100 2
Amplitude of the carrier wave = Ac As modulating index
A A 1
Amplitude of the sideband = µ c µ = m , A m = µAc = (10 V) = 5 V
2 Ac 2
2 2 4
Ratio = = = 112. (b) Modulation index,
µ 0.5 1 E max − E min 10 − 2 2
µ= = = × 100 = 66.67%
102. (c) Using the trigonometric relation sin A sin B = 1/ 2 E max + E min 10 + 2 3
[cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )] , we can write cm ( t ) of 113. (b) Here, m1 = 0.3 and m2 = 0.4
equation cm ( t ) = A c sin ω c t + µ A c sin ω m t sin ω c t as
µAc Total modulation index i.e.,
cm ( t ) = A c sin ω c t + cos (ω c − ω m ) t
2 m = m12 + m22 = 0.32 + 0.4 2
µAc
− cos (ω c + ω m ) t = 0.09 + 0.16 = 0.25 = 0.5
2
Here, ω c − ω m and ω e + ω m are respectively called the 114. (d) The modulator is to be followed by a power amplifier
lower side and upper sideband frequencies. which provides the necessary power and the modulated
103. (c) Frequency associated with AM are fc − fm , fc , fc + fm signal is fed to an antenna of appropriate size for radiation.
116. (a) In the communication system, AM is used for
Thus, frequency of the resultant signal is/are carrier
frequency fc = 2000 kHz, LSB frequency broadcasting because it avoids receiver complexity level to
fc − fm = 2000 kHz – 5kHz maintain high strength of a modulating signal.
= 1995 kHz and USB frequency fc + fm = 2005 kHz 122. (b) Digital signals can be transmitted over long distances
104. (d) Here, ν s = 12kHz
without error because of their ability to overcome with
noise. Analog signals determine the amplitude and
ν c = 2.51 MHz = 2510 kHz frequency, respectively of the waveform of the voltage
Upper side band frequency = 2510 + 12 = 2522 kHz current. It pick up unwanted singnals.
Lower side band frequency = 2510 − 12 = 2498kHz 123. (a) To transmit music, an approximate bandwidth of 20 kHz
106. (a) The modulated signal consists of the carrier wave of is required because the high frequencies are produced by
frequency ω c plus two sinusoidal waves each with a the musical instruments.
frequency slightly different known as sidebands. 124. (a) A TV signal contains both voice and picture and is
107. (c) The frequency spectrum of the amplitude modulated usually allocated 6 MHz of bandwidth for transmission.
signal is shown in figure. 125. (a) For transmitting a signal, aerial or antenna should have a
size comparable to the wavelength of the signal atleast λ / 4 in
Ac dimension. So, it properly senses the time variation of the
Amplitude

µAc signal.
2 126. (c) Digital signals are the values in the form of 0 or 1. It
represents discrete values in the binary bits which are non-
continuous set of values.
(ωc – ωm) ωc (ωc + ωm) ω (in radians)
127. (a)To reproduce the rectangular wave shape exactly we need Minimum amplitude,
to superimpose all the harmonics v0 , 2v0 , 3 v0 , 4 v0 ,L, which M 1 = A c (1 + µ ) = 10 (1 + 0.4) = 14 V
implies an infinite bandwidth. However, for practical Maximum amplitude,
purposes, the contribution from higher harmonics can be M 2 = A c (1 − µ ) = 10 (1 − 0.4) = 6 V
neglected, thus limiting the bandwidth. As a result, received
144. (a) Frequency components of AM wave are ν c , ( ν c − ν m )
waves are a distorted version of the transmitted one.
and ( ν c + ν m ) i. e., 350 kHz, ( 350 − 0.5 ) = 349.5 kHz and
129. (c) In satellite communication, the frequency used is more ( 350 + 0.5 ) = 350.5 kHz.
than 40 MHz. The uplink and downlink frequencies are
different to avoid distortion of signal and the orbit of 145. (b) Amplitude of the frequency components are
geostationary satellite lies in the equatorial plane at an µAc µAc
A c, , , i. e., 10V, 2V and 2 V
inclination of 0°. 2 2
131. (a) In sky wave propagation, radio wave reaches the receiver 146. (b,c,d) Range, d T = 2RhT
after the reflection from ionosphere. Given, height of tower h = 240 m
133. (c) (i) The message signal is in the AM range and cannot be For LOS (Line of Sight) communication.
transmitted beyond some distance as it possesses small
d = 2Rh = 2 × 6.4 × 106 × 240
energy (due to low frequency).
(ii) The height of the antennas required are so large that it is = 55.4 × 103 m = 55.4 km
impossible to build them. Thus, the range of 55.4 km covers the distance 24 km,
134. (b) ‘0’ corresponds to a low level and ‘1’ corresponds to a 55 km and 50 km.
high level of voltage/current. There are several coding 147. (a,b,d) Transmission of a signal depends on three factors.
schemes useful for digital communication. They employ These are size of antenna, medium of transmission and
suitable combinations of number system such as the Binary power of transmitted wave.
Coded Decimal (BCD). American Standard Code for
Given, frequency of the wave to be transmitted is
Information Interchange (ASCII) is a universally popular
digital code to represent number, letters and certain ν m = 15 kHz = 15 × 103 Hz
characters. c 3 × 108 1
Wavelength, λ m = = = × 105 m
135. (c) For speech signal, frequency range from 300 Hz to ν m 15 × 103 5
3100 Hz is considered adequate. Therefore, speech signal
λ 1 1 
requires a bandwidth of 2800 Hz (3100 Hz − 300 Hz) for Size of the antenna required, l = = ×  × 105 
commercial telephonic communication. 4 4 5 
To transmit music, an approximate bandwidth of 20 kHz is = 5 × 103 m = 5km
required because of the high frequencies produced by the The audio signals are of low frequency waves. Thus, they cannot
musical instruments. be transmitted through sky waves as they are absorbed by
The audible range of frequencies extends from 20 Hz to atmosphere.
20 kHz. If the size of the antenna is less than 5 km, the effective
Video signals for transmission of pictures require about power transmission would be very low because l → high,
4.2 MHz of bandwidth. A TV signal contains both voice and 2
 l
picture and is usually allocated 6 MHz of bandwidth for λ → low, P ∝  
transmission. λ

142. (c) The maximum Line of Sight (LOS) distance d M between 148. (b, d) Given, ω m = 3 kHz
the two antennas having heights hT and hR is ω c = 1.5 MHz = 1500 kHz
d M = 2RhT + 2RhR , where hR and hT is the height of Now, sideband frequencies
receiving and transmitting antenna. ω c ± ω m = (1500 ± 3 )
143. (c) Comparing the given equation with = 1503 kHz and 1497 kHz
cm ( t ) = A c (1 + µ sin ω m t ) sin ω c t Also, bandwidth = 2ω m = 2 × 3 = 6 kHz
Amplitude of carrier wave 149. (b,d) The modulation index ( m ) of amplitude modulated
i.e., A c = 10 V, µ = 0.4 wave is
ωm 3140 m=
amplitude of message signal ( Am )
νm = = = 0.5 kHz
2π 2 × 314 . amplitude of carrier signal ( Ac )
Frequency of carrier wave, If m > 1, then Am > Ac .
ω 2.2 × 106 In this situation, there will be distortion of the resulting
νc = c = = 350 kHz
2π 2π signal of amplitude modulated wave.
 Maximum modulation frequency ( m f ) of Am wave is 155. (b) Here, Pi = 1 kW = 1000W, Length of path = 5 km,Po = ?
∆ν max
mf = Loss of power at a distance of 5 km = 2 × 5 = 10 dB
ν m (max)
P
frequency deviation As loss in dB =10 log o
= Pi
maximum frequency value of modulating wave P
∴ − 10 = 10 log o
If m f > 1, then ∆ν max > ν m . It means, there will be Pi
overlapping of both sidebands of modulated wave resulting Pi
into loss of information. ⇒ log = 1 = log10
Po
150. (d) Space wave range > 40 MHz Pi
⇒ =10
UHF range, 170 − 200 MHz Po
151. (a) Range, d = 2hR ⇒
P 1000
Po = i = = 100 W
22 10 10
∴ Service area = π × 2hR = × 2 × 81 × 6.4 × 106
7 156. (a) Here, ν = 1 MHz, ∆ ν = 3 kHz = 0.003 MHz
= 3258.5 × 106 m2 = 3258.5 km2 Using amplitude modulation, the frequencies of the
sideband
152. (b) Given, maximum amplitude A max = 10 V
= ( ν + ∆ ν ) and ( ν − ∆ ν )
Minimum amplitude, A min = 2 V Upper sideband = ( ν c + ν m ) = 1 MHz + 3kHz
Let Ac and Am be the amplitudes of carrier wave and signal = 1 MHz + 0.03 MHz = 1.003 MHz
wave.
Lower sideband = ( ν c − ν m ) = 1 MHz − 3 kHz
∴ A max = Ac + Am = 10 …(i)
and A min = Ac − Am = 2 …(ii) = 1 MHz − 0.003 MHz = 0.997 MHz
Adding the Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 157. (b) The amplitude modulation (AM) carrier signal is given
2 Ac = 12 or Ac = 6 V by cm ( t ) = ( A c + A m sin ω m t ) sin ω c t frequency is ω c .
and Am = 10 − 6 = 4 V 158. (c) The device which follows square law is used for
Am 4 2 modulation purpose. Characteristic shown by (i) and (iii)
Modulation index, µ = = =
Ac 6 3 corresponds to linear devices. Characteristic shown by (ii)
and (iv) corresponds to square law.
When the minimum amplitude is zero, then i. e., A min = 0
Ac + Am = 10 …(iii) 160. (a) A vibrating tuning fork produces analog signals which is
a continuous set of values.
Ac − Am = 0 …(iv)
By solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get 162. (a,b,c) As bandwidth of AM wave should be
2 Ac = 10 or Ac = 5 and Am = 5 2ω m = (ω c + ω m ) − (ω c − ω m ). Therefore, it is applicable
A 5 for cases (i), (ii) and (iii). The case (iv) will reject the
Modulation index, µ = m = = 1 required signal for amplitude modulated wave.
Ac 5
163. (b) No. sky waves of Very High Frequency (VHF) and
154. (a) For given building complex, l = 100 m,λ = ? above, i. e., above 30 MHz pass through the ionosphere into
As length of the antenna, l = λ / 4 outer space.
λ ~ 4l ⇒ λ = 4 × 100 = 400 m