Date: 10/03/2023
Class: #27
Syllabus Topic: Integration
Title: Finding the Equation of the Curve, Area under a Curve, Volume of Revolution
about the 𝑥-axis and 𝑦-axis, Volume generated between two curves
Finding the Equation of the Curve
𝑑𝑦
Given the gradient function of a curve , we can find the equation of the curve, 𝑦, by
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
integrating the expression 𝑑𝑥 .
𝒅𝒚
Formula: 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Question:
𝑑𝑦
A curve is such that = 3𝑥 2 + 5. Given that the curve passes through the point (1, 4),
𝑑𝑥
find the equation of the curve.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 + 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ∫(3𝑥 2 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 𝑐
Substituting point (1, 4) into 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 𝑐 gives:
4 = (1)3 + 5(1) + 𝑐
4= 1+5+𝑐
4= 6+𝑐
𝑐 =4−6
𝑐 = −2
∴ The equation of the curve is: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 2
Question:
𝑑𝑦
A curve is such that = 𝑝𝑥 − 2, where 𝑝 is a constant. Given that the gradient of the
𝑑𝑥
1
normal at the point (1, −2) on the curve is − 2 ,
(a) find the value of 𝑝
(b) find the equation of the curve.
Solution:
1
(a) Gradient of normal = − 2
1
Gradient of tangent = −1 ÷ − 2
Gradient of tangent = 2
𝑑𝑦
So, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 at (1, −2).
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Substituting = 2 and 𝑥 = 1 into 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝𝑥 − 3 gives:
𝑑𝑥
2 = 𝑝(1) − 2
2=𝑝−2
𝑝 =2+2
𝑝=4
∴ The value of 𝑝 = 4.
𝑑𝑦
So, 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 2.
𝑑𝑦
(b) 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ∫(4𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2
𝑦= − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
Substituting point (1, −2) into 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐 gives:
−2 = 2(1)2 − 2(1) + 𝑐
−2 = 2 − 2 + 𝑐
−2 = 0 + 𝑐
𝑐 = −2
∴ The equation of the curve is: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2
Question:
The function 𝑓(𝑥) is such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑘, where 𝑘 is a constant. Given
that 𝑓(0) = 2 and 𝑓(1) = −3, find the function 𝑓(𝑥).
Solution:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑘
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫(4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑘 ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 4 6𝑥 3 2𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥) = − + + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
4 3 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
Now,
𝑓(0) = 2
(0)4 − 2(0)3 + (0)2 + 𝑘(0) + 𝑐 = 2
0+𝑐 =2
𝑐=2
So, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 2
Now,
𝑓(1) = −3
(1)4 − 2(1)3 + (1)2 + 𝑘(1) + 2 = −3
1 − 2 + 1 + 𝑘 + 2 = −3
𝑘 + 2 = −3
𝑘 = −3 − 2
𝑘 = −5
∴ The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2
Area under a Curve
The area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 and the 𝑥-
axis is given by,
𝒃
Formula: 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
Question:
The diagram below shows part of the curve 𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥.
Find the area of the shaded region.
2
|
𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥
| 𝑥
0 𝜋
2
𝜋
Area of shaded region = ∫02 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Area of shaded region = 2 ∫02 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 2
Area of shaded region = 2 [− 2 cos 2𝑥]
0
𝜋
Area of shaded region = [−cos 2𝑥]02
𝜋
Area of shaded region = [− cos 2 ( 2 )] − [− cos 2(0)]
Area of shaded region = [− cos 𝜋] − [− cos 0]
Area of shaded region = [−(−1)] − [−(1)]
Area of shaded region = 1 + 1
Area of shaded region = 2 units 2
∴ The area of the shaded region is 2 units2.
Area between two curves
Let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) be two continuous functions over the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) where 𝑓(𝑥) is
greater than 𝑔(𝑥). The area between 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by,
𝒃 𝒃
Formula: ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
When finding the area between two curves,
Step 1: Find the point(s) of intersection
Step 2: Find the area under each curve
Step 3: Subtract the smaller area from the larger area
Question:
The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 and part of the line 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 2.
Find the following:
(a) the coordinates of 𝑃 and 𝑄
(b) the area of the shaded region
𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8
𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 2
𝑃
𝑥
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 → Equation 1
𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 2 → Equation 2
Equating both equations gives:
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 5𝑥 − 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 8 + 2 = 0
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
Either 𝑥−2=0 or 𝑥−5=0
𝑥=2 𝑥=5
When 𝑥 =2, When 𝑥 = 5,
𝑦 = 5(2) − 2 𝑦 = 5(5) − 2
𝑦 = 10 − 2 𝑦 = 25 − 2
𝑦=8 𝑦 = 23
∴ The points of 𝑃 and 𝑄 are 𝑃(2, 8) and 𝑄(5, 23).
5
(b) Area under the line = ∫2 (5𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
5
5𝑥 2
Area under the line = [ − 2𝑥]
2 2
5(5)2 5(2)2
Area under the line = [ − 2(5)] − [ − 2(2)]
2 2
125
Area under the line = ( − 10) − (10 − 4)
2
105
Area under the line = −6
2
Area under the line = 46.5 units2
Alternatively,
1
Area under the line = 2 (sum of parallel sides)ℎ
1 Note: Use the area of a
Area under the line = 2 (8 + 23)3
trapezium when finding
1
Area under the line = 2 (31)3 the area under a line.
Area under the line = 46.5 units2
Now,
5
Area under the curve = ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8) 𝑑𝑥
5
𝑥3
Area under the curve = [ 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥]
2
(5)3 (2)3
Area under the curve = [ − (5)2 + 8(5)] − [ − (2)2 + 8(2)]
3 3
125 8
Area under the curve = ( − 25 + 40) − (3 − 4 + 16)
3
170 44
Area under the curve = −
3 3
126
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = 3
Area under the curve = 42 units2
Hence,
Area of the shaded region = Area under the line – Area under the curve
Area of the shaded region = 46.5 − 42
Area of the shaded region = 4.5 units2
Question:
The curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 cuts the 𝑦-axis at 𝐴 and the 𝑥-axis at 𝐵 and 𝐶.
𝐶 𝑥
𝐵
(a) Find the coordinates of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶.
(b) Calculate the area of the shaded region.
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = (0)2 − 5(0) + 4
𝑦=4
When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Either 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = 1.
∴ The coordinates are 𝐴(0, 4) , 𝐵(1, 0) and 𝐶(4, 0).
(b) Note that when integration is used to find the area below the 𝑥-axis, it is found as
negative. So, to find the area of the shaded region in the graph above, you have to
divide the region into two parts and integrate each region separately.
1
Area of 𝑅1 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥3 5𝑥 2
Area of 𝑅1 = [ 3 − + 4𝑥]
2 0
(1)3 5(1)2 (0)3 5(0)2
Area of 𝑅1 = [ − + 4(1)] − [ − + 4(0)]
3 2 3 2
1 5
Area of 𝑅1 = (3 − 2 + 4) − 0
11
Area of 𝑅1 = units 2
6
4
Area of 𝑅2 = ∫1 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥3 5𝑥 2
Area of 𝑅2 = [ 3 − + 4𝑥]
2 1
(4)3 5(4)2 (1)3 5(1)2
Area of 𝑅2 = [ − + 4(4)] − [ − + 4(1)]
3 2 3 2
64 1 5
Area of 𝑅2 = ( 3 − 40 + 16) − (3 − 2 + 4)
8 11
Area of 𝑅2 = − 3 − 6
9
Area of 𝑅2 = − 2 units 2 [area below the 𝑥-axis]
∴ Area of the shaded region = Area of 𝑅1 + Area of 𝑅2
11 9
∴ Area of the shaded region = +2
6
19
∴ Area of the shaded region = units 2
3
Volume of Revolution about the 𝑥-axis
The volume, 𝑉, of the solid formed when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is rotated one revolution
about the 𝒙-axis is given by,
Note: 𝑎 and 𝑏 are 𝑥 limits
Formula:
𝒃
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 and 𝑦 2 is an expression
in terms of 𝑥.
Question:
Find the volume generated when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 is
rotated through 360° about the 𝑥-axis.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1
𝑦 2 = (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥5 2𝑥 3
𝑉 = 𝜋[5 − + 𝑥]
3 0
(1)5 2(1)3 (0)5 2(0)3
𝑉 = 𝜋 [( − + 1) − ( − + 0)]
5 3 5 3
1 2
𝑉 = 𝜋 [(5 − 3 + 1) − 0]
8
𝑉 = 𝜋 (15)
8𝜋
𝑉= units 3
15
Question:
The part of the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 2 is rotated about the 𝑥-axis through 2𝜋
radians. Find the volume of the solid formed.
Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑦3
When 𝑦 = 0, When 𝑦 = 2,
Note: Given the value for
𝑥 = (0)3 𝑥 = (2)3 𝑦, we can find the
corresponding 𝑥 limits.
𝑥=0 𝑥=8
Now,
𝑥 = 𝑦3
1
𝑦 = 𝑥3
1 2
𝑦 2 = (𝑥 3 )
2
𝑦2 = 𝑥3
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
8 2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
5 8
𝑥3
𝑉 = 𝜋[ 5 ]
3 0
5 8
3𝜋
𝑉= [𝑥 3 ]
5 0
5 5
3𝜋
𝑉= [(8)3 − (0)3 ]
5
3𝜋
𝑉= (32 − 0)
5
96𝜋
𝑉= 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
5
Volume of Revolution about the 𝑦-axis
The volume, 𝑉, of the solid formed when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is rotated one revolution
about the 𝒚-axis is given by,
𝒃
Formula: 𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚
Note: 𝒅𝒚 infers that the integral should be in 𝒚 terms.
Hence, the limits should also be 𝒚 limits.
Question:
Find the volume generated when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 between 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = 2 is
rotated through 360° about the 𝑦-axis.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1
𝑥2 = 𝑦 + 1
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫1 (𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑦2
𝑉 = 𝜋 [ 2 + 𝑦]
1
(2)2 (1)2
𝑉 = 𝜋 [( + 2) − ( + 1)]
2 2
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 (2 + 2 − 2 − 1)
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 (2 + 2 − 2 − 1)
5
𝑉 = 𝜋 (2)
5𝜋
𝑉= units 3
2
Question:
Find the volume of the solid generated by completely rotating about the 𝑦-axis, the area
enclosed by the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 3, the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 6.
Solution:
𝑥𝑦 = 3
𝑥 = 3𝑦 −1
𝑥 2 = 9𝑦 −2
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
6
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫2 9𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦
6
9𝑦 −1
𝑉 = 𝜋[ ]
−1 2
1 6
𝑉 = −9𝜋 [𝑦]
2
1 1
𝑉 = −9𝜋 [6 − 2]
1
𝑉 = −9𝜋 (− 3)
𝑉 = 3𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
Volume generated by the region bounded by two curves
The volume, 𝑉, generated by rotating a region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 =
𝑔(𝑥) through 360° about the 𝒙-axis is given by,
𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
Formula: 𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 (𝒇(𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝝅 ∫𝒂 (𝒈(𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
The volume, 𝑉, generated by rotating a region bounded by the curves 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑥 =
𝑔(𝑦) through 360° about the 𝒚-axis is given by,
𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
Formula: 𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 (𝒇(𝒚)) 𝒅𝒚 − 𝝅 ∫𝒂 (𝒈(𝒚)) 𝒅𝒚
Question:
The diagram below shows part of the curve 𝑦 2 = 9𝑥. 𝑃 is the point in the curve at which
the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 cuts the curve.
𝑦 2 = 9𝑥 𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑃
𝑥
Find:
(a) the coordinate of 𝑃
(b) the volume of the solid generated by rotating the shaded area through 2𝜋 radians
about the 𝑥-axis.
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 2 = 9𝑥 → Equation 1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 → Equation 2
Substituting Equation 2 into Equation 1 gives:
(3𝑥)2 = 9𝑥
9𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 = 0
9𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Either 9𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥−1 =0
𝑥=0 𝑥=1
When 𝑥 = 0, When 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦 = 3(0) 𝑦 = 3(1)
𝑦=0 𝑦=3
∴ The coordinate of 𝑃 is (1, 3).
(b) We have 𝑦 2 = 9𝑥.
1
𝑉1 = 𝜋 ∫0 (9𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
9𝑥 2
𝑉1 = 𝜋 [ ]
2 0
9(1)2 9(0)2
𝑉1 = 𝜋 [ − ]
2 2
9
𝑉1 = 𝜋 (2 − 0)
9𝜋
𝑉1 = units 3
2
Now,
𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑦 2 = (3𝑥)2
𝑦 2 = 9𝑥 2
1
𝑉2 = 𝜋 ∫0 (9𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑉2 = 𝜋[3𝑥 3 ]10
𝑉2 = 𝜋[3(1)3 − 3(0)3 ]
𝑉2 = 𝜋(3 − 0)
𝑉2 = 3𝜋 units 3
Hence,
Volume of shaded region = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
9
Volume of shaded region = 2 𝜋 − 3𝜋
3
Volume of shaded region = 2 𝜋 units 3
Question:
An area 𝐴 is bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥. Find the volume
generated when 𝐴 is rotated through one revolution about the 𝑦-axis.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 → Equation 1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 → Equation 2
Substituting Equation 2 into Equation 1 gives:
2𝑥 = 2𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Either 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.
When 𝑥 = 0, When 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 2(0) 𝑦 = 2(1)
𝑦=0 𝑦=2
Now,
𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑦 2 = (2𝑥)2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 2
𝑦2
𝑥2 = 4
2 𝑦2
𝑉1 = 𝜋 ∫0 ( 4 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝜋 2
𝑉1 = 4 ∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2
𝜋 𝑦3
𝑉1 = 4 [ 3 ]
0
𝜋
𝑉1 = 12 [𝑦 3 ]20
𝜋
𝑉1 = 12 [(2)3 − (0)3 ]
𝜋
𝑉1 = 12 (8 − 0)
2𝜋
𝑉1 = units 3
3
Now,
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
𝑦
𝑥2 = 2
2 𝑦
𝑉2 = 𝜋 ∫0 (2) 𝑑𝑦
𝜋 2
𝑉2 = 2 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝜋 𝑦2
𝑉2 = [ ]
2 2 0
𝜋
𝑉2 = 4 [𝑦 2 ]20
𝜋
𝑉2 = 4 [(2)2 − (0)2 ]
𝜋
𝑉2 = 4 (4 − 0)
𝑉2 = 𝜋 units 3
Hence,
Volume of shaded region = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
2𝜋
Volume of shaded region = 𝜋 − 3
𝜋
Volume of shaded region = 3 units 3
