10. PERCENTAGE ee ma IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE 1. Concopt of Porcontage : By « certain percent, we mean that many ‘Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%. Hun, x To express x% ns a fraction : We have, x% = F599" ‘Thus, 20% = ee 12 1000-25 x 100) « b 1 6 3 3 ‘Thus, 2 -& 23. (3x100|% = pus, 2 ( 2 G | 60%, IL. If the price of a commodity increases by R%, ‘as not to increase the expenditure is —®_ x100|% (00 +R) If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in con, fas not to decrease the expenditure is R ——> * 100/% [aos —R) * | ults on Population : Let the population of a town be P now ang increases at! the rate of R% per annum, then : then thé reduttion in cong, 1, Population after n years = P ( + &) . P he (+5) IV. Results on Depreciation : Let the present value of a machine be P. depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then : 2. Population n years ago = P 4, Value of the machine after m years = ri-) if 2, Value of the machine n years ago = V. IA is R% more than B, then B is less than A by R Fras 7 seo}. If A is R% less than B, then B is moro than A by R wow * 100 | 2084. SIMPLIFICATION Nee IMPORTANT -CONCEPTS L ‘BODMAS' Rule : This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find out the value of a given expression. Here, B’ stands for ‘Bracke, ‘0’ for ‘of’, ‘D’ for ‘Division’, ‘M’ for ‘Multiplication’, ‘W for ‘Addition’ and ‘S’ for ‘Subtraction’. Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the order (), {} and [1. ‘After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order : ( of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv) Addition (v) Subtraction. Il, Modulus of a Real Number : Modulus of a real number a is defined as jaj-{ eitero a, ifa <0. Thus, | 5|=5 and|-5|=-(-5)=6. MI. Virnaculum (or Bar) : When an expression coritains Virnaculum, before applying the ‘BODMAS’ rule, we simplify the expression under the Virnaculum.6. AVERAGE. IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE Sum of observations 1. Average = Number of observations 2, Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x.kmph and an equal distance at ykmph. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is =e | kmphe xty —— eee42. RATIO AND PROPORTION —_————— IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE Ht quantities a and bin the same units, is the fraction 4 5 m or antecodeht and b, the second term 1. RATIO : The ratio of two and we write it as a:b. In the ratio a: b, we call a as the first teri or consequent. 5 Ex. The ratio § : 9 represents with antecedent = 6, consequent = 9, Rule : The multiplication or ais of each term of a ratio by the same non-zery number does not affect the ratio. Ex, 4:5 = 8% 10,= 12: 16 etc. Also, 4/: 6 = 2: 3. . PROPORTION : The equality of two ratios is called proportion. Ifa: b= cd, we write, a: b::.c: d and we say that a, b, c,d are in proportion, Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean torms. Product of means = Product of extremes. ‘Thus, a reid @ (bxc)=(axd), ( Fourth Proportional :If a: b=: d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b,c. i) Third Proportional : Ifa: b= b:., then c is called the third proportional aand b. w 2 (ii Mean Proportional : Mean proportional between a and b is Jab. () COMPARISON OF RATIOS : = We say that (@: b)>(e:d) 5 (i) COMPOUNDED RATIO : The compounded ratio of the ratios (a : b), (c: d), (e: f) is (ace : bdf). (), Duplicate ratio of (a :-b) is (a2: B), (ii) Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (Wa : Vb). (iii) Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : BY), ze Zz s 1 1 (i) Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) ie (ei : 3) atb_e+d Y WF Bo + thea == a (componendo and dividendo) 5. VARIATION : (#) We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write, x y, (i) We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k-for somie constant x and wewrite, xc =13. PARTNERSHIP 1. Partnership ; When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are called partners and the deal is known as partnership. 2. Ratio of Division of Gains : (i) When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is distributed among the partners in the ratio of their investments. Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year.in a business, then at the end of the year : : (A’s share of profit) : (B’s share of profit) = x: y. (i) When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are calculated for a unit of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now, gain or loss is-divided in the ratio of these capitals. Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months, then (A’s share of profit) : (B’s share of profit) = xp : yq. 3, Working and Sleeping Partners : A partner who manages the business is known as a working partner and the one who simply invests the money is a sleeping Partner.10. 11. 12. 13 . Gain = (SP) - (CP) . Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P. 11. PROFIT AND LOSS t which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, Cost Price : The price a abbreviated as C.P. : . Selling Price : The price at which an articte is so}d, is called its selling price, abbreviated as S.P. . Profit or Gain : If SP. is greater than CP,, the seller is said to have a profit or gain. Loss : If SP. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss. FORMULAE 2. . Loss = (C.P.) + (S.P.) Gain% = (see) 5. Loss% = ee g.p, = (100+ Gain®) op 7. gp, = {100=Loss%) . Gp 100 100 100 100 cp. = 100 ___y sp. . oP, = ___xg.p, (100+ Gain'%) ~ ; (100 —Loss%) “PP If an article is scld at a gain of say, 35%, then S.P. = 135% of CP. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35%, then SP. = 65% of CP. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say, x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by : Common Loss and Gain®)’ _ (x) ' 10 ~ 0)" If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Gain% = rE 100}. Loss% = ( (rue Value) ~ (Error) “©20. ALLIGATION OR MIXTURE 1, Alligation : It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or thore ingredients at the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture’of a desired price. . Mean Price : The cost price of a unit quantity of the mixture is-called the mean price. 3, Rule of Alligation : If two ingredients are mixed, then beat of _cheape Quantity of dearer We present as under : CP of a unit quantity of cheaper ‘CP. ofa unit quantity of deargr (c) (@) Mean brig (d-m) (m-c) (Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d — m) : (m= 0), 4. Suppose a container contains x units of liquid from which y units are taken out and (C.P. of dearer) ~ (Mean price) ACP. of dearer) = (Mean price) (Mean price) - (C.P. of cheaper) n replaced by water. After n operations, the quantity’of pure liquid = |: (a = 3) | units. Le -21. SIMPLE INTEREST gga ge IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE: 1, Principal : The money borrowed or lont out for a certain period is called the principal] or the sum. 2, Interest : Extra money paid for using other’s money is called interest, 8. Simple Interest (S.1.) ; If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple interest. | Let Principal = P, Rate = R% por annum (p.a:) and Timo’= T years. Then, () 8. = Pa" | 10022. COMPOUND INTEREST oe n i . { the borrower and thi { + Sometimes it so happens tha len Compound Interest : Sonne vor halfyearly or quarterly to settle the Previous ty ? see o fix up a certain unit of time, say ye pee * the principe f unt after first unit of time becomes the cipal for the se sa ener secant principal for the third unit and so on, Cond un he amount after second unit becomes th : ‘After a specified period, the difference between the amount and the money borrow, the Compound Interest (abbreviated as C.1,) for that period. IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years, die, Let Principal = I. When interest is compound Annually : RY t= Pj) l+—— honut = P(1+ 2) I. When interest is compounded Half-yearly :— 2n Amour = iis Bsa i 100 Til. When interest is compounded Quarterly :- in Amount = Pit +e) 100 IV. When interest is compounded Annually but time is in fraction, sy 2 3= years. a ny (2k ‘Amount = p(s yl 4 BL ~ 100 100 ‘ V. When Rates are different for different ear Ry%, Rg%, Ry fe 1st, 2nd and 8rd year, respectively. vearen soy Ee ae Then, Amount = (1+ Bt) 14 Be 100) (?* too) * VI. Present worth of Ra. x due n years hence is given by : x ( + i) 100 Present Worth =15. TIME AND WORK at erties Da Pert ire . v IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE 1, IfA can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s 1 day’s work = Ble 2. If A's 1 day’s work = +, then A can finish the work in n days. n 4. IfA is thrice as good a workman as B, then : Ratip of work done by A and B = 3:1. Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1: 3.17. TIME AND DISTANCE IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE Speed = (Pa) Time = (Re) Distance = (Speed x Time) : ztm/hr = (2x5) m/sec - 3. xm/see = [rx B) km/‘hr . If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a: b, then the ratio of the times taker by them to cover the same distance is 4 : : ori: & a . Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is i Bay | dm/hr x+ya 18. PROBLEMS ON TRAINS ————=—=—=—=—=—=—=$[$£==—>—=—_—_—_——— eee = IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE 5 L atm/be = (0%) m/s, 2, cm/s = (0x73) km/br g, Time taken by a train of length ] metres to pass a pole or a standing man or a signal post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover | metres. . Time taken by a train of length | metres to pass a stationary object of length b metres is the time taken by the train to cover (J + b) metres. , Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and ym/s, where u > v, then their relatives speed = (u- v) m/s, Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving-in opposite directions at u m/s and ym/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s. If two trains of fength a metreg and b metres are moving in opposite directions at = om/s and vm/s, then time taken by the trains fo cross each other = me ‘bec. ut) If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction at um/s and v m/s, then the time taken by the faster train'to cross the (a+ 5) =v) © If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A aid B towards each other and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then (A's speed) : (B’s speed) = Wo: Va). slower train =19. BOATS AND STREAMS 1, In water, the direction along the-stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the stream is called upstream. 2. If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then : Speed downstream = (u+v) km/hr Speed upstream = (u-v) km/hr. 3. If the speed downstream is a km/hi and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then : Speed in still water = a +b) km/hr Rate of stream = La +b) km/hr