BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR

14
Electromagnetic Induction
MAGNETIC FLUX. It is defined as the number of magnetic lines of force crossing a surface normally. It is a scalar quantity.
Its S.I. unit is weber (Wb) and c.g.s. unit is maxwell [Mx]
1 Wb = 108 Mx
Magnetic flux linked with a surface is given by
 
 = B · A = BA cos 
 
where B is the magnetic field linked with the surface and A is the area vector of the surface.  is the angle between
 
B and A .
 
Also =  B · ds
 
Note:  B · ds =0

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. The phenomenon of induction of emf in a conductor due to the change in the
magnetic flux linked with the conductor is known as electromagnetic induction. The emf so developed is known as induced
emf and if the conductor is in the form of a closed circuit, a current flows in the circuit, this current is known as induced
current.
Methods of changing magnetic flux are
(i) by changing the magnetic field
(ii) by changing the area vector
 
(iii) by changing the angle between B and A .

FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.

1st Law. Whenever there is change in the magnetic flux linked with the circuit then emf is induced in the circuit and
it lasts as long as there is change in the magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
2nd Law. The magnitude ofthe induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
the circuit.
Let i be the magnetic flux linked with the circuit initially and f be the magnetic flux linked with the circuit after time
‘t’, then,
 f  i
Rate of change of magnetic flux =
t
 f  i
Induced emf,  
t

  f  i 
or  = K t


 
where K is the constant of proportionality and K = – 1.

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 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
  f  i 
 
  =  t 
 
d
Also,  =  .
dt
If ‘R’ is the resistance of the circuit, then
 1 d
induced current, i = = 
R R dt
dq
But i =
dt
dq 1 d
 = 
dt R dt
1
dq =  d
R
Integrating both sides, we get
q f
1
 dq =   R d
0 i

1
 q =  (f – i)
R
where ‘q’ is the charge induced. We see that charge induced depends on the change in the magnetic flux and not on the
rate of change of magnetic flux.

LENZ’s LAW. It states that, the current induced in the circuit is such that it opposes the cause due to which it is produced.

That is, when a conducting loop is subjected to an increasing or decreasing magnetic field ( B ), the induced current

(i) has the direction such that magnetic field ( B i ) produced due to induced current opposes the changes in magnetic field


B. S
N
LENZ’S LAW AND ENERGY CONSERVATION. Lenz’s law obey the law of conservation
of energy (figure 1). N i
For example, when N-pole of magnet is moved towards a coil, the upper face of the
coil acquires north polarity. Thus, work has to be done against the repulsive force, in
bringing the magnet closer to coil. This mechanical work done in moving the magnet with G
respect to coil is converted into electrical energy producing induced current.

FLEMMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE. It states that if we stretch the fore finger, Fig. 1
central finger and thumb of our right hand in mutually perpendicular directions Motion
such that fore finger points along the direction of field and thumb is along the
Field
direction of motion of the conductor, then the central finger would give us the
direction of induced current (figure 2).
Induced
current
EDDY CURRENTS. These are the currents induced in the body of a conductor
when the amount of magnetic flux linked with the conductor changes. These
currents are also known as Foucault currents. Fig. 2
The direction of eddy currents is given by Flemming’s Right Hand Rule or Lenz’s

2  (CB) (XII) Electromagnetic Induction

 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
APPLICATIONS OF EDDY CURRENTS.
1. Electromagnetic Damping. If current is passed through the coil of galvanometer, then it gets deflected. Coil oscillates
about its equilibrium position for some time and then stops. To avoid the delay in coming to rest, coil is wound on
a metallic frame. When coil deflects, eddy currents are induced in the frame and its opposes the motion. Thus, coil
comes to rest in the equilibrium position instantly. This is called electromagnetic damping. This phenomenon is used
in dead beat galvanometer.
2. Induction Motors. In induction motor or a.c. motor, rotating magnetic field produces strong eddy currents in a rotor,
which starts rotating in the direction of the rotating magnetic field.
3. In speedometers of automobiles and energy metres.
4. They are used in controlling the speed of electric trains using electro-magnetic brakes. In this strong magnetic field
is applied to a metallic drum rotating with the axle connected to the wheels. Eddy currents induced in the rotating drum
oppose the motion of drum and try to stop the train.
5. Induction Furnace. The substance to be melted or heated is placed in a high frequency magnetic field. Due to the eddy
currents developed in the substance, heat energy is produced that melts it.

Disadvantages of Eddy Currents.

1. They oppose the relative motion.
2. The excess heating due to eddy currents may cause wear and tear of appliances and reduce their life.
3. There is loss of energy in the form of heat energy due to eddy currents.
Note: To mininise eddy currents, we use laminated core instead of metal core. It provides large resistance and hence eddy
currents are reduced to a large extent.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. The magnetic flux through a coil perpendicular to its plane is varying according to the relation:  = [4t3 + 5t 2
+ 8t + 5]Wb.
Calculate the induced current through the coil at t = 2 s, if the resistance of the coil is 3.1 .

d d
Solution: |E| = = [4t3 + 5t2 + 8t + 5] = 12t2 + 10t + 8
dt dt
At t = 2s, | E | = 12 × 2 × 2 + 10 × 2 + 8 = 76 Volt

76
Induced current = A = 24.52 A
3 .1

HOME ASSIGNMENT
1. Name the quantity which has unit weber/ampere. 6. Give the direction in which the induced current flows
4. A bar magnet falls from height ‘h’ through a metal in the wire loop, when the magnet moves towards it
ring. Will its acceleration be equal to ‘g’ ? Given as shown in the figure.
reason for your answer.
5. The electric current in a wire in the direction from B
to A is decreasing. What is the direction of induced
current in the metallic loop kept above the wire as
shown in the figure ?
N S
Fig.

7. The current through the wire PQ is increasing. In

A B which direction does the induced current flow in the
Fig.
closed loop ?

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 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
P Q
R

P Q
Fig. S
B Fig.
8. In which direction will the current be induced in the
closed loop if the magnet is moved as shown in 21. A coil is placed in uniform field. How should the coil
figure. be moved so that there is no e.m.f. induced in it ?
22. A copper and an aluminium wire frame are rotated
S N
with same angular speed in same magnetic field. In
which frame will induced current be more ?
Fig. 23. Can we eliminate eddy current ?
10. A coil A is connected to a voltmeter V and the other 24. Two identical coils, one of copper and another of
coil B to an alternating current source D. If a large iron, are rotated with same angular velocity  in a
copper sheet C, is placed between the two coils, how uniform magnetic field. In which case is the induced
does the induced e.m.f. in the coil A change due to e.m.f. more and why ?
current in the coil B ? 26. When current flowing in an inductive circuit is switched
V
off, will the induced current be in the direction of
A main current or in opposite direction ?

C 27. Which one out of a piece of metal and a piece of non

D metallic stone when dropped from the same height,
a.c. will reach the ground earlier ?
B 28. A copper ring is suspended by a thread in a vertical
Fig. plane. One end of a bar magnet is brought towards
11. A magnet is moved in the direction indicated by an the ring horizontally. How will the position of the ring
arrow between two coils AB and CD as shown in the be affected ?
figure. Suggest the direction of current in each coil. 29. A coil of area A is kept perpendicular in a uniform
A B C D
magnetic field B. If the coil is rotated by 180º, what
will be the change in flux ?
N S 30. Prove that the induced charge does not depend upon
A A the rate of change of flux.
Fig.
31. The magnetic flux threading a coil changes from
12. What is the magnitude of the induced current in the 12 × 10 –3 Wb to 6 × 10 –3Wb in 0.01 s. Calculate the
circular loop KLMN, of radius ‘r’ if the straight wire induced e.m.f.
PQ carries a steady current of magnitude ‘i’ ampere ?
32. Figure below shows planar loops of different shapes
K moving out of or into a region of a magnetic field
which is directed normal to the plane of the loop
away from the reader. Determine the direction of induced
N L
current in each loop using Lenz’s law.
d
M A
P Q a
i c
(i)
Fig. a
b
14. Figure shows a horizontal solenoid ‘PQ’ connected c
a b
to a battery ‘B’ and switch ‘S’. A copper ring ‘R’ is b (ii)
placed on a frictionless track, the axis of the ring
being along the axis of the solenoid. What would c
happen to the ring as the switch ‘S’ is closed ?
d (iii) Fig.

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 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
33. Predict the direction of induced current in the situations 42. Predict the direction of induced current in resistance
described by the following figure (a) to (d). R in figure (a) and figure (b) given below. Give reason
for your answer.

X R Y

x y
Fig. (a) S N

Fig. (a)

N S X1 R Y1 X2 R Y2

p q x y

Fig. b S N
y Fig. (b)

45. State Lenz’s law. The closed loop PQRS is moving

z into a uniform magnetic field acting at right angles to
x the plane of the paper as shown in the figure. State
the direction in which the induced current flows in
Fig. c the loop.

P Q

I decreasing at
a steady rate

Fig. d S R

34. How are eddy currents produced ? Give two Fig.

applicationsof eddy currents. 46. State Lenz’s law. Give the direction in which induced
35. State Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic induction. current flows in the closed loop PQRS moving with
Express it mathematically ? a uniform velocity when it is pulled out of uniform
magnetic field as shown in the given figure. The
36. An induced current has no direction of its own. Comment.
magnetic field is acting at right angles to the plane
39. State Lenz’s law. Show that Lenz’s law follows from of the paper.
principle of conservation of energy.
47. A rectangular loop of wire KLMN is moved with a
44. A cylindrical bar magnets is kept along the axis of a uniform velocity ‘v’ at right angles to a uniform magnetic
circular coil and near it as shown in the diagram. Will field ‘B’, as shown in the
there be any induced e.m.f. at the terminals of the (i) What is the magnitude of current induced in the
coil, when the magnet is rotated (a) about its own loop ?
axis, and (b) about an axis perpendicular to the length
(ii) Will there be any work done by the loop ?
of the magnet ?
Give reason for your answer.

Fig. a

Fig. b

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 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
59. Derive an expression for the induced e.m.f. produced
K L
by changing the area of a rectangular coil placed
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field.

N M 60. A closed conducting loop moves normal to the electric

field between the plates of a large capacitor. Is a
current induced in the loop when it is (i) wholly
Fig. inside the capacitor (ii) partially outside the plates of
capacitor ? The electric field is normal to the plane of
the loop.

P Q
61. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out
of a uniform magnetic field region to a field free
region with a constant velocity. In which loop do you
expect the induced emf to be constant during the
passage out of the field region ? The field is normal
to the loops.
S R

Fig. a
S N b S N

51. A magnetic field of 10 T acts normal to a coil of 50

turns having 100 cm2 area. Find emf induced if the
coil is removed from magnetic field in 0.1 sec.
Fig. b
55. Give direction of current in S if R is (a) increased (b)
kept constant. 62. The magnetic flux  (in Wb) passing perpendicular to
the plane of a coil changes with time t (in second) as
 = 2t2 + 4t + 6.

R S
What is the magnitude of induced e.m.f. in the coil at
t = 2 second ? Give its direction.
63. A square coil of side 10 cm is placed in the east-west
E Fig. plane. A magnetic field of 0.1 T is set up in 0.7 s and
in the north-east direction through the coil. The coil
56. Three identical coils A, B and C are placed with their
has a resistance of 0.7 . What is the magnitude of
planes parallel to one another as shown in the figure.
the induced emf and current ?
Coils A and C carry equal currents in opposite directions.
The coils B and C are fixed and the coil A is moved 64. A small piece of metal wire is dragged across the gap
towards B with uniform speed. Is e.m.f. induced in B ? between the pole pieces of a magnet in 0.5 s. The
If yes, what is its direction ? magnetic flux between the pole pieces is known to be
A B C 8 × 10–4 Wb. Estimate the emf induced in the wire.
67. A 28 turns coil with average diameter of 0.02 m is
placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of 8000 T
(tesla). If the magnetic field changes to 3000 T (tesla)
in 4 s, what is the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. ?
70. A wire 88 cm long bent into a circular loop is placed
Fig. perpendicular to a magnetic field of flux density
2.5 Wb/m2. Within 0.5 sec. the loop is changed into
57. An iron bar falling through a hollow region of a thick
22 cm square and flux density is increased to
cylindrical shell made of copper experiences a retarding
3.0 Wb/m2. Calculate the value of emf induced.
force. What can you conclude about the nature of the
iron bar ?
58. Why is the coil of a dead beat galvanometer wound
on a metal frame ?

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 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
MOTIONAL EMF. It is the emf induced across a conductor due to its motion in magnetic field.
Case 1. When Conductor is in Translatory Motion. Let us consider a conductor of length ‘l’ moving with velocity
 
v in uniform magnetic field B set up perpendicular to the plane of the paper and directed inward as shown in figure

3. The free electrons of the conductor will experience Lorentz magnetic force Fm due to which negative charge is induced


at the lower end and +ve at the upper end of conductor. It creates electric field E , due to which electrons experience

upward force Fe as shown in figure. When both the forces become equal to each other, then motion of electrons stop
and potential is created across the ends. This is known as motional emf.
When Fe = Fm
eE = evB sin 90º +++
Fe
E = vB
motional emf,  = El e v
l
E
 = Bvl
Fm B
In general,  = Bvl sin  –––
 
where  is the angle between B and v . Fig. 3

If the conductor is connected to a resistor of resistance R to form a closed circuit, then current ‘i’ flow through the
circuit.

 Bvl sin 
i = 
R R

Case II. When conductor is rotating in uniform magnetic field about one of its ends.
Let us consider a conductor OA of length l rotating about end O with angular velocity ‘’ in uniform magnetic field

B perpendicular to the plane and directed inwards.

Area swept by the conductor in one revolution =  l 2

Time taken for one revolution =
 O A

dA l 2 l 2 l
 Area swept by the conductor per unit time is, = =
dt 2 2
B

Fig. 4
d d (BA) BdA
Motional emf,  = = =
dt dt dt
 l 2 
 = B 
 2 
1 1
 = Bl 2 = Bvl [ v = l]
2 2

SELF INDUCTION. It is the property of a coil by virtue of which, an emf is induced in the coil due to the change in the
magnetic flux linked with the coil itself.

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 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
When current I is passed through a coil, then magnetic flux linked with the coil is
 I
 = LI
where L is the constant of proportionality and is known as coefficient of self induction
or simply self inductance of the coil. Fig. 5

Its S.I. unit is henry (H).

If I = IA then  = L.
Thus, self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with the coil when current of 1 A is
passed through it.

 d
We know that emf induced is, =
dt

 d ( LI) LdI
e =    =
dt dt

dI
if = 1As–1 then  = – L.
dt
Thus, self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the emf induced in the coil when changing current changing
at a rate of 1 As–1 is passed through the coil.

dI
if, = 1As–1 and e = – 1 V then L = 1 H.
dt
Thus, self inductance of a coil is said to be 1 H if emf of 1 V is induced in the coil when changing current changing
at a rate of 1 As–1 is passed through the coil.

SELF INDUCTANCE OF A CIRCULAR COIL. Let us consider a circular coil of radius ‘r’ having ‘N’ number of turns. When
current ‘I’ is passed through the coil, magnetic field produced at the centre of coil is

µ0 NI
B=
2r
Magnetic flux linked with the coil is,  = NBA

 µ NI 
 = N 0  ( r 2 )
 2r 

µ0 N 2 rI
=
2
But  = LI

µ0 N 2 r
 L=
2

SELF INDUCTANCE OF A LONG STRAIGHT SOLENOID. Let us consider a solenoid of length ‘l’ having N number of
N
turns and area of cross-section ‘A’. Core of the solenoid is air. number of turns per unit length, n = , when current
l
I is passed through the solenoid, magnetic field produced inside the solenoid is
B = µ0nI
Magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is,  = NBA l
Fig. 6

8  (CB) (XII) Electromagnetic Induction

 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
 = (nl)(µ0nI)A
 = (µ0n2AlI
But  = LI

µ0 N 2 A
 L = µ0n2Al =
l

MUTUAL INDUCTION. It is the property of two coils by virtue of which emf is induced in one of the coils due to the
changing magnetic flux linked with the other coil kept near it.
Let us consider two coils S1 and S2 wound over each other and electrically insulated from each other, as shown in
figure 7, when current is passed through S1, magnetic field is produced in it due to which magnetic flux gets linked with
it as well as with S2. If changing current is passed, changing magnetic flux gets linked due to which emf is induced is S2.
Let I be the current flowing through S1, then magnetic flux linked with S2 is,
S2
I
 = MI
where M is the constant of proportionality and is known as coefficient of mutual S1
induction or simply mutual inductance of the two coils. Its S.I. unit is henry (H).
If I = 1A then  = M.
Thus, mutual inductance of two coils is numerically equal to the amount of Fig. 7
magnetic flux linked with one of the coil when current of 1 A is passed through the
neighbouring coil.
d
We know that emf induced is, = 
dt
d (MI)
=
dt
 MdI
=
dt
dI
if = 1As–1 then  = – M
dt
Thus, mutual inductance of two coils is numerically equal to the emf induced in one of the coil when changing current
changing at a rate of 1 As–1 is passed through the neighbouring coil.

dI
if = 1As–1 and  = – 1V then M = 1H
dt
Thus, mutual inductance of two coils is said to be 1 H if emf of 1 V is induced in one of the coil when changing current
changing at a rate of 1 As–1 is passed through the neighbouring coil.

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF TWO CONCENTRIC CIRCULAR COILS. Let us consider two concentric circular coils of
radii r1 and r2 (r1 << r2) having number of turns N1 and N2 respectively.
When current I is passed through bigger coil, magnetic field produced at the centre is
µ0 N 2 I
B=
2r2
Magnetic flux linked with smaller coil is,  = N1BA1

where A1 is the area of smaller coil and A1 = r12

µ N I
  = N  0 2  r 2
1 1
 2r2 

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 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
µ0 N1 N 2 r12 I
=
2r2
But  = MI

µ0 N 1 N 2 r12
 M =
2r2

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF TWO LONG SOLENOIDS. Let us consider two air cored solenoid S1 and S2 wound over
each other electrically insulated from each other. N1 and N2 be the total number of turns of S1 and S2 respectively and
‘A’ be the area of cross-section of each solenoid. Let ‘l’ be the length of each solenoid.
S2
N1
Number of turns per unit length is S1, n 1 =
l
N2
Number of turns per unit length is S2, n 2 = l
l S1
When current I1 is passed through S1, magnetic field produced inside it is, Fig. 8

B1 = µ0n1I1
Magnetic flux linked with S2 due to current in S1 is,
21 = N2B1A
21 = n 2l (µ0n 1I 1) A
21 = µ0n1n2AlI1
But 21 = M21I1
µ N1 N 2 A
0
 M21 = µ0n 1n 2Al = ...(1)
l
Now, if I 1 is switched off and current I2 is passed through S2, magnetic field produced inside it is,
B2 = µ0n2I2
Magnetic flux linked with S1 due to current in S1 is,
12 = N1B2A
12 = n 1l (µ0n 2I 2) A
12 = µ0n1n2AlI2
But 12 = M12I2
µ N1 N 2 A
0
 M12 = µ0n 1n 2Al = ...(2)
l
from equation (1) and (2) we see that
M12 = M21 = M(say)
This is known as Theorem of reciprocity.
µ N1 N 2 A
0
 M = µ 0n 1n 2 Al =
l
COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING OF TWO COILS. It is the measure of coupling between the two coils and is given by

M
K= L1L 2
where L1 and L2 are the coefficients of self inductance of two coils and M is the coefficient of mutual inductance of two
coils, K is always less than one.

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 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
Example 2. Figure shows a conducting rod PQ in contact with metal rails RP and
SQ, which are 0.25 m apart in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.4 T acting R P
perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Ends R and S are connected through a
–1
5  resistance. What is the emf when the rod moves to the right with a velocity 5ms
5
of 5 ms–1 ? What is the magnitude and direction of the current through the 5 
resistance ? If the rod PQ moves to the left with the same speed, what will be
the new current and its direction S Q
Solution: | E | = Blv = 0.4 × 0.25 × 5 V = 0.5 V
Fig.
|E| 0 .5 V
Current, I = = = 0.1 A
R 5
Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, the current in the rod shall flow from Q to P.
If the rod PQ moves to the left with the same speed, then the current of 0.1 A will flow in the rod PQ from P to Q.
Example 3. An air-cored solenoid of length 0.30 m, cross-sectional area 25 × 10–4 m2 and number of turns 500 carries a
current of 2.5 A. The current is suddenly switched off in a brief time of 10–3 s. How much is the average back emf induced
across the ends of the open switch in the circuit ? Ignore the variation of magnetic field near the ends of the solenoid.
Solution: l = 0.30 m, A = 25 × 10–4m2, N = 500, I = 2.5 A

 µ0 NI  µ N 2 IA
Initial magnetic flux, 1 = NBA = N A or  = 0
 l  1 l

22 1
or 1 = 4 × × 10 –7 × 500 × 500 × 2.5 × 25 × 10 –4 × Wb
7 0.30
or 1 = 6.55 × 10–3 Wb
Final magnetic flux, 2 = 0
Change of flux,  = 0 – 6.55 × 10 –3 Wb = – 6.55 × 10 –3 Wb
Corresponding time interval,  t = 10–3 s
  6.55  10 3
Average emf induced across the open switch =  = – V = 6.55 V
t 10 3
Example 4. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes, each 0.50 m long, is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/minute in a plane normal
to the earth’s magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude of the field is 0.40 gauss, what is the induced emf between the
axle and the rim of the wheel ?
Solution: N = 10s, r = 0.50 m, v = 120 rev/min = 2 rev/second, B = 0.40 gauss = 0.40 × 10 –4 T, E = ?
Area swept by each spoke per second, A = r2v

d
Magnetic flux cut by each spoke per second, = BA = Br2v
dt

22
Induced emf, E = Br2v (numerically) = 0.4 × 10–4 × × 0.5 × 0.5 × 2 volt = 6.286 × 10–5 volt.
7
Note: The spokes are connected with their one end at the rim and the other end at the axle. So, the spokes are
connected in parallel. Thus, the emf developed across the ten spokes would be the same as the emf developed across a
single spoke.
Example 5. The self-inductance of a coil having 200 turns is 10 millihenry. Calculate the magnetic flux through the cross-
section of the coil corresponding to current of 4 milliampere. Also determine the total flux linked with the coil.
Solution: L = 10 mH = 10 × 10 –3 H = 10 –2 H
I = 4 mA = 4 × 10–3 A,  = ?
Total magnetic flux linked with the coil,  = LI or  = 10 –2 H × 4 × 10–3 A = 4 × 10 –5 Wb

Electromagnetic Induction (CB) (XII)  11

 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
4  10 5
Magnetic flux through cross-section = Wb = 2 × 10–7 Wb.
200
Example 6. A circular loop of radius 03. cm lies parallel to a much bigger circular loop of radius 20 cm. The centre of the
small loop is on the axis of the bigger loop. The distance between their centres is 15 cm. (a) What is the flux linking the
bigger loop if a current of 2.0 A flows through the smaller loop ? (b) Obtain the mutual inductance of the two loops.
Solution: We know from the considerations of symmetry that M 12 = M 21. Direct
calculation of flux linking the bigger loop due to the field by the smaller loop will r1 r2
be difficult to handle. Instead, let us calculate the flux through the smaller loop
due to a current in the bigger loop. The smaller loop is so small in area that one
can take the simple formula for field B on the axis of the bigger loop and multiply 2
B by the small area of the loop of calculate flux without much error. Let 1 refer 1 Fig.
to the bigger loop and 2 the smaller loop. Field B 2 at 2 due to I 1 in 1 is

µ0 I1r12
B2 =
2( x 2  r12 ) 3 / 2

Here x is distance between the centres.

 µ 0 I1 r12 r22
2 = B 2 r22 =
2 ( x 2  r12 ) 3 / 2
But 2 = M21I1

µ0 r12 r22

 M21 = = M12
2( x 2  r12 ) 3 / 2

µ0 r12 r22

 1 = M 12I2 = I2
2( x 2  r12 ) 3 / 2
Using the given data M2 = M 21 = 4.55 × 10–11 H
1 = 9.1 × 10–11 Wb.
HOME ASSIGNMENT

2. A choke coil and a bulb are connected in series to a 17. If the self-inductance of an air core inductor increases
d.c. source. The bulb shines brightly. How does its from 0.01 mH to 10 mH on introducing an iron core
brightness change when an iron core is inserted in into it, what is the relative permeability of the core
the choke coil ? used ?

3. A vertical metallic pole falls down through the plane 18. What is the self-inductance of a coil, in which magnetic
of the magnetic meridian. Will any e.m.f. be produced flux of 40 milliweber is produced when 2 A current
between its ends ? Given reason for your answer. flows through it ?

9. If the number of turns of a solenoid is doubled, 19. When a current of 3 A flows through a primary coil,
keeping the other factors constant, how does the self a magnetic flux of 30 milliweber is linked with the
inductance of the solenoid change ? secondary coil. What is the mutual inductance between
the pair of coils ?
13. Define the term self-inductance.
20. When a coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field at
15. Magnetic flux of 5 micro weber is linked with a coil, a constant angular velocity, will the magnitude of
when a current of 1 mA flows through it. What is the induced e.m.f. set up in the coil be constant ? Why ?
self-inductance of the coil ?
25. A train is moving with uniform speed from north to
16. If a rate of change of current of 2 A/s induces an south. (i) Will any induced emf appear across the
e.m.f. of 10 mV in a solenoid, what is the self-inductance ends of its axle ? (ii) What will happen if train moves
of the solenoid ? from east to west ?

12  (CB) (XII) Electromagnetic Induction

 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
37. Define mutual inductance. Write its S.I. unit. Give two D C
factors on which the coefficient of mutual inductance
A B v
between a pair of coils depends.
H
38. Define the term self-inductance. Write its S.I. unit. G
Give two factors on which self-inductance of an air E F
core coil depends. B
Fig.
40. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils
change when: 49. A wire of length 0.1 m moves with a speed of
(i) the distance between the coils is increased ? 10 m/s perpendicular to a magnetic field of induction
1 T. Calculate the induced emf.
(ii) the number of turns in each coil is decreased ?
50. A straight conductor 1 m long moves at right angle
Justify your answer in each case. to both its lengths and a uniform magnetic field. If
41. The given figure shows an inductor L and resistor R the speed of conductor is 2.0 m/s and strength of
connected in parallel to a battery B through a switch magnetic field is 10 4 gauss, find the value of induced
S. The resistance of R is the same as that of the coil emf in volts.
that makes L. Two identical bulbs, P and Q are put in 52. Magnetic flux of 5 µWb is liked with a coil when a
each arm of the circuit as shown in figure. When S current of 1 mA flows through it. What is the self
is closed, which of the two bulbs will light up earlier ? inductance of coil ?
Justify your answer.
53. A circular copper disc 10 cm in radius rotates at 20 
rad/s about an axis through its centre and perpendicular
R P to the disc. A uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T acts
perpendicular to the disc.
L Q (i) Calculate the potential difference developed between
the axis of the disc and the rim.
(ii) What is the induced current if the resistance of
S
B the disc is 2  ?
Fig.
54. A wheel with 50 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is
rotated with an angular speed of 12 radian/sec, in a
43. In the diagram given, a coil ‘B’ is connected to low plane normal to the earth’s magnetic field. If the
voltage bulb L and placed parallel to another coil ‘A’ magnitude of the field is 0.5 × 10 –4 T, calculate the
as shown. Explain the following observations. e.m.f. induced between the axle and rim of the wheel.
(i) Bulb lights, and 65. An air-cored solenoid with length 30 cm, area of cross-
(ii) Bulb gets dimmer if the coil ‘B’ is moved upwards section 25 cm2 and number of turns 500, carries a
current of 2.5 A. The current is suddenly switched
off in a brief time of 10–3 s. How much is the average
back emf induced across the ends of the open switch
a.c. source
in the circuit ? Ignore the variation in magnetic field
B A
L near the ends of the solenoid.
66. A jet plane is travelling west at the speed of
Fig. 1800 km/h. What is the voltage difference developed
between the ends of the wing 25 m long, if the Earth’s
48. Twelve wires of equal length are connected to form magnetic field at the location has a magnitude of the
a skeleton cube which moves with a velocity ‘v’ 5 × 10 –4 T and the dip angle is 30º.

perpendicular to the magnetic field B . What will be 68. A secondary coil of n 2 turns is wound on a long
solenoid of area of cross-section A, having a primary
the induced emf in each arm of the cube ?
coil of n 1 turns per unit length. What is the mutual
inductance of the two coils ?

Electromagnetic Induction (CB) (XII)  13

 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
69. Two circular coils, one of small radius r1 and the 77. (a) Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance
other of very large radius r2 are placed co-axially with between a long straight wire and a square loop
centers coinciding. Obtain the mutual inductance of of side a as of 0.5 T parallel to the axis exists
the arrangement. everywhere. Calculate the emf developed between
the center and the ring.
71. A conducting rod 1 m length moves with a frequency
of 50 rev/s, with one end at the center and the other 75. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is
end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane normal
radius 1 m, about an axis passing through the center to the Earth’s magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude
of the coil perpendicular to the plane of the coil. A of the field is 0.4 G, what is the induced emf between
constant magnetic field parallel to the axis is present the of 0.5 T parallel to the axis exists everywhere.
everywhere. What is the emf between the center and Calculate the emf developed between the center and
the metallic ring ? Given that B = 1 T. the ring.
72. Siddharth peddles a stationary bicycle at one revolution 75. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is
per second. The pedals are attached to 100 turn coil rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane normal
of area 0.1 m2 and placed in a uniform magnetic field to the Earth’s magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude
of 0.1 Tesla. What is the maximum voltage generated of the field is 0.4 G, what is the induced emf between
in the coil ? the axle and the rim of the wheel ?
73. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop 76. A rectangular loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a
of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside normal to the axis of the small cut is moving out of a region of uniform magnetic
solenoid. If the current carried by the solenoid changes field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop.
steadily from 2 A to 4 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced What is the voltage developed across the cut if the
voltage in the loop while the current is changing ? velocity of the loop is 1 cm s–1 in a direction normal
74. A 1 m long conducting rod rotates with an angular to the (i) longer side, (ii) shorter side of the loop ?
frequency of 400 s–1 about an axis normal to the rod For how long does the induced voltage last in each
passing through its one end. The other end of the case ?
rod is in contact with a circular metallic ring. A constant 77. (a) Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance
magnetic field of 0.5 T parallel to the axis exists between a long straight wire and a square loop
everywhere. Calculate the emf developed between of side a as shown in figure given below.
the center and the ring.
(b) Evaluate the induced emf in the loop if the wire
75. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is carries a current of 50 A and the loop has an
rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane normal instantaneous velocity v = 10 ms–1 at the location
to the Earth’s magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude x = 0.2 m, as shown. Taken a = 0.1 m and assume
of the field is 0.4 G, what is the induced emf between that the loop has a large resistance.
the of 0.5 T parallel to the axis exists everywhere.
Calculate the emf developed between the center and
l
the ring.
75. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is v
x
rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane normal
a
to the Earth’s magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude
of the field is 0.4 G, what is the induced emf between Fig.
the axle and the rim of the wheel ? IV. (5 MARKS QUESTIONS)
76. A rectangular loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a 78. Explain phenomenon of mutual induction. Define
small cut is moving out of a region of uniform magnetic coefficient of mutual induction. What are its units ?
field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. Calculate coefficient of mutual induction between two
What is the voltage developed across the cut if the long solenoids.
velocity of the loop is 1 cm s–1 in a direction normal
79. (a) Define self and mutual inductions.
to the (i) longer side, (ii) shorter side of the loop ?
For how long does the induced voltage last in each (b) A conduction wire of 100 turns is wound over
case ? near the centre of a solenoid of 100 cm length
and 2 cm radius having 1000 turns. Calculate the

14  (CB) (XII) Electromagnetic Induction

 BAL BHAWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, LAXMI NAGAR
mutual induction of two coils.
(a) Suppose K is open the rod moves with a speed
80. Figure given below shows a metal rod PQ resting on
of 12 cm s–1 in the direction shown. Give the
the rails AB and positioned between the poles of
polarity and magnitude of the induced emf.
permanent magnet. The rails, the rod, and the magnetic
field are in three mutual perpendicular directions. A (b) What is the retarding force on the rod when K
galvanometer G connects the rails through a switch is closed ?
K. Length of the rod = 15 cm, B = 0.50 T, resistance (c) How much power is required (by an external
of the closed loop containing the rod = 9.0 m. agent) to keep the rod moving at the same speed
(=12 cm s–1) when K is closed ? How much power
N is required when K is open ?
(d) What is the induced emf in the moving rod when
K P the permanent magnet is rotated to a vertical
A position so that the field is parallel to the rails ?
B
G

Q

S
Fig.

Electromagnetic Induction (CB) (XII)  15