Assignment – 2
1. Two relays R1 and R2 are connected in two sections for a feeder as shown in below:
Relay R1 : CT Ratio = 300/5, Plug setting = 50%, TMS = 0.3
Relay R2 : CT Ratio = 500/5, Plug setting = 75%.
A fault at F results in a fault current of 3000 A.
Find TMS of R2 to give time – grading margin of 0.5 sec between the relays.
The standard operating time
characteristics of relays is given in table at TMS = 1
PSM 2 4 5 8 10 20
Operating time in
Seconds 10 5 4 3 2.8 2.4
2. Mention the different types of Pilot relay protection schemes and discuss the voltage balance system based pilot
relay protection system with neat diagram and mention the advantages and disadvantages of the system.
1) wire pilot 2) carrier-current pilot 3) microwave pilot.
In differential protection scheme, the current entering at one end of the line and leaving from other end of
the line is compared. The pilot wires are used to connect the relays. Under normal working condition, the
two currents at both ends are equal and pilot wires do not carry any current, keeping relays inoperative.
Under an internal fault condition, the two currents at both the ends are no longer same, this causes
circulating current flow through pilot wires and makes the relay to trip
Under normal condition, current entering the line at one end is equal to current leaving from the other
end. Therefore, equal and opposite voltages are induced in the secondaries of C.T.s. at the two ends
resulting in no current flow, through the relay. Under fault condition, two currents at the two ends are
different. Thus the secondary voltages of both the end C.T.s differ from each other. This circulates a
circulating current through the pilot wires and the relays. Thus the relays trip the circuit breakers to isolate
the faulty section.
The advantages of this method are as follows
It can be used for parallel as well as ring main system.
It provides instantaneous protection to ground faults.
The limitations of this method are as follows
The C.T.s used must match accurately.
The pilot wires must be healthy without discontinuity.
Economically not suitable as the cost is high due to long pilot wires. Due to long pilot wires,
capacitive effects adversely bias the operation of the relays.
The large voltage drop in the pilot wires requiring better insulation.
