Module 2

science,
technology, and
society: through
the ages
 Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students will
be able to:

• discuss how scientific and technological

developments affect society and the
environment.

• illustrate creatively the inventions

interactions between science and technology
and society throughout history.

• express insights on the impacts of science

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and technology on society.
Cradles of Early Science
1 . SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
The Entire Area Of Central America
From Southern Mexico Up To The
Border Of South America

There Is No Doubt That The

Mesoamerican Region Is Rich In
Culture And Knowledge Prior To The
Arrival Of Its European Colonizers
Cradles of Early Science
 They incorporate their advance understanding in astronomy
in their temples and other religious structures which
where used for astronomical observations.
 Their advanced knowledge and understanding about
celestial bodies enable them to predict eclipses and
astrological cycles in planting and harvesting
 Known for measuring time using 2 complicated calendar
systems
 Developed the technology for growing different crops and
building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and
tools.
 Hydraulic system with sophisticated water ways to supply
water to different communities
 Believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber
products 3000years before
Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
 One of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing
system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
 Skilled in mathematics and they developed the concept of zero
and positional value even before the Romans did.
B. Inca Civilization
 They made advanced scientific ideas
and tools to help them in everyday life;
1. Road paved with stones;
2. Stone buildings that surmounted
earthquakes and other disasters;
3. Irrigation system and technique for
storing water for their crops to grow in all types
of land;
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
festivals and prepare them for
planting season;
5. The first suspension bridge;
6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep
records that only experts can interpret; and
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the
specially prized artistic achievements.
C. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
* Mandatory education
* Chocolates
* Antispasmodic medication
* Chinampa
* Aztec calendar
* Invention of the canoe
 2. Science in Asia

our office

The biggest continent in the world is a host to many cultural, economic and
11 scientific activities of all ages
a. India
The Indians are known for
manufacturing iron and in
metallurgical works.
Their iron steel is considered to
be the best and held with high regard
in the whole of Roman empire.
India is famous in medicine.
Notable in the field of astronomy
Also known for mathematics.
b. China
Known for traditional
medicine
 Famous discoveries and
inventions were compass,
papermaking, gunpowder, and
printing tools that became
known in the west only by the
end of the middle ages
Also invented iron plough,
wheelbarrow, and propeller
 Developed a design of different
models of bridges
 Invented the first seismological
detector,
In astronomy, they made significant
records on supernovas, lunar and
solar eclipses, and comets. They
observed heavenly bodies to
understand weather changes and
seasons that may affect their daily
activities
C. Middle East
 Muslim scientists placed greater value on
science experiments rather than plain-thought
experiments which led to the development of
the scientific method in the Muslim world.
 A Muslim scientist named IBN AL-
HAYTHAM is also regarded as the FATHER
OF OPTICS
 In mathematics, they make several
refinements to the number system, such as the
introduction of the decimal notation.
Played an important role in modern chemistry. Some
scholars considered JABIR IBN HAYYAN to be the
“FATHER OF CHEMISTRY”
IBN SINA pioneered the science of experimental medicine
and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials
2 most notable works used as a standard medicinal texts
in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th
century :
“The Book of Healing”
“The Canon Of Medicine,”.
3. Science in Africa
PROOFS OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION: Astronomy, Mathematics,
and Medicine
 Development of GEOMETRY
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHARMACOLOGY, and
applied important components such as examination,
diagnosis and prognosis for the treatment of diseases
 Invented metal tools used in their homes, in
agriculture, and in building their magnificent
architectures
 Adept at the 4 fundamental mathematical operations
and other mathematical skills
The prehistoric and ancient era
technologies
 1st technological event in the Old Stone Age-
crude stone
 stone, horn, bone, and wood reached high
standards
 most significant - fire
 introduction of metals (gold, copper,bronze,
iron)
BRONZE AGE (3500BC-1200BC)
 primarily used - copper and tin alloy
 1st Bronze Age people - Mesopotamia(now
called Iraq), Sumerians
 PeRIOD OF INNOVATION
 wheel
 cuneiform - system of writing
 Heiroglyphics
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 “SIGNIFICANT
CONTRIBUTIONS

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 potter's wheel
ziggurat

SUMERIANS
canals

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 Babylonian
sundials

1st map made of clay

cartography

abacus
windwheels
22 first calendar
 Akkadians/phoenicians

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 ASSYRIANS

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CHINESE
 INDU

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 PERSIAN

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 LYDIAN

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 GREEK

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 The Middle Ages Technologies
The Middle Age era (5th century-15th century)
 A Period Of Ferment And Chaos For Europe After
The Fall Of Roman Empire.
 The First Glimmerings Of The Renaissance (14th –
17th Ad)
 Dramatic Technical & Cultural Advances In Asia
 The Expansion And Contraction Of The Muslim
Empire
 The Pinnacle Of The Mayan And Incan Civilizations
 Most Of The Mechanical Technology Originated
From Europe But Had Its Influence From The Ancient
Chinese Inventions.
 Important Developments In Agriculture, New Power
Sources, Military Weapons, Transportation, &
Construction Led To Medieval Industrial Revolution.
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 Some Middle age era inventions

Warfare

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 Power sources

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 Nautical

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 Agriculture

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 General Inventions

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Renaissance and the Modern Era
The invention of the Gutenberg The modern era is characterized by: rise of the
printing press in 1455 marked the nation state, growth of tolerance as a political&
beginning of the Renaissance period. social belief, industrialization, rise of mercantilism
& capitalism, emergence of socialist countries,
discovery & colonization of the non-western world,
New paradigms were posed – the rise of representative democracy, increasing role of
Scientific revolution. The changes science and technology, urbanization, mass literacy,
that happened paved the way to a
proliferation of mass media. With the Scientific
modern era.
Method introduced by Francis Bacon in 1621, a
sudden leap of advancement in science occurred,
like advocating inductive reasoning as the
New ideas in art, science, foundation off scientific thinking, this clear system
astronomy, religion, literature, of scientific inquiry would assure man’s mastery
mathematics, philosophy, & politics over the world, applying the method to all technical
were developed and advanced. areas from astronomy to farming
 Industrial Revolution (18th To 19th Century AD)-
Started In Great Britain - Was The Era That Led
Handmade Production To Machine & Factory.

Three Important Development During This Era:

1. Transportation Was Expanded.

2. Electricity Was Effectively Harnessed.

3. Improvements Were Made To Manufacturing

And Communication.

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 Thank you
for
listening!

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