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Module 2
Meso-American Civilization
01 ü Maya Civilization
ü Inca Civilization
ü Aztec Civilization
science, technology and society:
02
through the ages
Developments of Science in Asia
ü Indian Civilization
ü China Civilization

03
Development of Science in Middle East
ü Muslim Civilization

04 Developments of Science in Africa

ü African Civilization
ü Egyptian Civilization

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It is one of the regions of the world where the

1.1 Maya
01 agricultural revolution arose independently,
Civilization
and the great civilizations of Mesoamerica were
built upon foods such as maize, beans and Maya Civilization and Astronomy
Meso- squash. It consists of four cultures: Maya, Inca,
vLasted approximately 2,000 years.
American Aztec, and Olmec.
vKnown for astronomical works.
Civilization It includes the entire area of Central America from
southern Mexico up to the border of south America. v Incorporated astronomical knowledge
Mesoamerica refers to the diverse civilizations that
shared similar cultural characteristics in the
into temples and religious structures.
geographic areas comprising the modern-day vPyramid at Chichén in Mexico, located at
countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, the Sun during equinoxes.
El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

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1.1 Maya
Civilization
Mayan Innovations and Scientific Advancements
v Mayans developed looms for weaving cloth and
created glittery mica-based paints.
v Believed to be the first to produce rubber products.
TWO COMPLEX CALENDAR
SYSTEMS v Known for their scientifically advanced society, Mayan
HYDRAULICS SYSTEMS AND hieroglyphics.
SOPHISTICATED WATERWAYS.
v Developed a number system based on the numeral
20.
v Developed the concept of Zero and positional value
independently before the Romans.
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MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS

1.2 Inca Civilization

Inca Scientific Ideas and Technology
q Developed advanced scientific ideas and
RUBBER PRODUCTS
tools to overcome limitations of old
LOOMS FOR WEAVING CLOTH AND civilization.
CREATED GLITTERY MICA-BASED PAINTS
q Developed stone-paved roads and stone
NUMBER SYSTEM BASED
ON THE NUMERAL 20 buildings for earthquake and disaster
&
CONCEPT OF ZERO AND
protection.
POSITIONAL VALUE
q Implemented an irrigation system for water
storage for crop growth.

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STONE-PAVED ROADS AND STONE

BUILDINGS 1.2 Inca Civilization
Inca Scientific Ideas and Technology
• Created a 12-month calendar for
religious festivals and planting season
INCA IRRIGATION SYSTEM preparation.
• Developed the first suspension bridge,
Quipu, for expert interpretation.
• Specialized in Inca textiles, a prized
artistic achievement.
INCA TOOLS AND ARTEFACTS

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1.3 Aztec Civilization

QUIPU Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and
12-MONTH CALENDAR Society
q Mandatory education- The Aztec puts value on
education; that is Why their Children are mandated to
get education regardless of their social class, gender,
SUSPENSION BRIDGE or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive
education.
q Chocolates- The Aztec in Mexico developed
TEXTILE chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they
used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans
highly and made as part Of their tribute to their gods.

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1.3 Aztec Civilization

CHOCOLATE
Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and
Society

q Chinampa- It is a form of Aztec technology for

agricultural farming in which the was divided into
rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
MANDATORY EDUCATION

CHINAMPA

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Aztec
1.3 AZTEC CALENDAR

Civilization
Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and
Society
q Antispasmodic medication- they used a type of
antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle ANTISPASMODIC MEDICATION
spasms and relax muscles. which could help during
surgery.
q Aztec calendar -This enabled them to plan their
activities, rituals, and planting Season. CANOE
q Invention of the canoe - A light narrow boat used for
traveling in water systems.

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2.1 Indian
02
Civilization
Asia is the biggest continent in the world q Indians developed innovative ideas and technologies,
Asian and the home of many ancient renowned for their IRON AND METALLURGICAL
civilizations. These civilizations Were WORKS, with their iron steel being highly regarded in
Civilization the Roman Empire.
incomparable in terms of their
contributions to the development of q India is renowned for its medicine, particularly
AYURVEDA, a traditional system of medicine that
knowledge during their time
originated in ancient India before 200 BC and is still
practiced as an alternative medicine.
q SUSRUTA SAMHITA, describe different surgical and
other medical procedure famous in ancient India.

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2.1 Indian
Civilization
IRON AND METALLURGICAL
WORKS

q Ancient India is also notable in the field of

ASTRONOMY. They developed theories on the
AYURVEDA
configuration of the universe, the spherical self-
supporting Earth
q and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each.
q Ancient India is also known for their MATHEMATICS,
SUSRUTA SOMHITO
Sushruta is the father of surgery with the Indus Valley Civilization being the first to
establish a high degree of accuracy in length
measurement and design the Mohenjo-daro ruler.

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2.1 Indian
Civilization
q ARYABHATA, in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a number
of Trigonometric function, tables, and techniques, as
well as algorithm of Algebra.
q BRAHMAGUPTA, also suggested the gravity was force
of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as
both a place holder and a decimal digit along the
Hindu Arabic
q MADHAVA OF SANGAMAGRAMA, is also consider as
the founder of mathematical analysis (Joseph, 1991)

ARYABHATA INDIAN ASTRONOMY

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Chinese
2.1
Civilization
q - The four great inventions of ancient China are the
COMPASS, GUNPOWDER, PAPERMAKING, and
CHINESE COMPASS
PRINTING. These four discoveries had an enormous CHINESE GUN POWDER CHINESE PAPER
impact on the development of Chinese civilization
q - They also invented tools like IRON PLOUGH,
WHEELBARROW, and PROPELLER, design for
different models of BRIDGES.

CHINESE WHEELBARROW
q - Invented the first SEISMOLOGICAL DETECTOR and CHINESE PRINTING CHINESE IRON PLOUGH

developed a DRY DOCK FACILITY.

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Chinese
2.1
Civilization
q ACUPUNCTURE, ancient Chinese medical
technique for relieving pain, curing disease, and
CHINESE PROPELLER
improving general health.
CHINESE BRIDGES
q made significant advances in SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, MATHEMATICS, AND ASTRONOMY.
The first recorded observations of comets, solar
eclipses, and supernovae were made in China.
CHINESE DRY DOCK
q SILK ROAD, a great trade route linking China to other
Roman Empire where it allowed transport and
exchange of goods in these regions
CHINESE SEISMOLOGICAL
DETECTOR

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03
Muslims: Islam’s golden age in science,
Middle East technology and intellectual culture
Civilization spanned about 500 years, from the ninth
SILK ROAD
CHINESE PROPELLER until the 14th centuries. The scientific
method, as it has been developed in
modern western science, was indeed
CHINESE SEISMOLOGICAL
DETECTOR
invented by Muslims and first practiced
by them on a large scale.

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MUSLIM MUSLIM
3.1 3.1
Civilization Civilization
q AL-HASAN IBN AL-HAYTHAM was a pioneering q MUHAMMAD IBN MUSAAL- KHWARISZMI gave his
scientific thinker who made important contributions to name to the concept of the algorithm while the term
the understanding of vision, optics and light. Also algebra is derived from Al-jabr, the beginning of the tittle
regarded as the Father of Optics. Especially for his of one of his publication.
empirical proof of the intromission Theory of Light. q JABER IBN HAYAN considered as the Father of
q IBN SINA'S pioneered the science of experimental Chemistry.
medicine and was the first physician to conduct
clinical trials 2 most notable works used as a standard
medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe
during the 17th century :
“The Book of Healing” & “The Canon Of Medicine,”.
Contagious nature of infection of the clinical pharmacology

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04 4.1 African q They used three types of calendars: LUNAR,

Africa is blessed with natural and Civilization SOLAR, AND STELLAR.

AFRICAN mineral resources. Science also

q - Many advances in METALLURGY and tool
Civilization emerged in this part of the planet making were made across the entirety of ancient
long before the Europeans Africa.
colonized it
q - A structure known as the AFRICAN
STONEHENGE in present-day KENYA
(constructed around 300 B.C.) was a remarkably
accurate calendar. Several ancient African
cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy. Many
of these are foundations on which we still rely,
and some were so advanced that their mode of
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q Egypt was a CENTER OF ALCHEMY, a medieval

precursor to CHEMISTRY, focusing on HUMAN
4.2 Egyptians Civilization 4.2 ANATOMY AND PHARMACOLOGY, and applying crucial
components like examination, diagnosis, treatment, and
q The development of GEOMETRY was a
necessity to preserve the layout and ownership
Egyptians prognosis for disease treatment.
of farmlands for Egyptians along the Nile River, Civilization q Ancient Egyptians are good in the FOUR
and was used to build rectilinear structures, FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
the post of lintel architecture. AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL SKILLS. They have
knowledge Of the basic concepts of algebra and
q The EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS and early DAMS
DEMONSTRATE their advanced civilization, geometry. The Islamic regions in Africa during
the medieval period was also benefiting from
demonstrating their development of science to
improve the quality of life for Egyptians, mathematical learning, which is considered
advanced during those times, such as ALGEBRA,
particularly in building homes and cities,
despite the challenges posed by the Nile River. GEOMETRY, AND TRIGONOMETRY.

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THE PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT ERA BRONZE AGE (3500BC-1200BC)

TECHNOLOGIES primarily used - copper and tin alloy
1st technological event in the Old Stone Age- 1st Bronze Age people - Mesopotamia(now
CRUDE STONE called Iraq), Sumerians
✪ stone, horn, bone, and wood reached high
standards PERIOD OF INNOVATION
✪ most significant - fire wheel
✪ introduction of metals (gold, copper, bronze, cuneiform - system of writing
iron) Heiroglyphics
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potter's wheel
ziggurat

“SIGNIFICANT
SUMERIANS
CONTRIBUTIONS canals

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Babylonian AKKADIANS/PHOENICIANS
sundial
s

1st map made of clay

cartography

abacu
windwheels
s
39 first calendar 40

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ASSYRIANS
EGYPTIAN

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CHINESE
INDU

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LYDIAN
PERSIAN

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GREEK ROMAN

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THE MIDDLE AGES TECHNOLOGIES SOME MIDDLE AGE ERA

The Middle Age era (5th century-15th century) INVENTIONS
❖ A Period Of Ferment And Chaos For Europe After
The Fall Of Roman Empire.
❖ The First Glimmerings Of The Renaissance (14 th –
17 th Ad)
❖ Dramatic Technical & Cultural Advances In Asia
❖ The Expansion And Contraction Of The Muslim
Empire
❖ The Pinnacle Of The Mayan And Incan Civilizations Warfare
❖ Most Of The Mechanical Technology Originated
From Europe But Had Its Influence From The Ancient
Chinese Inventions.
❖ Important Developments In Agriculture, New Power
Sources, Military Weapons, Transportation, &
Construction Led To Medieval Industrial Revolution.
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Power sources
Nautical

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General Inventions
Agriculture

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Renaissance and the Modern Era Industrial Revolution (18th To 19th Century AD)- Started In
Great Britain - Was The Era That Led Handmade
The invention of the Gutenberg The modern era is characterized by: rise of the
printing press in 1455 marked the nation state, growth of tolerance as a political& Production To Machine & Factory.
beginning of the Renaissance period. social belief, industrialization, rise of mercantilism
& capitalism, emergence of socialist countries,
discovery & colonization of the non-western world,
New paradigms were posed – the rise of representative democracy, increasing role of THREE IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT DURING THIS ERA:
Scientific revolution. The changes science and technology, urbanization, mass literacy,
that happened paved the way to a
modern era.
proliferation of mass media. With the Scientific 1. Transportation Was Expanded.
Method introduced by Francis Bacon in 1621, a
sudden leap of advancement in science occurred,
like advocating inductive reasoning as the 2. Electricity Was Effectively Harnessed.
New ideas in art, science, foundation off scientific thinking, this clear system
astronomy, religion, literature,
mathematics, philosophy, & politics
of scientific inquiry would assure man’s mastery 3. Improvements Were Made To Manufacturing And
over the world, applying the method to all technical
were developed and advanced. Communication.
areas from astronomy to farming
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Thank you
for
listening!

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