GSTS – Module 1: Introduction to STS Historical Antecedents
A. Ancient Times
* Transportation- Significant during that
time because people were trying to go to
places and discover new horizons
*Navigation – Assist them in their
journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in
the world.
*Communication- Essential in their
endeavors to discover and occupy new
**Scientific Inquiry - Any process that do places
not undergo this process is either *Record keeping- They need to remember
pseudoscience or non-science the places they had been to and document
the trades they made with each other.
*Mass production- enable them to
increase food supplies and other survival
need without them travelling or working
harder.
*Security and protection- There was
always conflict when people met other
with different culture and orientations
especially the control of vital resources.
*Health- Conservation of Life was the
primary challenge
Asclepsius – God of Medicine
*Aesthetics- Discovered that people
looked more appealing and visually
*** Scientific Method – an empirical presentable by adding some features and
method to acquire knowledge decorations in their body.
*Engineering- Allowed humans to build
structures that would address specific
needs and wants
*Architecture- Architecture are
considered as a status symbol among
nations, established identity.
Sumerian Civilization- Southernmost
region of Mesopotamia (Modern day Iraq
and Kuwait)
The land was inhabited prior to 4500 BCE
by people of unknown origin who
archaeologists have designated the Ubaid B. Medieval/ Middle Ages
people (after the site of al-Ubaid where
Between the fall of roman empire
excavations first uncovered their existence).
and beginning of renaissance
The Ubaid are considered the first agents
of civilization in the region in that they had Marked by massive invasions and
rudimentary technological knowledge as migrations
evidenced by tools and clay artifacts they
left behind. Wars were prevalent
*Considered the cradle of civilization Weaponry, navigation, mass food
production, farm production, health
Babylonian civilization- Founded by
Amorites
- Situated in Mesopotamia – center of Inventions During the
Mesopotamian civilization Medieval/Middle Ages
Egyptian Civilization - Northeastern Africa 1. Printing Press – Ushered information
14th millennium BC revolution
- Made by Johan Guttenberg
- The success of ancient Egyptian - Wooden Machine that extracted
civilization came partly from its juices from fruits
ability to adapt to the conditions of - Metal impressions create exact copy
the Nile River valley for agriculture 2. Microscope
- Zacharias Janssen
Greek Civilization- the period
- For observation of small organisms
following Mycenaean civilization, which
- Guided by the principles used in
ended about 1200 BCE, to the death
eyeglasses
of Alexander the Great, in 323 BCE. It was a
3. Telescope
period of political, philosophical, artistic,
- Hans Lippershey
and scientific achievements that formed
- Galileo Galilei - Father of modern
a legacy with unparalleled influence on
Science
Western civilization.
- Astronomy
*Birthplace of western Philosophies. 4. War Weapons
- philosophy and Mathematics - Offense and Defense
- Cross bow, Long bow
Roman Civilization- Strongest political and
- Body armors
social entity in the west
*Cradle of politics and governance
C. Modern Ages/ Industrial Revolution
Chinese Civilization- Oldest civilization in
Asia Industrialization
Increase in population
Demands more goods, faster
transportation, more effective
communication, developments in 8. Airplane
health and education - Orville & Wilbur Wright
Transition to new manufacturing
processes from 1760 to 1840
D. Philippine Inventions
Inventions during the Modern Ages/
- Vulnerable to Natural Disasters
Industrial Evolution
1. Kampilan – Filipino sword, Used by
1. Steam Engine Datus and Sultans as symbol of
- James Watt power, wealth, and Status
- “Heat to motion” 2. Baybayin – Indigenous scripts of
2. Pasterurization Pre-colonial Philippines
- Louis Pasteur 3. Erythromycin (Antibiotic) – Dr.
- Heat processing liquids/foods kill Abelardo Aguilar
bactera 4. Salamander Amphibious tricycle –
3. Oil Refinery Dominic Chung & Lamberto
- Samuel M. Kier Armada
- Invented kerosene from refining 5. SALt Lamp (Sustainable Alternative
4. Telephone Lighting Lamp) – Aisa Mijeno
-Alexander Graham Bell 6. Medical Incubator
-Communication - Dr. Fe Del Mundo
- Native laundry basket inside bigger
**Important Note
one
- Increase in population demands more - Hot water bottles inserted in between
goods, faster transportation, more for warmth
effective communication, 7. Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap
developments in health and system – DOST
education 8. E- jeepney – Uses electricity instead
- Transition to new manufacturing of diesel
processes from 1760 to 1840
Other Inventions
Cradles of Early Science
5. Mechanical Calculator
- Blaise Pascal
- Easier arithmetic calculation
6. Electricity
- William Gilbert
- Forces in Friction
- Benjamin Franklin- Mesoamerica – Maya
Experimentations in Electricity
A. Advanced understanding of astronomy
7. Car
into their temples and religious
- Henry Ford
structures
- T-car model
B. Predicting eclipses
- Astrological cycles in planting and b. Commoners (the majority of
harvesting population, were mostly farmers)
C. El Castillo pyramids c. Serfs (worked land for the nobles)
- Chichen Itza situated at the location d. Slaves (consisted of those captured
of the Sun during the spring and and indebted who couldn’t pay)
fall equinoxes Mandatory Education
D. 2 complicated calendar system Chocolates
- Religion rituals Antipasmodic medication
- cultural celebrations Chinampa
E. Hydraulics system with sophisticated Calendar
waterways for water supply Canoe
F. Maya hieroglyphic
Mosaic masks made of turquoise,
- complex, unique signs or glyphs in
obsidian, and green or black stone
the form of humans, animals,
weapons
supernaturals, objects, and abstract
designs
G. Weaving Looms
H. Glittery paints made from a mica
Mesoamerica – Incan
Suspension bridges
Quipu
- Knotted ropes to Keep Records
Textile
Inti
- Sun God
- Themes in metallurgy
Roads paved with stone
Stone buildings which are disaster
proof
Asia – India
Irrigation system
Calendar with 12 months Known for manufacturing iron and in
metallurgical works
Mesoamerica – Aztec
Ayurveda
**Important Note Astronomy
- theories on configuration of the
The Aztecs were an advanced and
universe
prosperous civilization who built
- the spherical self-supporting earth
beautiful and sophisticated cities.
- 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
The highly developed empire had an
days each
elaborate leadership and society that
- 7-8 planets
consisted of four classes.
- Sun is a star
a. Nobles (highest in power)
- Eclipses o concept of the algorithm in
- Longitudes of planets mathematics
- Moon’s crescent o Algebra from al-jabr (Hisab
Mathematics al-Jabr wa-al- Muqabala)
- Mohendojaro Ruler- Standard o calendars, calculating true
measurement of length positions of the sun, moon
Aryabhata- first of the major and planets, tables of sines
mathematician- astronomers from the and tangents, spherical
classical age of Indian mathematics astronomy, astrological
and Indian astronomy tables
Aryabhatiya: Solar and lunar Jabir ibn Hayyan
eclipses were scientifically explained o Father of Chemistry
by Aryabhata. He states that the Ibn Sina
Moon and planets shine by reflected o Experimental medicine
sunlight o Clinical trial
a. Place value system o Contagious nature of
b. Approximation of π infectious diseases
c. Trigonometry o Pharmacology
BRAHMAGUPTA
(Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta)
a. defined the properties of the
number zero, both as a
placeholder and a decimal
digit
b. Suggested that gravity was a
force of attraction. Africa
Madhava
a. mathematical analysis Geometry
a. Lebombo bone
Asia – China
Alchemy
Acupuncture a. Human anatomy
Compass b. Pharmacology
Heavenly bodies and lunar calendars c. Medicine
Papermaking Astronomy
Calendar
Asia – Middle east a. Solar, lunar, stellar
Hasan Ibn al-Haytham - was an Arab Metallurgy
mathematician, astronomer, and a. Iron technology
physicist of the Islamic Golden Age
o Father of Optics
o Intromission Theory of Light
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
