Poularikas A. D.

“Calculus”
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing.
Ed. Alexander D. Poularikas
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,1999

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 45
Calculus

45.1 Derivatives
45.2 Integration
45.3 Integrals

45.1 *Derivatives
In the following formulas u, v, w represent functions of x, while a, c, n represent fixed real numbers.
All arguments in the trigonometric functions are measured in radians, and all inverse trigonometric and
hyperbolic functions represent principal values.

d
45.1.1. ( a) = 0
dx
d
45.1.2. ( x) = 1
dx
d du
45.1.3. (au) = a
dx dx
d du dv dw
45.1.4. (u + v − w ) = + −
dx dx dx dx
d dv du
45.1.5. (uv) = u +v
dx dx dx
d dw du dv
45.1.6. (uvw) = uv + vw + uw
dx dx dx dx

dy d[ f ( x )]
* Let y = f ( x ) and= = f ′( x ) define respectively a function and its derivative for any value x in their
dx dx
common domain. The differential for the function at such a value x is accordingly defined as

dy d[ f ( x )]
dy = d[ f ( x )] = dx = dx = f ′( x ) dx
dx dx

Each derivative formula has an associated differential formula. For example, formula 6 above has the differential
formula

d (uvw) = uv dw + vw du + uw dv

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 du dv
v −u
d  u dx dx = 1 du − u dv
45.1.7. =
dx  v  v2 v dx v 2 dx
d n du
45.1.8. (u ) = nu n−1
dx dx
d 1 du
45.1.9. ( u) =
dx 2 u dx
d  1 1 du
45.1.10. =− 2
dx  u  u dx
d d du
45.1.11. [ f (u)] = [ f (u)] ⋅
dx du dx
2
d2 df (u) d 2 u d 2 f (u)  du 
45.1.12. [ f ( u )] = ⋅ + ⋅
dx 2 du dx 2 du 2  dx 
dn  n d n u  n dv d n−1u  n d 2 v d n−2 u
45.1.13. [uv ] =  v n +  + 
dx n  0 dx  1 dx dx n−1  2 dx 2 dx n−2
 n d k v d n− k u  n d n v
+ L +   k n−k + L +   u n
 k  dx dx  n dx
 n n!  n
where   = the binomial coefficient, n non-negative integer and   = 1.
 r  r!(n − r )!  0
du 1 dx
45.1.14. = if ≠0
dx dx du
du
d 1 du
45.1.15. (log a u) = (log a e)
dx u dx
d 1 du
45.1.16. (log e u) =
dx u dx
d u du
45.1.17. (a ) = a u (log e a)
dx dx
d u du
45.1.18. (e ) = e u
dx dx
d v du dv
45.1.19. (u ) = vu v −1 + (log e u) u v
dx dx dx
d du
45.1.20. (sin u) = (cos u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.21. (cos u) = − (sin u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.22. (tan u) = (sec 2 u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.23. (cot u) = − (csc 2 u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.24. (sec u) = sec u ⋅ tan u
dx dx

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 d du
45.1.25. (csc u) = − csc u ⋅ cot u
dx dx
d du
45.1.26. ( vers u) = sin u
dx dx

45.1.27.
d
(arcsin u) =
1 du
⋅ ,  − π ≤ arcsin u ≤ π 
dx 1 − u dx
2  2 2
d 1 du
45.1.28. (arccos u) = − , (0 ≤ arccos u ≤ π)
dx 1 − u 2 dx

45.1.29.
d
(arctan u) =
1 du
,  − π < arctan u < π 
dx 1 + u 2 dx  2 2
d 1 du
45.1.30. (arc cot u) = − , (0 ≤ arc cot u ≤ π)
dx 1 + u 2 dx

45.1.31.
d
(arcsec u) =
1 du
,  0 ≤ arcsec u < π , − π ≤ arcsec u < − π 
dx u u − 1 dx
2  2 2
d
(arc csc u) = −
1 du
,  0 < arc csc u ≤ π , − π < arc csc u ≤ − π 
45.1.32.
dx u u − 1 dx
2  2 2
d 1 du
45.1.33. (arcvers u) = , (0 ≤ arcvers u ≤ π)
dx 2u − u dx
2

d du
45.1.34. (sinh u) = (cosh u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.35. (cosh u) = (sinh u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.36. (tanh u) = (sech 2 u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.37. (coth u) = − (csch 2 u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.38. (sech u) = − (sech u ⋅ tanh u)
dx dx
d du
45.1.39. (csch u) = − (csch u ⋅ coth u)
dx dx
d d 1 du
45.1.40. (sinh −1 u) = [log(u + u 2 + 1 )] =
dx dx u 2 + 1 dx
d d 1 du
45.1.41. (cosh −1 u) = [log(u + u 2 − 1 )] = , (u > 1, cosh −1 u > 0)
dx dx u − 1 dx
2

d d 1 1+ u 1 du
45.1.42. (tanh −1 u) = log = , (u 2 < 1)
dx dx  2 1 − u  1 − u 2 dx
d d 1 u + 1 1 du
45.1.43. (coth −1 u) =  log  = , (u 2 > 1)
dx dx  2 u − 1  1 − u 2 dx

d d  1 + 1 − u2  1 du
45.1.44. (sech −1 u) = log =− , (0 < u < 1)
dx dx  u  u 1 − u 2 dx

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 d d  1 + 1 + u2  1 du
45.1.45. (csch −1 u) = log =−
dx dx  u  u 1+ u 2 dx

∫
q
d
45.1.46. f ( x ) dx = f (q), [ p constant]
dq p

∫
q
d
45.1.47. f ( x ) dx = − f ( p), [q constant]
dp p

∂
∫ ∫
q q
d dq dp
45.1.48. f ( x, a) dx = [ f ( x, a)] dx + f (q, a) − f ( p, a)
da p p ∂a da da

45.2 Integration
The following is a brief discussion of some integration techniques. A more complete discussion can be
found in a number of good text books. However, the purpose of this introduction is simply to discuss a
few of the important techniques which may be used, in conjunction with the integral table which follows,
to integrate particular functions.
No matter ow extensive the integral table, it is a fairly uncommon occurrence to find in the table the
exact integral desired. Usually some form of transformation will have to be made. The simplest type of
transformation, and yet the most general, is substituion. Simple forms of substituion, such as y = ax,
are employed almost unconsciously by experienced users of integral tables. Other substitutions may
require more thought. In some sections of the tables, appropriate substitutions are suggested for integrals
which are similar to, but not exactly like, integrals in the table. Finding the right substitution is largely
a matter of intuition and experience.
Several precautions must be observed when using substitutions:
1. Be sure to make the substitution in the dx term, as well as everywhere else in the integral.
2. Be sure that the function substituted is one-to-one and continuous. If this is not the case, the
integral must be restricted in such a way as to make it true. See the example following.
3. With definite integrals, the limits should also be expressed in terms of the new dependent variable.
With indefinite integrals, it is necessary to perform the reverse substitutions to obtain the answer
in terms of the original independent variable. This may also be done for definite integrals, but it
is usually easier to change the limits.
Example

x4
∫ a2 − x 2
dx

Here we make the substitution x = a sin θ . Then dx = a cos θ dθ, and

a 2 − x 2 = a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ = a 1 − sin 2 θ = a cos θ

Notice the absolute value signs. It is very important to keep in mind that a square root radical always
denotes the positive square root, and to assure the sign is always kept positive. Thus x 2 = x . Failure
to observe this is a common cause of errors in integration.
Notice also that the indicated substitution is not a one-to-one function, that is, it does not have a
unique inverse. Thus we must restrict the range of θ in such a way as to make the function one-to-one.
Fortunately, this is easily done by solving for θ

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 x
θ = sin −1
a

π π
and restricting the inverse sine to the principal values, − ≤θ≤ .
2 2
Thus the integral becomes

a 4 sin 4 θ a cos θ dθ
∫ a cos θ

Now, however, in the range of values chosen for θ, cosθ is always positive. Thus we may remove the
absolute value signs from cosθ in the denominator. (This is one of the reasons that the principal values
of the inverse trigonometric functions are defined as they are.)
Then the cosθ terms cancel, and the integral becomes

a4
∫ sin θ dθ
4

By application of integral formulas 45.3.14.9 and 45.3.14.7, we integrate this to

sin 3 θ cos θ 3a 4 3a 4
−a4 − cos θ sin θ + θ+C
4 8 8

We now must perform the inverse substitution to get the result in terms of x. We have

x
θ = sin −1
a

x
sinθ =
a

Then

x2 a2 − x 2
cos θ = ± 1 − sin 2 θ = ± 1 − 2
=± .
a a

Because of the previously mentioned fact that cosθ is positive, we may omit the ± sign. The reverse
substitution then produces the final answer

x4 3a 4
∫
1 3 2 3 x
dx = − x a − x 2 − a2 x a2 − x 2 + sin −1 + C.
a2 − x 2 4 8 8 a

Any rational function of x may be integrated, if the denominator is factored into linear and irreducible
quadratic factors. The function may then be broken into partial fractions, and the individual partial
fractions integrated by use of the appropriate formula from the integral table. See the section on partial
fractions for further information.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Many integrals may be reduced to rational functions by proper substitutions. For example,

x
z = tan
2

will reduce any rational function of the six trigonometric functions of x to a rational function of z.
(Frequently there are other substitutions which are simpler to use, but this one will always work. See
integral formula number 45.3.16.5.)
Any rational function of x and ax + b may be reduced to a rational function of z by making the
substitution

z = ax + b

Other likely substitutions will be suggested by looking at the form of the integrand.
The other main method of transforming integrals is integration by parts. This involves applying formula
number 5 or 6 in the accompanying integral table. The critical factor in this method is the choice of the

functions u and v. In order for the method to be successful, v =

∫ dv and ∫ v du must be easier to
integrate than the original integral. Again, this choice is largely a matter of intuition and experience.
Example

∫ x sin x dx
Two obvious choices u = x, dv = sin x dx, or u = sin x, dv = x dx. Since a preliminary mental calcu-

lation indicates that

∫ v du in the second choice would be more, rather than less, complicated than the
original integral (it would contain x2), we use the first choice.

u=x du = dx

dv = sin x dx v = − cos x

∫ x sin x dx = ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du = − x cos x + ∫ cos x dx

= sin x − x cos x

Of course, this result could have been obtained directly from the integral table, but it provides a simple
example of the method. In more complicated examples the choice of u and v may not be so obvious,
and several different choices may have to be tried. Of course, there is no guarantee that any of them
will work.
Integration by parts may be applied more than once, or combined with substitution. A fairly common
case is illustrated by the following example.
Example

∫ e sin x dx
x

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 u = ex Then du = e x dx
Let
dv = sin x dx v = − cos x

∫ e sin x dx = ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du = −e
x x
cos x +
∫e x
cos x dx

In this latter integral,

let u = ex Then du = e x dx

dv = cos x dx v = sin x

∫ e sin x dx = −e
x x
cos x +
∫e x
cos x dx = − e x cos x +
∫ u dv
= − e x cos x + uv −
∫ v du
= − e x cos x + e x sin x −
∫ e sin x dx
x

This looks as if a circular transformation has taken place, since we are back at the same integral we
started from. However, the above equation can be solved algebraically for the required integral:

∫ e sin x dx =
x 1
2 (e x sin x − e x cos x )

In the second integration by parts, if the parts had been chosen as u = cos x, dv = e x dx. we would
indeed have made a circular transformation, and returned to the starting place. In general, when doing
repeated integration by parts, one should never choose the function u at any stage to be the same as the
function v at the previous state, or a constant times the previous v.
The following rule is called the extended rule for integration by parts. It is the results of n +1 successive
applications of integration by parts.
If

g1 ( x ) =
∫ g( x) dx, g2 ( x ) =
∫ g ( x) dx,
1

g3 ( x ) =
∫ g ( x) dx,K, g ( x) = ∫ g
2 m m −1 ( x ) dx,K,

then

∫ f ( x) ⋅ g( x) dx = f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) − f ′( x) ⋅ g ( x) + f ′′( x) ⋅ g ( x) − +L
1 2 3

+ ( −1)n f ( n ) ( x )gn+1 ( x ) + ( −1)n+1

∫f ( n +1)
( x )gn+1 ( x ) dx.

A useful special case of the above rule is when f ( x ) is a polynomial of degree n. Then f ( n+1) ( x ) = 0,
and

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 ∫ f ( x) ⋅ g( x) dx = f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) − f ′( x) ⋅ g ( x) + f ′′( x) ⋅ g ( x) − +L + (−1)
1 2 3
n
f ( n ) ( x )gn+1 ( x ) + C

Example
If f ( x ) = x 2 , g( x ) = sin x

∫ x sin x dx = − x
2 2
cos x + 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + C

Another application of this formula occurs if

f ′′( x ) = a f ( x ) and g ′′( x ) = bg( x ),

where a and b are unequal constants. In this case, by a process similar to that used in the above example
∫
for e x sin x dx, we get the formula

f ( x ) ⋅ g ′( x ) − f ′( x ) ⋅ g( x )
f ( x )g( x ) dx = +C
b−a

This formula could have been used in the example mentioned. Here is another example.
Example
If f ( x ) = e 2 x , g( x ) = sin 3 x, then a = 4, b = −9, and

3e2 x cos 3 x − 2e2 x sin 3 x e2 x

∫ e2 x sin 3 x dx =
−9 − 4
+C =
13
(2 sin 3 x − 3 cos 3 x ) + C

The following additional points should be observed when using this table.
1. A constant of integration is to be supplied with the answers for indefinite integrals.
2. Logarithmic expressions are to base e = 2.71828 …, unless otherwise specified, and are to be
evaluated for the absolute value of the arguments involved therein.
3. All angles are measured in radians, and inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions represent
principal values, unless otherwise indicated.
4. If the application of a formula produces either a zero denominator or the square root of a negative
number in the result, there is always available another form of the answer which avoids this
difficulty. In many of the results, the excluded values are specified, but when such are omitted it
is presumed that one can tell what these should be, especially when difficulties of the type herein
mentioned are obtained.
5. When inverse trigonometric functions occur in the integrals, be sure that any replacements made
for them are strictly in accordance with the rules for such functions. This causes little difficulty
when the argument of the inverse trigonometric function is positive, since then all angles involved
are in the first quadrant. However, if the argument is negative, special care must be used. Thus
if u > 0,

1
sin −1 u = cos −1 1 − u 2 = csc −1 , etc.
u

However, if u < 0,

1
sin −1 u = − cos −1 1 − u 2 = − π − csc −1 , etc.
u

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 See the section on inverse trigonometric functions for a full treatment of the allowable substitu-
tions.
6. In integrals 259–263, the right side includes expressions of the form

A tan −1[ B + C tan f ( x )].

In these formulas, the tan–1 does not necessarily represent the principal value. Instead of always emplying
the principal branch of the inverse tangent function, one must instead use that branch of the inverse
tangent function upon which f ( x ) lies for any particular choice of x.
Example
Using Integral Formula 45.3.14.24.

4π
 2 tan + 1 
x
4π
2  −1
∫
dx 2
= tan 
0 2 + sin x 3 3 
 0

2  −1 2 tan 2 π + 1 2 tan 0 + 1 
=  tan − tan −1
3 3 3 

2 13π π  4 π 4 3π
= − = =
3  6 6 3 3

Here

2 tan 2 π + 1 1 13π
tan −1 = tan −1 = ,
3 3 6

since f ( x ) = 2π; and

2 tan 0 + 1 1 π
tan −1 = tan −1 = ,
3 3 6

since f ( x ) = 0.

45.3 Integrals

45.3.1 Elementary Forms

45.3.1.1.
∫ a dx = ax
45.3.1.2.
∫ a ⋅ f ( x) dx = a ∫ f ( x) dx
φ( y)
∫ φ( y) dx = ∫ y′ dy, where
dy
45.3.1.3. y′ =
dx

45.3.1.4.
∫ (u + v) dx = ∫ u dx + ∫ v dx, where u and v are any functions of x

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45.3.1.5.
∫ u dv = u ∫ dv − ∫ v du = uv − ∫ v du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
dv du
45.3.1.6.

x n+1
45.3.1.7.
∫ x n dx =
n +1
, except n = −1

f ′( x ) dx
45.3.1.8.
∫ f ( x)
= log f ( x ), (df ( x ) = f ′( x ) dx )

∫
dx
45.3.1.9. = log x
x
f ′( x ) dx
45.3.1.10.
∫ 2 f ( x)
= f ( x ), (df ( x ) = f ′( x ) dx )

45.3.1.11.
∫e x
dx = e x

45.3.1.12.
∫e ax
dx = e ax / a

b ax
45.3.1.13.
∫ b ax dx =
a log b
, (b > 0)

45.3.1.14.
∫ log x dx = x log x − x
45.3.1.15.
∫ a log a dx = a , (a > 0)
x x

∫ a + x = a tan a
dx 1 x −1
45.3.1.16. 2 2

 1 tanh −1 x
a a

∫
dx
45.3.1.17. =  or
a2 − x 2 
1 a+x
 log , (a 2 > x 2 )
 2a a−x
− 1 coth −1 x
 a a

∫
dx
45.3.1.18. =  or
x −a
2 2
1 x−a
 log , (x 2 > a2 )
 2a x+a
 −1 x
sin
 a
∫
dx
45.3.1.19. =  or
a − x2
2
 −1 x
− cos ,
 a

∫
dx
45.3.1.20. = log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )
x ± a2
2

∫
dx 1 x
45.3.1.21. = sec −1
x x −a 2 2 a a

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  a + a2 ± x 2 
∫
dx 1
45.3.1.22. = − log  
x a2 ± x 2 a  x 
 2 a + bx
 tan −1 , ( a < 0)
 −a −a
 or

 −2 a + bx
∫
dx
45.3.1.23. = tanh −1
x a + bx  a a
 or
 1 a + bx − a
 log
 a a + bx + a

45.3.2 Forms Containing (a + bx )

a + bx
For forms containg (a + bx ) but not listed in the table, the substitution u = may prove helpful.
x

(a + bx ) n+1
45.3.2.1.
∫ (a + bx ) n dx =
(n + 1) b
, (n ≠ −1)

∫ x(a + bx) dx = b (n + 2) (a + bx)

1 n+2 a
45.3.2.2. n
− (a + bx ) n+1 , (n ≠ −1, − 2)
2
b 2 (n + 1)
1  (a + bx ) n+3 (a + bx ) n+2 2 ( a + bx )
n +1

45.3.2.3.
∫ x 2 (a + bx ) n dx = 
b  n+3
3
− 2 a
n+2
+ a
n + 1 

x m +1 (a + bx ) n
∫ ∫x
an
45.3.2.4. x m (a + bx ) n dx = + m
(a + bx ) n−1 dx
m + n +1 m + n +1
 1  m +1 
 
n +1
 a (n + 1) − x (a + bx ) + ( m + n + 2) x (a + bx ) dx 
m
∫ n +1

45.3.2.5.
∫ x m (a + bx ) n dx = 

or
 x m (a + bx ) n+1 − ma x m −1 (a + bx ) n dx 
∫
1
  
 b ( m + n + 1) 

∫ a + bx = b log(a + bx)
dx 1
45.3.2.6.

∫ (a + bx) = − b(a + bx)

dx 1
45.3.2.7. 2

∫ (a + bx)
dx 1
45.3.2.8. =−
3
2b(a + bx ) 2
 1 [a + bx − a log(a + bx )]
 b2

∫
x dx
45.3.2.9. = or
a + bx 
x a
 − 2 log(a + bx )
b b
log(a + bx ) + a 
∫ (a + bx)
x dx 1
45.3.2.10. = 
2
b2 a + bx 

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  
∫ (a + bx)
x dx 1 1 a
45.3.2.11. 3
= − a + bx + 2(a + bx ) 2 
b2  
1  −1 
∫ (a + bx)
x dx a
45.3.2.12. = 2  n−2
+ n −1 
, n ≠ 1, 2
n
b  (n − 2)(a + bx ) (n − 1)(a + bx ) 
x 2 dx  1 (a + bx ) 2 − 2 a(a + bx ) + a 2 log(a + bx )
∫
1
45.3.2.13. = 3  2 
a + bx b
x 2 dx 1  a2 
45.3.2.14.
∫ (a + bx ) 2
= 3 a + bx − 2 a log(a + bx ) −
b  a + bx 

x 2 dx 1  a2 
∫
2a
45.3.2.15. =  log( a + bx ) + − 2
(a + bx ) 3 3
b  a + bx 2(a + bx ) 
x 2 dx
45.3.2.16.
∫ (a + bx ) n
=

1  −1 2a a2 
 n −3
+ n−2
− n −1 
, n ≠ 1, 2, 3
b  (n − 3)(a + bx )
3
(n − 2)(a + bx ) (n − 1)(a + bx ) 
a + bx
∫
dx 1
45.3.2.17. = − log
x (a + bx ) a x
a + bx
∫
dx 1 1
45.3.2.18. = − 2 log
x (a + bx ) 2
a (a + bx ) a x
1  1  2 a + bx  x 
2

∫
dx
45.3.2.19. =  + log 
x (a + bx ) 3 
a  2 a + bx
3  a + bx 
a + bx
∫
dx 1 b
45.3.2.20. =− + 2 log
x (a + bx )
2
ax a x
2bx − a b 2
∫
dx x
45.3.2.21. = + 3 log
x (a + bx )
3
2a 2 x 2 a a + bx
a + 2bx a + bx
∫
dx 2b
45.3.2.22. =− 2 + log
x 2 (a + bx ) 2 a x(a + bx ) a 3 x

45.3.3 Forms Containing c2 ± x2, x2 – c2

∫c
dx 1 x
45.3.3.1. = tan −1
2
+ x2 c c
 a
∫ ax
dx 1
= tan −1  x (a, c > 0)
c 
45.3.3.2. ,
2
+c ac 
c+x
∫c
dx 1
45.3.3.3. = log , (c 2 > x 2 )
2
− x 2 2c c−x
 1 x a− −c
 log , (a > 0, c < 0)
 2 − ac x a+ −c
∫
dx
45.3.3.4. =  or
ax 2 + c 
1 c+x −a
 log , (a < 0, c > 0)
 2 − ac c−x −a

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 x−c
∫
dx 1
45.3.3.5. = log , ( x 2 > c2 )
x 2 – c 2 2c x+c

45.3.4 Forms Containing a + bx and a ′ + b ′x

 a ′ + b ′x 
∫ (a + bx)(a′ + b′x) = ab′ − a′b ⋅ log a + bx 
dx 1
45.3.4.1.

a a′ 
∫ (a + bx)(a′ + b′x) = ab′ − a′b  b log(a + bx) − b′ log(a′ + b′x)
x dx 1
45.3.4.2.

 b′ a ′ + b ′x 
∫ (a + bx) (a′ + b′x) = ab′ − a′b  a + bx + ab′ − a′b log a + bx 
dx 1 1
45.3.4.3. 2

−a a′ a ′ + b ′x
∫ (a + bx) (a′ + b′x) = b (ab′ − a′b)(a + bx) − (ab′ − a′b)
x dx
45.3.4.4. log
2 2
a + bx
x 2 dx
45.3.4.5.
∫ (a + bx ) 2 (a ′ + b ′x )
=

a2 1  a′ 2 a (ab ′ − 2 a ′b) 
+ 2 
log(a ′ + b ′x ) + log(a + bx )
b (ab ′ − a ′b)(a + bx ) (ab ′ − a ′b)  b ′
2
b2 

∫ (a + bx) (a′ + b′x)

dx
45.3.4.6. n m
=

 −1 
∫ (a + bx) (a′ + b′x)
1 dx
− ( m + n − 2) b
( m − 1)(ab ′ − a ′b)  (a + bx ) n−1 (a ′ + b ′x ) m −1 n m −1 

a + bx ab ′ − a ′b
∫ a′ + b′x dx = b′ +
bx
45.3.4.7. log(a ′ + b ′x )
b′ 2
  (a + bx ) m +1 (a + bx ) m dx 
∫
1
−  + − −
(a ′ + b ′x ) n−1 
n −1
b ( n m 2 )
 (n − 1)(ab ′ − a ′b)  (a ′ + b ′x )
 or
(a + bx ) dx 
m   (a + bx ) m (a + bx ) m −1 dx 
∫ ∫
1
= −  + m(ab ′ − a ′b)
(a ′ + b ′x ) n 
45.3.4.8. n −1
( a ′ + b ′x ) n
 b ′(n − m − 1)  (a ′ + b ′x )
 or
 −1  (a + bx ) m (a + bx ) m −1 dx 
 
 (n − 1) b ′  (a ′ + b ′x )
n −1
− mb
∫ (a ′ + b ′x ) n−1 

45.3.5 Forms Containing a + bx = u and a ′ + b ′x = v with k = ab ′ − a ′b

a′
If k = 0, then v = u , and other formulas should be used.
a

k + 2bv k2
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.5.1. uv dx = uv −
4bb ′ 8bb ′ uv
 1 b′ u − kb′
 log
 kb′ b′ u + kb′
∫
dx
45.3.5.2. = or
v u 
2 b′ u
 tan −1
 − kb ′ − kb′

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

  2 bb′uv
 tanh −1 , (bb′ > 0)
 bb′ bv
 or
 1 bv + bb′uv
 log , (bb′ > 0)
bb′ bv − bb′uv

∫
dx
45.3.5.3. = or
uv  1 (bv + bb′uv )2
 log , (bb′ > 0)
bb′ v

 or
 2 − bb′uv
 tan −1 , (bb′ < 0)
 − bb′ bv

uv ab′ + a′b
∫ ∫
x dx dx
45.3.5.4. = −
uv bb′ 2bb′ uv
−2 uv −2 u
∫v
dx
45.3.5.5. = or = , (v > 0)
uv kv k v

∫ ∫ ∫
v v dx uv k dx
45.3.5.6. dx = or = − , (v > 0)
u uv b 2b uv
 m +1 v m dx 
∫ ∫
1
45.3.5.7. v m u dx =  2v u +k 
(2 m + 3) b ′  u 
 u  
+ m− b
∫v ∫v
dx 1 3 dx
=−
( m − 1) k  v m −1  
45.3.5.8. m
u 2 m −1
u

45.3.6 Forms Containing (a + bx n )

∫ a + bx
dx 1 x ab
45.3.6.1. 2
= tan −1
ab a
 1 a + x − ab
 log ,
 2 − ab a − x − ab

∫
dx
45.3.6.2. = or
a + bx 2 
1 x − ab
 tanh −1 , (ab < 0)
 − ab a

∫ a + b x = ab tan a
dx 1 −1 bx
45.3.6.3. 2 2 2

∫ a + bx = 2b log(a + bx )
x dx 1 2
45.3.6.4. 2

∫ a + b x = 2b log(a + b x )
x dx 1 2 2 2
45.3.6.5. 2 2 2 2

x 2 dx
∫ ∫ a + bx
x a dx
45.3.6.6. = −
a + bx 2
b b 2

∫ (a + bx ) ∫ a + bx
dx x 1 dx
45.3.6.7. = +
2 2
2 a (a + bx ) 2 a
2 2

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 ∫ (x + a )
dx 1 x x
45.3.6.8. = tan −1 + 2 2
2 2 2
2a 3 a 2a ( x + a 2 )
a + bx
∫ a −b x
dx 1
45.3.6.9. = log
2 2 2
2 ab a − bx
a+x
∫ (x − a )
dx x 1
45.3.6.10. =− + log
2 2 2
2a 2 ( x 2 − a 2 ) 4a3 a−x
2m − 1
∫ (a + bx ) ∫ (a + bx )
dx 1 x dx
45.3.6.11. 2 m +1
= +
2 ma (a + bx 2 )m 2 ma 2 m

∫ (a + bx )
x dx 1
45.3.6.12. 2 m +1
=−
2bm (a + bx 2 ) m
x 2 dx −x
∫ ∫ (a + bx )
1 dx
45.3.6.13. = +
(a + bx 2 ) m +1 2 mb (a + bx 2 ) m 2 mb 2 m

x2
∫
dx 1
45.3.6.14. = log
x (a + bx ) 2 a
2
a + bx 2

∫ ∫ a + bx
dx 1 b dx
45.3.6.15. =− −
x (a + bx )
2 2
ax a 2

∫ ∫
dx 1 1 dx
45.3.6.16. = + , ( m ≠ 0)
x (a + bx 2 ) m +1 2 am (a + bx 2 ) m a x (a + bx 2 ) m

∫ ∫ ∫ (a + bx )
dx 1 dx b dx
45.3.6.17. = −
x 2 (a + bx 2 ) m +1 a x 2 (a + bx 2 ) m a 2 m +1

k 1 (k + x ) 2 2x − k 
∫
dx
45.3.6.18. =  log + 3 tan −1 , (bk 3 = a)
a + bx 3
3a  2 k − kx + x
2 2
k 3 

1 1 k 2 − kx + x 2 2x − k 
∫
x dx
=  + 3 tan −1 (bk 3 = a)
k 3 
45.3.6.19. log ,
a + bx 3
3bk  2 (k + x ) 2

xn
∫
dx 1
45.3.6.20. = log
x (a + bx ) an
n
a + bx n
x n dx
∫ ∫ ∫
dx 1 dx b
45.3.6.21. = −
(a + bx n ) m +1 a (a + bx n ) m a (a + bx n ) m +1
x m dx x m −n dx x m −n dx
∫ ∫ ∫
1 a
45.3.6.22. n p +1
= −
(a + bx ) b (a + bx ) n p
b (a + bx n ) p+1

∫ ∫ ∫
dx 1 dx b dx
45.3.6.23. n p +1
= − m−n
x (a + bx )
m
a x (a + bx )
m n p
a x (a + bx n ) p+1
m − n +1 n p +1
(a + bx ) a ( m − n + 1)
∫x ∫x
x m−n
45.3.6.24. m
(a + bx n ) p dx = − (a + bx n ) p dx
b (np + m + 1) b (np + m + 1)
x m +1 (a + bx n ) p
∫ ∫x
anp
45.3.6.25. x m (a + bx n ) p dx = + m
(a + bx n ) p−1 dx
np + m + 1 np + m + 1

 x m −n (a + bx n ) p+1 − ( m − n) a (a + bx n ) p dx 
∫x ∫x
m −1 1 m − n −1
45.3.6.26. (a + bx n ) p dx =
b( m + np)  
1  m
(a + bx n ) p−1 dx 
45.3.6.27.
∫x m −1
(a + bx n ) p dx =
m + np 
x (a + bx n ) p + npa
∫x m −1


© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 1  m
(a + bx n ) p dx 
45.3.6.28.
∫x m −1
(a + bx n ) p dx =
ma 
x (a + bx n ) p+1 − ( m + np + n) b
∫x m + n −1

− x m (a + bx n ) p+1 + ( m + np + n) (a + bx n ) p+1 dx 
∫x ∫x
m −1 1 m −1
45.3.6.29. (a + bx n ) p dx =
an( p + 1)  

45.3.7 Forms Containing (a + bx + cx 2 )

X = a + bx + cx 2 and q = 4ac − b 2

2
If q = 0, then X = c  x +  , and other formulas should be used.
b
 2c 

2cx + b
∫
dx 2
45.3.7.1. = tan −1
X q q
−2 2cx + b
∫
dx
45.3.7.2. = tanh −1
X −q −q
2cx + b − − q
∫
dx 1
45.3.7.3. = log
X −q 2cx + b + − q
dx 2cx + b 2c
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.7.4. = +
X2 qX q X
dx 2cx + b  1 3c  6c 2
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.7.5. =  + +
X3 q  2 X 2 qX  q 2 X


 2cx + b + 2(2n − 1) c
∫
dx
 nqX n qn Xn

∫
dx
45.3.7.6. n +1
= or
X  (2n)!  c  n  2cx + b n
 q   (r − 1)!r! + dx 
∑
r
 2   
 (n!)  q   q
 r =1
 cX   (2r )!  ∫ 
X 

∫ ∫X
x dx 1 b dx
45.3.7.7. = log X −
X 2c 2c
bx + 2 a b
∫ q∫ X
x dx dx
45.3.7.8. 2
=− −
X qX
2 a + bx b(2n − 1)
∫ ∫
x dx dx
45.3.7.9. =− −
X n+1 nqX n nq Xn
x2 b 2 − 2 ac
∫ ∫
x b dx
45.3.7.10. dx = − 2 log X +
X c 2c 2c 2 X
x2 (b 2 − 2 ac) x + ab 2 a
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.7.11. 2
dx = +
X cqX q X
x m dx x m −1 n − m +1 b x m −1 dx m −1 x m −2 dx
∫ ∫ ∫
a
45.3.7.12. n +1
=− − ⋅ + ⋅
X (2n − m + 1) cX n 2n − m + 1 c X n+1 2n − m + 1 c X n+1
2

∫ ∫
dx 1 x b dx
45.3.7.13. = log −
xX 2 a X 2a X

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 1  b2 c
∫ ∫
dx b X dx
45.3.7.14. = 2 log 2 − + − 
2
x X 2a x ax  2 a 2 a  X

∫ ∫ ∫
dx 1 b dx 1 dx
45.3.7.15. = n −1
− +
xX n
2 a(n − 1) X 2a Xn a xX n−1
n + m −1 b 2n + m − 1 c
∫ ∫ ∫
dx 1 dx dx
45.3.7.16. =− − − ⋅
x m X n+1 ( m − 1) ax m −1 X n m −1 a x m −1 X n+1 m −1 c x m −2 X n+1

45.3.8 Forms Containing a + bx

∫
2
45.3.8.1. a + bx dx = (a + bx )3
3b
2(2 a − 3bx ) (a + bx )3
45.3.8.2.
∫ x a + bx dx = −
15b 2
2(8a 2 − 12 abx + 15b 2 x 2 ) (a + bx )3
45.3.8.3.
∫ x 2 a + bx dx =
105b 3
 x m (a + bx )3 − ma a + bx dx 
∫x ∫x
2 m −1
45.3.8.4. m
a + bx dx =
b (2 m + 3)  
a + bx
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.8.5. dx = 2 a + bx + a
x x a + bx
(see No. 45.3.8.12 and No. 45.3.8.13)
a + bx a + bx b
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.8.6. dx = − +
x2 x 2 x a + bx
(see No. 45.3.8.12 and No. 45.3.8.13)

a + bx  (a + bx )3 (2 m − 5) b a + bx dx 
∫ ∫
1
45.3.8.7. = −  + , ( m ≠ 1)
xm ( m − 1) a  x m −1 2 x m −1 
 
2 a + bx
∫
dx
45.3.8.8. =
a + bx b
2(2 a − bx )
∫
x dx
45.3.8.9. =− a + bx
a + bx 3b 2
x 2 dx 2(8a 2 − 4abx + 3b 2 x 2 )
45.3.8.10.
∫ a + bx
=
15b 3
a + bx

x m dx 2 x m a + bx x m −1 dx
∫ ∫
2 ma
45.3.8.11. = −
a + bx (2 m + 1) b (2 m + 1) b a + bx
 a + bx − a 
∫
dx 1
45.3.8.12. = log , ( a > 0)
x a + bx a  a + bx + a 
a + bx
∫
dx 2
45.3.8.13. = tan −1 , ( a < 0)
x a + bx −a a

a + bx
∫ ∫
dx b dx
45.3.8.14. =− −
x 2 a + bx ax 2a x a + bx

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 
a + bx (2n − 3) b
∫
− dx
−
 (n − 1) ax n−1 (2n − 2) a x n−1 a + bx

∫
dx
45.3.8.15. = or
xn a + bx 
(2n − 2)!  4 a + bx 
n n −1
r!(r − 1)!  − b 
∑ ∫
dx
 2 
+ 
 [(n − 1)!]  b x (2r )!  4a 
r
x a + bx 
 r =1

2±n
2(a + bx ) 2
∫ (a + bx)
± 2n
45.3.8.16. dx =
b (2 ± n )
 (a + bx ) 4 ±2 n a (a + bx ) 2 ±2 n 
∫ x(a + bx)
± 2n 2
45.3.8.17. dx = 2  − 
b  4 ± n 2±n 

∫ ∫ ∫
dx 1 dx b dx
45.3.8.18. m = m−2 − m
x(a + bx ) 2 a x(a + bx ) 2 a (a + bx ) 2
n n−2
(a + bx ) 2 dx (a + bx )
∫ ∫ ∫
n−2 2
45.3.8.19. =b (a + bx ) 2
dx + a dx
x x
 z2 − a 
∫ ∫
2
45.3.8.20. f ( x, a + bx ) dx = f , z z dz ( z 2 = a + bx )
b  b 

45.3.9 Forms Containing x 2 ± a2

45.3.9.1.
∫ x 2 ± a 2 dx = 12 [ x x 2 ± a 2 ± a 2 log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )]

∫
dx
45.3.9.2. = log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )
x ±a
2 2

∫
dx 1 x
45.3.9.3. = sec −1
x x 2 − a2 a a

 a + x 2 + a2 
∫
dx 1
45.3.9.4. = − log  
x x 2 + a2 a  x 

x 2 + a2  a + x 2 + a2 
45.3.9.5.
∫ x
dx = x 2 + a 2 − a log 
 x



x 2 − a2
∫
x
45.3.9.6. dx = x 2 − a 2 − a sec −1
x a

∫
x dx
45.3.9.7. = x 2 ± a2
x ±a
2 2

45.3.9.8.
∫x x 2 ± a 2 dx = 1
3 ( x 2 ± a 2 )3

1 3a 2 x 3a 4 
45.3.9.9.
∫ ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 dx = 
4
x ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 ±
2
x 2 ± a2 +
2
log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )

±x
∫
dx
45.3.9.10. =
(x ± a )
2 2 3
a 2
x 2 ± a2

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 −1
∫
x dx
45.3.9.11. =
(x ± a )
2 2 3
x ± a2
2

45.3.9.12.
∫x ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 dx = 1
5 ( x 2 ± a 2 )5

a2 a4
∫
x
45.3.9.13. x 2 x 2 ± a 2 dx = ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 m x x 2 ± a 2 − log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )
4 8 8

45.3.9.14.
∫x 3
x 2 + a 2 dx = ( 15 x 2 − 152 a 2 ) (a 2 + x 2 )3

a2
∫
1
45.3.9.15. x 3 x 2 − a 2 dx = ( x 2 − a 2 )5 + ( x 2 − a 2 )3
5 3
x 2 dx a2
∫
x
45.3.9.16. = x 2 ± a2 m log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )
x 2 ± a2 2 2

x 3 dx
∫
1
45.3.9.17. = ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 m a 2 x 2 ± a 2
x ±a
2 2 3

x 2 ± a2
∫
dx
45.3.9.18. =m
x 2 x 2 ± a2 a2 x

x 2 + a2 a + x 2 + a2
∫
dx 1
45.3.9.19. =− 2 2
+ 3 log
x 3 x 2 + a2 2a x 2a x

x 2 − a2
∫
dx 1 x
45.3.9.20. = + sec −1
x 3 x 2 − a2 2a 2 x 2 2 a3 a

45.3.9.21.
∫x 2
( x 2 ± a 2 )3 dx =

x a2 x a4 x a6
( x 2 ± a 2 )5 m ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 − x 2 ± a2 m log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )
6 24 16 16
a2
∫
1
45.3.9.22. x 3 ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 dx = ( x 2 ± a 2 )7 m ( x 2 ± a 2 )5
7 5
x 2 ± a 2 dx x 2 ± a2
45.3.9.23.
∫ x2
= −
x
+ log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )

x 2 + a2 x 2 + a2 a + x 2 + a2
∫
1
45.3.9.24. dx = − − log
x3 2x2 2a x
x 2 − a2 x 2 − a2
∫
1 x
45.3.9.25. 3
dx = − + sec −1
x 2x2 2a a

x 2 dx −x
45.3.9.26.
∫ (x ± a )
2 2 3
=
x ± a2
2
+ log( x + x 2 ± a 2 )

x 3 dx a2
45.3.9.27.
∫ ( x 2 ± a 2 )3
= x 2 ± a2 ±
x 2 ± a2

a + x 2 + a2
∫
dx 1 1
45.3.9.28. = − log
x ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 a2 x 2 + a2 a3 x

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 ∫
dx 1 1 x
45.3.9.29. =− − sec −1
x (x − a ) 2 2 3
a 2
x −a2 2 a3 a

 x 2 ± a2 
∫
dx 1 x
45.3.9.30. =−  + 
x 2
(x ± a )
2 2 3 a4  x x ± a 
2 2

a + x 2 + a2
∫
dx 1 3 3
45.3.9.31. =− − + log
x 3 ( x 2 ± a 2 )3 2a 2 x 2 x 2 + a 2 2a 4 x 2 + a 2 2a 5 x

∫
dx 1 3 3 x
45.3.9.32. = − − sec −1
(x − a ) x −a x −a
5
x 3 2 2 3
2a x 2 2 2 2
2a 4 2 2
2a a

45.3.9.33.
∫ f ( x, x 2 + a 2 ) dx = a
∫ f (a tan u, a sec u ) sec u du , ( x = a tan u) 2

45.3.9.34.
∫ f ( x, x 2 − a2
∫
) dx = a f (a sec u, a tan u ) sec u tan u du , ( x = a sec u)

45.3.10 Forms Containing a2 − x 2

1 
45.3.10.1.
∫ a 2 − x 2 dx =  x a − x + a sin
2
2 2 2 −1 x
a


 −1 x
sin
 a
∫
dx
45.3.10.2. =  or
a − x2
2
 −1 x
− cos
 a

 a + a2 − x 2 
∫
dx 1
45.3.10.3. = − log  
x a2 − x 2 a  x 

a2 − x 2  a + a2 − x 2 
45.3.10.4.
∫ x
dx = a 2 − x 2 − a log 
 x



∫
x dx
45.3.10.5. = − a2 − x 2
a2 − x 2

45.3.10.6.
∫x a 2 − x 2 dx = − 13 (a 2 − x 2 )3

1 3a 2 x 2 3a 4 x
45.3.10.7.
∫ (a 2 − x 2 )3 dx =  x (a − x ) +
4
2 2 3
2
a − x2 +
2
sin −1 
a

∫
dx x
45.3.10.8. =
(a 2 − x 2 )3 a2 a2 − x 2

∫
x dx 1
45.3.10.9. =
(a 2 − x 2 )3 a2 − x 2

45.3.10.10.
∫x (a 2 − x 2 )3 dx = − 15 (a 2 − x 2 ) 5

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 a2  x
∫
x
45.3.10.11. x 2 a 2 − x 2 dx = − (a 2 − x 2 )3 + x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1 
4 8  a

45.3.10.12.
∫x 3
a 2 − x 2 dx = ( − 15 x 2 − 152 a 2 ) (a 2 − x 2 )3

a2 x a4 x 2 a6
∫
1 x
45.3.10.13. x 2 (a 2 − x 2 )3 dx = − x (a 2 − x 2 )5 + ( a 2 − x 2 )3 + a − x 2 + sin −1
6 24 16 16 a
a2
∫
1
45.3.10.14. x 3 (a 2 − x 2 )3 dx = ( a 2 − x 2 )7 − ( a 2 − x 2 )5
7 5
x 2 dx a2
∫
x 2 x
45.3.10.15. =− a − x 2 + sin −1
a2 − x 2 2 2 a

a2 − x 2
∫
dx
45.3.10.16. =−
x 2 a2 − x 2 a2 x

a2 − x 2 a2 − x 2
∫
x
45.3.10.17. 2
dx = − − sin −1
x x a

a2 − x 2 a2 − x 2 a + a2 − x 2
∫
1
45.3.10.18. 3
dx = − 2
+ log
x 2x 2a x
x 2 dx
∫
x x
45.3.10.19. = − sin −1
(a − x )
2 2 3
a −x
2 2 a
3

∫
x dx 2 3 1 1 1 2
45.3.10.20. = − (a2 − x 2 ) 2 − x 2 (a2 − x 2 ) 2 = − a − x 2 ( x 2 + 2a2 )
a −x
2 3 2 3 3
x 3 dx x2 a2
∫
1
45.3.10.21. = 2( a 2 − x 2 ) 2 + 1 = + a2 − x 2
(a − x )
2 2 3
(a − x )
2 2 2
a −x
2 2

a2 − x 2 a + a2 − x 2
∫
dx 1
45.3.10.22. =− 2 2
− 3 log
x 3 a2 − x 2 2a x 2a x

a + a2 − x 2
∫
dx 1 1
45.3.10.23. = − log
x (a 2 − x 2 )3 a2 a2 − x 2 a3 x

 a2 − x 2 
∫
dx 1 x
45.3.10.24. = − + 
x 2
(a − x )
2 2 3 a4  x a − x 
2 2

a + a2 − x 2
∫
dx 1 3 3
45.3.10.25. =− + − 5
log
x 3 (a 2 − x 2 )3 2a 2 x 2 a 2 − x 2 2a 4 a 2 − x 2 2a x

a2 − x 2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2
∫
x x
45.3.10.26. dx = sin −1 − sin −1
b2 + x 2 b a x 2 + b2 a

45.3.10.27.
∫ f ( x, a 2 − x 2 ) dx = a
∫ f (a sin u, a cos u ) cos u du , ( x = a sin u)

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.11 Forms Containing a + bx + cx 2

4c
X = a + bx + cx 2 , q = 4ac − b 2 , and k =
q

2
When q = 0, then X = c  x + 
b
and other formulas should be used.
 2c 

 b 
∫
dx 1
45.3.11.1. = log  X + x c +  if c > 0
X c  2 c

 2cx + b 
∫
dx 1
45.3.11.2. = sinh −1   if c > 0
X c  4ac − b 2 

 −2cx − b 
∫
dx 1
45.3.11.3. = sin −1   if c < 0
X −c  b 2 − 4ac 
2(2cx + b)
∫
dx
45.3.11.4. =
X X q X
2(2cx + b)  1
+ 2k
∫
dx
45.3.11.5. =
X2 X 3q X  X 

 2(2cx + b) X 2 k (n − 1)
∫
dx
 +
 (2n − 1) qX
n
2n − 1 X n−1 X
∫
dx
45.3.11.6. =  or
Xn X  n −1
(2cx + b)(n!)(n − 1)! 4 n k n−1
∑ (4kX ) (r!)
(2r )!
 r 2
 q [(2n)!] X r =0

(2cx + b) X
∫ ∫
1 dx
45.3.11.7. X dx = +
4c 2k X
(2cx + b) X 
X+ + 2
∫X ∫
3 3 dx
45.3.11.8. X dx =
8c  2 k  8k X
(2cx + b) X  2 5 X 15 
∫X ∫
5 dx
45.3.11.9. 2
X dx = X + + +
12c  4k 8k 2  16k 3 X

 (2cx + b) X X + 2n + 1
n
X n dx

 4(n + 1) c 2(n + 1) k ∫
X
45.3.11.10.
∫ Xn X dx = 

or
 k (2cx + b) X n−1 r!(r + 1)!( 4kX )r dx 
∑
(2n + 2)!


2 n +1 
 [(n + 1)!] ( 4k )  c r =0
(2r + 2)!
+
∫ 
X 

∫ ∫
x dx X b dx
45.3.11.11. = −
X c 2c X
2(bx + 2 a)
∫
x dx
45.3.11.12. =−
X X q X

∫ ∫
x dx X b dx
45.3.11.13. =− −
Xn X (2n − 1) cX n 2c Xn X

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 x 2 dx  x 3b 2 − 4ac
− 2 X +
∫ ∫
3b dx
45.3.11.14. =
X  2c 4c  8c 2 X
x 2 dx (2b 2 − 4ac) x + 2 ab 1
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.11.15. = +
X X cq X c X
x 2 dx (2b 2 − 4ac) x + 2 ab 4ac + (2n − 3) b 2
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.11.16. = +
n
X X (2n − 1) cqX n−1 X (2n − 1) cq X n−1 X
x 3 dx  x 2 5bx 5b 2 2a   3ab 5b 3 
∫ ∫
dx
45.3.11.17. = − + 3 − 2 X + 2 − 
X  3c 12c 2
8c 3c   4c 16c 3  X

∫x ∫
X X b
45.3.11.18. X dx = − X dx
3c 2c
X2 X
∫ ∫X
b
45.3.11.19. xX X dx = − X dx
5c 2c
xX n dx Xn X X n dx
∫ ∫
b
45.3.11.20. = −
X (2n + 1) c 2c X
5b X X 5b 2 − 4ac
x 2 X dx =  x − 
45.3.11.21.
∫  6c  4 c
+
16c 2 ∫ X dx

 X+ a b 
∫
dx 1
45.3.11.22. =− log  + , ( a > 0)
x X a  x 2 a
 bx + 2 a 
∫
dx 1
45.3.11.23. = sin −1  , ( a < 0)
x X −a  x −q 

∫
dx 2 X
45.3.11.24. =− , ( a = 0)
x X bx

∫ ∫
dx X b dx
45.3.11.25. =− −
x2 X ax 2 a x X

∫ ∫ ∫
X dx b dx dx
45.3.11.26. = X+ +a
x 2 X x X

∫ ∫ ∫
X dx X b dx dx
45.3.11.27. 2
=− + +c
x x 2a x X X

45.3.12 Forms Containing 2 ax − x 2

1 −1 x − a

45.3.12.1.
∫ 2 ax − x 2 dx = ( x − a) 2 ax − x + a sin
2
2 2
a 


 −1 a − x x−a
cos or sin −1
a a

∫
dx
45.3.12.2. = or
2 ax − x 2  x x
−1
2 sin or 2 cos −1 , ( a > 0)
 2a 2a
3
x n−1 (2 ax − x 2 ) 2 (2n + 1) a
45.3.12.3.
∫x n
2 ax − x dx = −
2
n+2
+
n+2 ∫x n −1
2 ax − x 2 dx , (n ≠ −2)

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 3
2 ax − x 2 (2 ax − x 2 ) 2 n−3 2 ax − x 2 n ≠ 3
45.3.12.4.
∫ x n
dx = +
(3 − 2n) ax n (2n − 3) a ∫ x n−1
dx ,
 2

x n dx − x n−1 2 ax − x 2 a (2n − 1) x n−1

45.3.12.5.
∫ 2 ax − x 2
=
n
+
n ∫ 2 ax − x 2
dx , (n ≠ 0)

2 ax − x 2 n −1 n ≠ 1
∫ ∫
dx dx
45.3.12.6. = + ,
x n
2 ax − x 2 a (1 − 2n) x n (2n − 1) a x n −1
2 ax − x 2  2
x−a
∫ (2ax − x )
dx
45.3.12.7. 3 =
2 2
a 2
2 ax − x 2

∫ (2ax − x )
x dx x
45.3.12.8. 3 =
2 2
a 2 ax − x 2

∫
dx
45.3.12.9. = log( x + a + 2 ax + x 2 )
2 ax + x 2

45.3.13 Miscellaneous Algebraic Forms

x c
 ax 2 + c + log( x a + ax 2 + c ), (a > 0)


2 2 a
45.3.13.1.
∫ ax 2 + c dx = 
x
or
c  −a 
 ax 2 + c + sin −1  x , ( a < 0)
 2 2 −a  c 

 2 bb′uv
 tanh −1 , (bb′ > 0)
 bb′ bv
 or
 1 bv + bb′uv
 log , (bb′ > 0)
 bb′ bv − bb′uv
∫
dx
45.3.13.2. = or (see integral 45.3.5.3)
a + bx ⋅ a′ + b′x  1
 log(bv + bb′uv )2 , (bb′ > 0)
bb′
 or

 2 − bb′uv
tan −1 , (bb′ < 0)
 − bb′ bv

1+ x
45.3.13.3.
∫ 1− x
dx = sin −1 x − 1 − x 2

∫
dx 1
45.3.13.4. = log( ± b + cx + c a ± 2bx + cx 2 , (b 2 − ac ≠ 0)
a ± 2bx + cx 2 c

∫
dx 1 cx m b
45.3.13.5. = sin −1
a ± 2bx − cx 2 c b 2 + ac

∫
xdx
45.3.13.6. =
a ± 2bx + cx 2
1 b
a ± 2bx + cx 2 m log( ± b + cx + c a ± 2bx + cx 2 ), (b 2 − ac ≠ 0)
c c3

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 ∫
x dx 1 b cx m b
45.3.13.7. =− a ± 2bx − cx 2 ± sin −1
a ± 2bx − cx 2 c c 3
b 2 + ac

45.3.14 Forms Involving Trigonometric Functions

45.3.14.1.
∫ sin x dx = − cos x
45.3.14.2.
∫ cos x dx = sin x
45.3.14.3.
∫ tan x dx = − log cos x = logsec x
45.3.14.4.
∫ cot x dx = logsin x = − log csc x
 π x
45.3.14.5.
∫ sec x dx = log(sec x + tan x) = log tan  4 + 2 
∫ csc x dx = log(csc x − cot x) = log tan 2
x
45.3.14.6.

45.3.14.7.
∫ sin x dx = − cos x sin x + x = x − sin 2 x
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4

45.3.14.8.
∫ sin x dx = − cos x (sin x + 2)
3 1
3
2

sin n−1 x cos x n − 1

45.3.14.9.
∫ sin n x dx = −
n ∫ sin x dx
+
n
n−2

45.3.14.10.
∫ cos x dx = sin x cos x + x = x + sin 2 x
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4

45.3.14.11.
∫ cos x dx = sin x(cos x + 2)
3 1
3
2

n −1
∫ cos x dx = n cos x sin x + n ∫ cos x dx
n 1 n −1 n−2
45.3.14.12.

∫ sin a dx = − a cos a
x x
45.3.14.13.

∫ cos a dx = a sin a
x x
45.3.14.14.

∫ sin(a + bx) dx = − b cos(a + bx)

1
45.3.14.15.

∫ cos(a + bx) dx = b sin(a + bx)

1
45.3.14.16.

 csc x dx = log(csc x − cot x )

∫

∫ sin x =  1 or 1 + cos x
dx
45.3.14.17.
x
− log = log tan
 2 1 − cos x 2

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 
∫
 sec x dx = log(sec x + tan x )

∫
dx
45.3.14.18. = or
cos x  1 1 + sin x  π x
 2 log 1 − sin x = log tan  4 + 2 


∫ cos x = ∫ sec x dx = tan x

dx 2
45.3.14.19. 2

n−2
∫ cos x = n − 1 ⋅ cos x + n − 1 ∫ cos
dx 1 sin x dx
45.3.14.20. n n −1 n−2
x
 π x
∫ 1 ± sin x = m tan  4 m 2 
dx
45.3.14.21.

∫ 1 + cos x = tan 2
dx x
45.3.14.22.

∫ 1 − cos x = − cot 2
dx x
45.3.14.23.


 x
a tan + b
 2 −1 2
 2 tan
 a −b a2 − b2
2

∫
dx
45.3.14.24. = or
a + b sin x  x
 a tan + b − b 2 − a 2
1 2
 2 log
x
 b −a
2
a tan + b + b 2 − a 2
 2

 x
 a 2 − b 2 tan
2 −1 2
 2 tan
 a − b 2 a+b

∫
dx
45.3.14.25. = or
a + b cos x 
 b 2 − a 2 tan x + a + b 

log 
1 2
 2 x 
 b −a
2
 b − a tan − a − b 
2 2
  2 

∫ a + b sin x + c cos x =
dx
45.3.14.26.

 b − b 2 + c 2 − a 2 + (a − c)tan
x
 1 2
 2 log , if a 2 < b 2 + c 2 , a ≠ c.
+ 2
− 2 x
 b c a b + b + c − a + (a − c)tan
2 2 2

 2
 or
 x
 b + (a − c)tan
2
 tan −1 2 , if a 2 > b 2 + c 2
 a2 − b2 − c2 a −b −c
2 2 2

 or

 1  a − (b + c)cos x − (b − c)sin x  , if a 2 = b 2 + c 2 , a ≠ c.
 a  a − (b − c)cos x + (b + c)sin x 

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 sin 2 x dx 1 a+b   x
∫
a
45.3.14.27. = tan −1  tan x − , [ab > 0, or a > b ]
a + b cos 2 x b a  a+b  b

tan −1 
b tan x 
∫ a cos
dx 1
45.3.14.28. =
2 2
x + b 2 sin 2 x ab  a 

∫
x
45.3.14.29. 1 − cos x dx = ± 2 2 cos ,
2
[use + when ( 4k − 2) π < x ≤ 4kπ , otherwise −; k an integer]

∫
x
45.3.14.30. 1 + cos x dx = ± 2 2 sin ,
2
[use + when ( 4k − 1) π < x ≤ ( 4k + 1) π , otherwise −; k an integer]

1 + sin x dx = ±2  sin − cos  ,

∫
x x
45.3.14.31.
 2 2
π π
[use + if (8k − 1) < x ≤ (8k + 3) , otherwise −; k an integer]
2 2

1 − sin x dx = ± 2  sin + cos  ,

∫
x x
45.3.14.32.
 2 2
π π
[use + if (8k − 3) < x ≤ (8k + 1) , otherwise −; k an integer]
2 2

∫
dx x
45.3.14.33. = ± 2 log tan ,
1 − cos x 4
[use + if 4kπ < x < ( 4k + 2) π , otherwise −; k an integer]
x + π
= ± 2 log tan
∫
dx
45.3.14.34. ,
1 + cos x  4 
[use + if ( 4k − 1) π < x < ( 4k + 1) π , otherwise −; k an integer]
x π
= ± 2 log tan −  ,
∫
dx
45.3.14.35.
1 − sin x  4 8
π π
[use + if (8k + 1) < x < (8k + 5) , otherwise −; k an integer]
2 2
x π
= ± 2 log tan +  ,
∫
dx
45.3.14.36.
1 + sin x  4 8
π π
[use + if (8k − 1) < x < (8k + 3) , otherwise −; k an integer]
2 2
sin(m − n) x sin(m + n) x
45.3.14.37.
∫ sin mx sin nx dx = 2( m − n)
−
2( m + n)
, (m 2 ≠ n 2 )

x 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
45.3.14.38.
∫ x sin 2 x dx =
4
−
4
−
8
x3  x 2 1
∫
x cos 2 x
45.3.14.39. x 2 sin 2 x dx = − −  sin 2 x −
6  4 8 4

∫ x sin
x cos 3 x sin 3 x 3 3
45.3.14.40. 3
x dx = − − x cos x + sin x
12 36 4 4

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 ∫ sin x dx = 8 − 4 + 32
4 3x sin 2 x sin 4 x
45.3.14.41.

sin(m − n) x sin(m + n) x
45.3.14.42.
∫ cos mx cos nx dx = 2(m − n) + 2(m + n) , (m 2 ≠ n 2 )

x 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
45.3.14.43.
∫ x cos 2 x dx =
4
+
4
+
8
x3  x 2 1
∫
x cos 2 x
45.3.14.44. x 2 cos 2 x dx = + −  sin 2 x +
6  4 8 4

∫ x cos x dx = 12 + 36 + 4 x sin x + 4 cos x

3 x sin 3 x cos 3 x 3 3
45.3.14.45.

∫ cos x dx = 8 + 4 + 32
4 3 x sin 2 x sin 4 x
45.3.14.46.

∫ x = − (m − 1) x + m − 1 ∫ x
sin x dx sin x 1 cos x dx
45.3.14.47. m m −1 m −1

∫ ∫
cos x dx cos x 1 sin x dx
45.3.14.48. =− −
xm ( m − 1) x m −1 m − 1 x m −1

45.3.14.49.
∫ tan 3
x dx = 12 tan 2 x + log cos x

tan n−1 x
45.3.14.50.
∫ tan n
x dx =
n −1
−
∫ tan n−2
x dx

45.3.14.51.
∫ cot 3
x dx = − 12 cot 2 x − logsin x

45.3.14.52.
∫ cot 4
x dx = − 13 cot 3 x + cot x + x

cot n−1 x
45.3.14.53.
∫ cot n x dx = −
∫ cot x dx , [n ≠ 1]
n −1
− n−2

45.3.14.54.
∫ sin x cos x dx = sin x 1
2
2

cos(m − n) x cos(m + n) x
45.3.14.55.
∫ sin mx cos nx dx = − 2(m − n) − 2(m + n) , (m 2 ≠ n 2 )

45.3.14.56.
∫ sin x cos x dx = − ( sin 4 x − x)
2 2 1
8
1
4

cos m +1 x
45.3.14.57.
∫ sin x cos m x dx = −
m +1
sin m +1 x
45.3.14.58.
∫ sin m x cos x dx =
m +1
cosm −1 x sin n+1 x m − 1
45.3.14.59.
∫ cosm x sin n x dx =
m+n
+
m+n ∫ cos m−2
x sin n x dx , ( m ≠ − n)

sin n−1 x cos m +1 x n − 1

45.3.14.60.
∫ cos m x sin n x dx = −
m+n
+
m+n ∫ cos m
x sin n−2 x dx , ( m ≠ − n)

cos m x dx cos m +1 x m−n+2 cos m x dx

45.3.14.61.
∫ n
sin x
=−
(n − 1)sin n−1 x
−
n −1 ∫ sin n−2 x

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 cos m x dx cos m −1 x m −1 cos m −2 x dx
45.3.14.62.
∫ sin n x
= +
( m − n)sin n−1 x m − n ∫ sin n x
, ( m ≠ n)

π π
cos m  − x d  − x
sin m x dx 2  2 
45.3.14.63.
∫ cos n x
=−
∫ sin n  π
−x 
2 

∫
sin x dx 1
45.3.14.64. 2
= = sec x
cos x cos x
π x
= − sin x + log tan  + 
sin 2 x dx
45.3.14.65.
∫ cos x  4 2
−1
∫ sin x = sin x = −cosec x
cos x dx
45.3.14.66. 2

∫ sin x cos x = log tan x

dx
45.3.14.67.

∫ sin x cos x = cos x + log tan 2

dx 1 x
45.3.14.68. 2

∫ sin x cos x = (n − 1)cos x + ∫ sin x cos

dx 1 dx
45.3.14.69. n n −1 n−2
, (n ≠ 1)
x
π x
∫ sin x cos x = − sin x + log tan  4 + 2 
dx 1
45.3.14.70. 2

∫ sin x cos x = −2 cot 2 x

dx
45.3.14.71. 2 2

m+n−2
∫ sin x cos x = − m − 1 ⋅ sin x ⋅ cos x + m − 1 ∫ sin
dx 1 1 dx
45.3.14.72. m n m −1 n −1 m−2
x ⋅ cos n x
m−2
∫ sin x = − m − 1 ⋅ sin x + m − 1 ∫ sin x
dx 1 cos x dx
45.3.14.73. m m −1 m−2

∫ sin x = − cot x
dx
45.3.14.74. 2

45.3.14.75.
∫ tan x dx = tan x − x
2

tan n−1 x
45.3.14.76.
∫ tan n x dx =
n −1
−
∫ tan n−2
x dx , (n ≠ 1)

45.3.14.77.
∫ cot 2
x dx = − cot x − x

cot n−1 x
45.3.14.78.
∫ cot n x dx = −
n −1
−
∫ cot n−2
x dx

45.3.14.79.
∫ sec 2
x dx = tan x

n−2
∫ sec ∫ cos ∫ cos
dx 1 sin x dx
45.3.14.80. n
x dx = = +
n
x n − 1 cos n−1 x n − 1 n−2
x

45.3.14.81.
∫ csc 2
x dx = − cot x

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 n−2
∫ csc x dx = ∫ sin x = − n − 1 sin x + n − 1 ∫ sin
n dx 1 cos x dx
45.3.14.82. n n −1 n−2
x

45.3.14.83.
∫ x sin x dx = sin x − x cos x
∫ x sin(ax) dx = a sin(ax) − a cos(ax)
1 x
45.3.14.84. 2

45.3.14.85.
∫ x sin x dx = 2 x sin x − ( x − 2)cos x
2 2

a2 x 2 − 2
∫
2x
45.3.14.86. x 2 sin(ax ) dx = 2
sin(ax ) − cos(ax )
a a3

45.3.14.87.
∫ x sin x dx = (3x
3 2
− 6)sin x − ( x 3 − 6 x )cos x

3a 2 x 2 − 6 a2 x 3 − 6x
45.3.14.88.
∫ x 3 sin(ax ) dx =
a4
sin( ax ) −
a3
cos(ax )

45.3.14.89.
∫ x sin x dx = − x cos x + m ∫ x cos x dx
m m m −1

∫ x sin(ax) dx = − a x cos(ax) + a ∫ x cos(ax) dx

m 1 m m m −1
45.3.14.90.

45.3.14.91.
∫ x cos x dx = cos x + x sin x
∫ x cos(ax) dx = a cos(ax) + a sin(ax)
1 x
45.3.14.92. 2

45.3.14.93.
∫ x cos x dx = 2 x cos x + ( x − 2)sin x
2 2

2 x cos(ax ) a 2 x 2 − 2
45.3.14.94.
∫ x 2 cos(ax ) dx =
a2
+
a3
sin(ax )

45.3.14.95.
∫ x cos x dx = (3x
3 2
− 6)cos x + ( x 3 − 6 x )sin x

(3a 2 x 2 − 6) a2 x 3 − 6x
45.3.14.96.
∫ x 3 cos(ax ) dx =
a4
cos( ax ) +
a3
sin(ax )

45.3.14.97.
∫x m
cos x dx = x m sin x − m
∫x m −1
sin x dx

∫x ∫x
1 m m m −1
45.3.14.98. m
cos(ax ) dx = x sin(ax ) − sin(ax ) dx
a a
x3 x5 x7 x9
∫
sin x
45.3.14.99. dx = x − + − + L
x 3 ⋅ 3! 5 ⋅ 5! 7 ⋅ 7! 9 ⋅ 9!
a3 x 3 a5 x 5 a 7 x 7 a9 x 9
∫
sin(ax )
45.3.14.100. dx = ax − + − + +−L
x 3 ⋅ 3! 5 ⋅ 5! 7 ⋅ 7! 9 ⋅ 9!
x2 x4 x6 x8
∫
cos x
45.3.14.101. dx = log x − + − + L
x 2 ⋅ 2! 4 ⋅ 4! 6 ⋅ 6! 8 ⋅ 8!
a2 x 2 a 4 x 4 a6 x 6 a8 x 8
∫
cos(ax )
45.3.14.102. dx = log x − + − + −+L
x 2 ⋅ 2! 4 ⋅ 4! 6 ⋅ 6! 8 ⋅ 8!

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.15 Forms Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

45.3.15.1.
∫ sin x dx = x sin x + 1 − x
−1 −1 2

45.3.15.2.
∫ cos x dx = x cos x − 1 − x
−1 −1 2

45.3.15.3.
∫ tan x dx = x tan x − log(1 + x )
−1 −1 1
2
2

45.3.15.4.
∫ cot x dx = x cot x + log(1 + x )
−1 −1 1
2
2

45.3.15.5.
∫ sec x dx = x sec x − log( x + x − 1)
−1 −1 2

45.3.15.6.
∫ csc x dx = x csc x + log( x + x − 1)
−1 −1 2

45.3.15.7.
∫ vers x dx = ( x − 1) vers x + 2 x − x
−1 −1 2

∫ sin a dx = x sin a + a − x , (a > 0)

x
−1 x −1 2 2
45.3.15.8.

∫ cos a dx = x cos a − a − x , (a > 0)

x −1 x −1 2 2
45.3.15.9.

∫ tan a dx = x tan a − 2 log(a + x )

x −1 x a −1 2 2
45.3.15.10.

∫ cot a dx = x cot a + 2 log(a + x )

x −1 x a −1 2 2
45.3.15.11.

45.3.15.12.
∫ (sin x) dx = x(sin x) − 2 x + 2 1 − x (sin x)
−1 2 −1 2 2 −1

45.3.15.13.
∫ (cos x) dx = x(cos x) − 2 x − 2 1 − x (cos x)
−1 2 −1 2 2 −1

45.3.15.14.
∫ x sin x dx = [(2 x − 1)sin x + x 1 − x ]
−1 1
4
2 −1 2

∫ x sin (ax) dx = 4a [(2a x − 1)sin (ax) + ax 1 − a x ]

−1 1 2 2 −1 2 2
45.3.15.15. 2

45.3.15.16.
∫ x cos x dx = [(2 x − 1)cos x − x 1 − x ]
−1 1
4
2 −1 2

∫ x cos (ax) dx = 4a [(2a x − 1)cos (ax) − ax 1 − a x ]

−1 1 2 2 −1 2 2
45.3.15.17. 2

x n+1 sin −1 x x n+1 dx

∫ ∫
1
45.3.15.18. x n sin −1 x dx = −
n +1 n +1 1 − x2
x n+1 x n+1 dx
∫ ∫
a
45.3.15.19. x n sin −1 (ax ) dx = sin −1 (ax ) − , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1 1 − a2 x 2
x n+1 cos −1 x x n+1 dx
∫ ∫
1
45.3.15.20. x n cos −1 x dx = +
n +1 n +1 1 − x2

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 x n+1 x n+1 dx
∫ ∫
a
45.3.15.21. x n cos −1 (ax ) dx = cos −1 (ax ) + , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1 1 − a2 x 2

∫ x tan −1 1 x
45.3.15.22. x dx = (1 + x 2 )tan −1 x −
2 2
x n+1 x n+1 dx
∫ ∫
a
45.3.15.23. x n tan −1 (ax ) dx = tan −1 (ax ) − , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1 1 + a2 x 2

∫
1 x
45.3.15.24. x cot −1 x dx = (1 + x 2 )cot −1 x +
2 2
x n+1 x n+1 dx
∫ ∫
1
45.3.15.25. x n cot −1 x dx = cot −1 x + dx
n +1 n +1 1 + x2
sin −1 x dx  1 − 1 − x 2  sin −1 x
45.3.15.26.
∫ x 2
= log 
 x
−
 x

sin −1 (ax )  1 − 1 − a 2 x 2  sin −1 (ax )

45.3.15.27.
∫ x2
dx = a log 
 x
−
 x

cos−1 (ax ) π 1⋅ 3 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
∫
1
45.3.15.28. dx = log x − ax − (ax )3 − (ax )5 − (ax )7 − L
x 2 2 ⋅3⋅3 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅5⋅5 2 ⋅ 4⋅6⋅7⋅7
cos −1 (ax ) dx 1 + 1 − a2 x 2
∫
1 −1
45.3.15.29. = − cos ( ax ) + a log
x2 x x
tan −1 x dx tan −1 x
∫
1
45.3.15.30. 2
= log x − log(1 + x 2 ) −
x 2 x
tan −1 (ax ) dx 1 + a2 x 2
∫
1 −1 a
45.3.15.31. = − tan ( ax ) − log
x2 x 2 x2

45.3.16 Forms Involving Trigonometric Substitutions

 2 z  ⋅ dz ,  z = tan x 
45.3.16.1.
∫ f (sin x) dx = 2 ∫ f  1 + z 2
1 + z2  2
 1 − z 2  dz  z = tan x 
45.3.16.2.
∫ f (cos x ) dx = 2
∫ f 
 1 + z2  1 + z2
,
 2

∫ f (sin x) dx = ∫ f (u)
du
45.3.16.3.* , (u = sin x )
1 − u2

∫ f (cos x) dx = −∫ f (u)
du
45.3.16.4.* , (u = cos x )
1 − u2

∫ f (sin x, cos x) dx = ∫ f (u,

du
45.3.16.5.* 1 − u2 ) , (u = sin x )
1 − u2
 2z 1 − z 2  dz  z = tan x 
45.3.16.6.
∫ f (sin x, cos x ) dx = 2
∫ f , 
 1 + z2 1 + z2  1 + z2
,
 2

* The square roots appearing in these formulas may be plus or minus, depending on the quadrant of x. Care must
be used to give them the proper sign.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 ∫ a + b tan x = a
dx 1
45.3.16.7. [ax + b log(a cos x + b sin x )]
2
+ b2

∫ a + b cot x = a
dx 1
45.3.16.8. [ax − b log(a sin x + b cos x )]
2
+ b2

45.3.17 Logarithmic Forms

45.3.17.1.
∫ log x dx = x log x − x
x2 x2
45.3.17.2.
∫ x log x dx =
2
log x −
4
x3 x3
45.3.17.3.
∫ x 2 log x dx =
3
log x −
9
 b 4ac − b 2 2cx + b
 x+ log X − 2 x + tan −1 , (b 2 − 4ac < 0)
 2c  c 4ac − b 2
 or

45.3.17.4.
∫ (log ) = 
X dx

x +  log X − 2 x +
b
2c 
b 2 − 4ac
c
tanh −1
2cx + b
b 2 − 4ac
, (b 2 − 4ac > 0)
 where


 X = a + bx + cx
2

x p+1 x p+1
45.3.17.5.
∫ x p log(ax ) dx =
p +1
log(ax ) −
( p + 1) 2
, ( p ≠ −1)

x n+1 x n+2 x n+1

∫ ∫ ∫
2c b
45.3.17.6. x n log X dx = log X − dx − dx where X = a + bx + cx 2
n +1 n +1 X n +1 X

45.3.17.7.
∫ (log x) dx = x (log x)
2 2
− 2 x log x + 2 x

45.3.17.8.
∫ (log x) dx = x (log x)
n n
−n
∫ (log x) n −1
dx , (n ≠ −1)

(log x ) n
∫
1
45.3.17.9. dx = (log x ) n+1
x n +1
(log x ) 2 (log x )3
∫
dx
45.3.17.10. = log(log x ) + log x + + +L
log x 2 ⋅ 2! 3 ⋅ 3!

∫
dx
45.3.17.11. = log(log x )
x log x

∫
dx 1
45.3.17.12. =−
x (log x ) n
(n − 1)(log x ) n−1
x m dx x m +1 m +1 x m dx
45.3.17.13.
∫ (log x ) n
=− +
(n − 1)(log x )n−1 n − 1 ∫ (log x )n−1
 log x 1 
45.3.17.14.
∫x m
log x dx = x m +1 
 m + 1
−
( m + 1) 2 
x m +1 (log x ) n
∫ ∫x
n
45.3.17.15. x m (log x ) n dx = − m
(log x ) n−1 dx , [m ≠ −1]
m +1 m +1

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.17.16.
∫ sin log x dx = 1
2 x sin log x − 12 x coslog x

45.3.17.17.
∫ coslog x dx = 1
2 x sin log x + 12 x coslog x

45.3.18 Exponential Forms

45.3.18.1.
∫e x
dx = e x

45.3.18.2.
∫e −x
dx = − e − x

e ax
45.3.18.3.
∫ e ax dx =
a
e ax
45.3.18.4.
∫ x e ax dx =
a2
(ax − 1)

 x m e ax m

 a
−
a ∫
x m −1 e ax dx
45.3.18.5.
∫ x m e ax dx = 
 ax m
or
m! x m −r
e
 r =0
∑
( −1) r
( m − r )! a r +1

e ax dx ax a 2 x 2 a 3 x 3
45.3.18.6.
∫ x
= log x + + +
1! 2 ⋅ 2! 3 ⋅ 3!
+L

e ax 1 e ax e ax
∫ ∫
a
45.3.18.7. dx = − + dx
xm m − 1 x m −1 m − 1 x m −1
e ax log x 1 e ax
45.3.18.8.
∫ e ax log x dx =
a
−
a ∫ x
dx

ex
∫
dx
45.3.18.9. = x − log(1 + e x
) = log
1 + ex 1 + ex

∫
dx x 1
45.3.18.10. = − log(a + be px )
a + be px a ap
 a
∫ ae
dx 1
= tan −1  e mx (a > 0, b > 0)
b 
45.3.18.11. − mx
,
mx
+ be m ab 
 1 a e mx − b
 log
 2 m ab a e mx + b
 or
 −1  a mx 
∫ ae
dx
45.3.18.12. = tanh −1  e 
mx
− be − mx  m ab  b 
 or
 1  a mx 
− coth −1  e , (a > 0, b > 0)
 m ab  b 

45.3.18.13.
∫ (a x
− a − x )(log a) dx = a x + a − x

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 e ax [a sin(bx ) − b cos(bx )]
45.3.18.14.
∫ e ax sin(bx ) dx =
a2 + b2
e ax [(b − c)sin(b − c) x + a cos(b − c) x ]
45.3.18.15.
∫ e ax sin(bx )sin(cx ) dx =
2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ]
e ax [(b + c)sin(b + c) x + a cos(b + c) x ]
−
2[a 2 + (b − c)2 ]
e ax [a sin(b − c) x − (b − c)cos(b − c) x ]
45.3.18.16.
∫ e ax sin(bx )cos(cx ) dx =
2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ]
e ax [a sin(b + c) x − (b + c)cos(b + c) x ]
+
2[a 2 + (b + c)2 ]
e ax cos c e ax [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)]
45.3.18.17.
∫ e ax sin(bx )sin(bx + c) dx =
2a
−
2(a 2 + 4b 2 )
− e ax sin c e ax [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)]
45.3.18.18.
∫ e ax sin(bx )cos(bx + c) dx =
2a
+
2(a 2 + 4b 2 )
e ax
45.3.18.19.
∫ e ax cos(bx ) dx =
a + b2
2
[a cos(bx ) + b sin(bx )]

e ax [(b − c)sin(b − c) x + a cos(b − c) x ]

45.3.18.20.
∫ e ax cos(bx )cos(cx ) dx =
2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ]
e ax [(b + c)sin(b + c) x + a cos(b + c) x ]
+
2[a 2 + (b + c) 2 ]
e ax cos c e ax [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)]
45.3.18.21.
∫ e ax cos(bx )cos(bx + c) dx =
2a
+
2( a 2 + 4 b 2 )
e ax sin c e ax [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)]
45.3.18.22.
∫ e ax cos(bx )sin(bx + c) dx =
2a
+
2( a 2 + 4 b 2 )
45.3.18.23.
(a sin bx − nb cos bx ) e ax sin n−1 bx + n(n − 1) b 2 sin n−2 bx ⋅ dx 
∫e ∫e
1
ax
sin n bx dx = 
ax
a2 + n2b2 
45.3.18.24.
(a cos bx + nb sin bx ) e ax cos n−1 bx + n(n − 1) b 2 cos n−2 bx dx 
∫e ∫e
1
ax
cos n bx dx = ax
a 2 + n 2 b 2  

∫x ∫x ∫x
1 m x m m −1 x m m −1 x
45.3.18.25. m x
e sin x dx = x e (sin x − cos x ) − e sin x dx + e cos x dx
2 2 2
 x m e ax a sin bx − b cos bx − m


a2 + b2 a2 + b2 ∫
x m −1e ax (a sin bx − b cos bx ) dx

 or
 ax  1 m m m −1
45.3.18.26.
∫ x m e ax sin bx dx = e  x sin(bx − α ) − 2 x sin(bx − 2α )
 
ρ ρ
 m( m − 1) L 1 
 ± ρ m −1
sin{bx − ( m + 1) α}
 
 where a + b −1 = ρ (cos α + −1 sin α )

∫x ∫x ∫x
1 m x m m −1 x m m −1 x
45.3.18.27. m x
e cos x dx = x e (sin x + cos x ) − e sin x dx − e cos x dx
2 2 2

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

  x m e ax a cos bx + b sin bx − m


a2 + b2 a2 + b2 ∫
x m −1e ax (a cos bx + b sin bx ) dx

 or
 ax  1 m m m −1
45.3.18.28.
∫ x m e ax cos bx dx = e  x cos(bx − α ) − 2 x cos(bx − 2α ) + L
 
ρ ρ
 m( m − 1) L 1 
 ± ρ m +1
cos(bx − ( m + 1) α )
 
 where a + b −1 = ρ (cos α + −1 sin α )
e ax
45.3.18.29.
∫e ax
sin(bx )cos(cx ) dx =
ρ
[(a sin(bx ) − b cos(bx ))cos(cx − x ) − c sin(bx )sin(cx − α )]

where ρ = (a 2 + b 2 − c 2 )2 + 4a 2 c 2

ρ cos α = a 2 + b 2 − c 2

ρ sin α = 2 ac
e ax cos m −1 x sin n x{a cos x + ( m + n)sin x}
45.3.18.30.
∫ e ax cos m x sin n x dx =
( m + n) 2 + a 2
( m − 1)( m + n)
∫e ∫e
na
− ax
cos m −1 x sin n−1 x dx + ax
cos m −2 x sin n x dx
( m + n) 2 + a 2 ( m + n) 2 + a 2
or

e ax cosm x sin n−1 x {a sin x − ( m + n)cos x} ma

= +
( m + n )2 + a 2 ( m + n )2 + a 2
(n − 1)( m + n)
∫e ax
cosm −1 x sin n−1 x dx +
( m + n )2 + a 2 ∫e ax
cosm x sin n−2 x dx

or

e ax cosm −1 x sin n−1 x (a sin x cos x + m sin 2 x − n cos2 x ) m( m − 1)

= +
( m + n )2 + a 2 ( m + n )2 + a 2
n(n − 1)
∫e ax
cosm −2 x sin n x dx +
( m + n )2 + a 2 ∫e ax
cosm x sin n−2 x dx

or

e ax cosm −1 x sin n−1 x (a cos x sin x + m sin 2 x − n cos2 x ) m( m − 1)

= +
( m + n )2 + a 2 ( m + n )2 + a 2
(n − m)(n + m − 1)
∫e ax
cosm −2 x sin n−2 x dx +
( m + n )2 + a 2 ∫e ax
cosm x sin n−2 x dx

e ax e ax {a sin x + (n − 2)cos x} a 2 + (n − 2)2 e ax

45.3.18.31.
∫ sin n x
dx = −
(n − 1)(n − 2)sin n−1 x
+
(n − 1)(n − 2) ∫ sin n−2 x
dx

e ax e ax {a cos x − (n − 2)sin x} a 2 + (n − 2) 2} e ax
45.3.18.32.
∫ n
cos x
dx = −
(n − 1)(n − 2)cos n−1 x
+
(n − 1)(n − 2) ∫ cos n−2 x
dx

n −1

∫e ∫e ∫e
tan x a
45.3.18.33. ax
tan n x dx = e ax − ax
tan n−1 x dx − ax
tan n−2 x dx
n −1 n −1

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.19 Hyperbolic Forms

45.3.19.1.
∫ sinh x dx = cosh x
45.3.19.2.
∫ cosh x dx = sinh x
45.3.19.3.
∫ tanh x dx = log cosh x
45.3.19.4.
∫ coth x dx = logsinh x
45.3.19.5.
∫ sech x dx = tan (sinh x)
−1

 x
45.3.19.6.
∫ csch x dx = log tanh 2 
45.3.19.7.
∫ x sinh x dx = x cosh x − sinh x
45.3.19.8.
∫ x sinh x dx = x cosh x − n ∫ x
n n n −1
cosh x dx

45.3.19.9.
∫ x cosh x dx = x sinh x − cosh x
45.3.19.10.
∫ x cosh x dx = x sinh x − n ∫ x
n n n −1
sinh x dx

45.3.19.11.
∫ sech x tanh x dx = −sech x
45.3.19.12.
∫ csch x coth x dx = − csch x
∫ sinh x dx = 4 − 2
2 sinh 2 x x
45.3.19.13.

 1 sinh m +1 x cosh n−1 x + n −1

m + n

m+n ∫ sinh m
x cosh n−2 x dx


∫
or
45.3.19.14. sinh x cosh x dx = 
m n
m −1
∫ sinh
 1
sinh m −1 x cosh n+1 x − m−2
x cosh n x dx ,
m + n m+n
 ( m + n ≠ 0)

− m+n−2
∫
1 dx
 ( m − 1)sinh m −1 x cosh n−1 x − m − 1 sinh m −2 x cosh n x
,
 ( m ≠ 1)

∫
dx
45.3.19.15. =  or
sinh m x cosh n x  m+n−2
∫
1 dx
 m −1 n −1
+ ,
 ( n − 1)sinh x cosh x n − 1 sinh m
x cosh n−2 x
 (n ≠ 1)

45.3.19.16.
∫ tanh 2
x dx = x − tanh x

tanh n−1 x
45.3.19.17.
∫ tanh n x dx = −
n −1
+
∫ tanh n−2
x dx , (n ≠ 1)

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.19.18.
∫ sech x dx = tanh x
2

∫ cosh x dx = 4 + 2
2 sinh 2 x x
45.3.19.19.

45.3.19.20.
∫ coth x dx = x − coth x
2

coth n−1 x
45.3.19.21.
∫ coth n x dx = −
∫ coth x dx , (n ≠ 1)
n −1
+ n−2

45.3.19.22.
∫ csch x dx = −ctnh x
2

sinh(m + n) x sinh(m − n) x
45.3.19.23.
∫ sinh mx sinh nx dx = 2(m + n) − 2(m − n) , (m 2 ≠ n 2 )

sinh(m + n) x sinh(m − n) x
45.3.19.24.
∫ cosh mx cosh nx dx = 2(m + n) + 2(m − n) , (m 2 ≠ n 2 )

cosh(m + n) x cosh(m − n) x
45.3.19.25.
∫ sinh mx cosh nx dx = 2(m + n) + 2(m − n) , (m 2 ≠ n 2 )

∫ sinh −1 x x
45.3.19.26. dx = x sinh −1 − x 2 + a 2 , ( a > 0)
a a
 x 2 a2 
∫
x x x
45.3.19.27. x sinh −1 dx =  +  sinh −1 − x 2 + a2 , ( a > 0)
a  2 4 a 4

x n+1 x n+1
∫ ∫ (1 + x )
1
45.3.19.28. x n sinh −1 x dx = sinh −1 x − dx , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1
1
2 2

 −1 x  cosh −1 x > 0
 x cosh a − x − a ,
2 2
 a 

∫
x
45.3.19.29. cosh −1 dx =  or
a  −1 x
+ x 2 − a2 ,  cosh −1 x < 0 , (a > 0)
 x cosh
 a  a 

2x 2 − a2
∫
x x x 1
45.3.19.30. x cosh −1 dx = cosh −1 − ( x 2 − a 2 ) 2
a 4 a 4
x n+1 x n+1
∫ ∫ (x
1
45.3.19.31. x n cosh −1 x dx = cosh −1 x − dx , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1
1
2
− 1) 2
 x 
∫ tanh −1 x x a
45.3.19.32. dx = x tanh −1 + log(a 2 − x 2 ),  < 1
a a 2  a 
 x 
∫ coth −1 x x a
45.3.19.33. dx = x coth −1 + log( x 2 − a 2 ),  > 1
a a 2  a 

x 2 − a2  x 
∫
x x ax
45.3.19.34. x tanh −1 dx = tanh −1 + ,  < 1
a 2 a 2  a 
x n+1 x n+1
∫ ∫
1
45.3.19.35. x n tanh −1 x dx = tanh −1 x − dx , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1 1 − x2
x 2 − a2  x 
∫
x x ax
45.3.19.36. x coth −1 dx = coth −1 + ,  > 1
a 2 a 2  a 

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 x n+1 x n+1
∫ ∫
1
45.3.19.37. x n coth −1 x dx = coth −1 x + dx , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1 x2 − 1

45.3.19.38.
∫ sech –1
x dx = x sech −1 x + arcsin x

x2
∫
1
45.3.19.39. x sech −1 x dx = sech −1 x − (1 − x 2 )
2 2
x n+1 xn
∫ ∫ (1 − x )
1
45.3.19.40. x n sech −1 x dx = sech −1 x + dx , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1
1
2 2

∫ csch −1 x
45.3.19.41. x dx = x csch −1 x + sinh −1 x
x
x2
∫
1 x
45.3.19.42. x csch −1 x dx = csch −1 x + 1 + x2
2 2 x

x n+1 xn
∫ ∫ (x
1
45.3.19.43. x n csch −1 x dx = csch −1 x + dx , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 n +1
1
2
+ 1) 2

45.3.20 Definite Integrals

n
1 + 1  ∞
n −1
∞
 m

∏
1
∫ ∫
1
n −1 − x 1
45.3.20.1. x e dx = log dx =
0 0  x  n m =1 1 + n
m
= Γ(n), n ≠ 0, − 1, − 2, − 3, K (Gamma Function)
∞

∫tp −t n!
45.3.20.2. n
dt = , (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, K and p > 0)
0 (log p) n+1
∞
Γ ( n)
45.3.20.3.
∫t 0
n −1 − ( a +1) t
e dt =
(a + 1) n
, (n > 0, a > −1)

Γ (n + 1)
n
x m  log  dx =
∫
1
1
45.3.20.4. , ( m > −1, n > −1)
0  x ( m + 1) n+1
45.3.20.5. Γ (n) is finite if n > 0, Γ (n + 1) = n Γ (n)
π
45.3.20.6. Γ (n) ⋅ Γ (1 − n) =
sin nπ
45.3.20.7. Γ(n) = (n − 1)! if n = integer > 0
∞
45.3.20.8. Γ( 12 ) = 2
∫e
0
−t2
dt = π = 1.7724538509 K = ( − 12 )!

1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 K (2n − 1)
Γn +  =
1
45.3.20.9. π , where n is an integer and > 0 (see values of Γ(n)
 2 2n
at end of integral table)

∫x
1
m −1
45.3.20.10. (1 − x ) n−1 dx = B( m, n), (Beta function)
0

Γ ( m ) Γ ( n)
45.3.20.11. B( m, n) = B(n, m) = , where m and n are any positive real numbers
Γ ( m + n)

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 ∞
x m −1 dx Γ ( m ) Γ ( n)
∫ ∫
1
45.3.20.12. x m −1 (1 − x ) n−1 dx = =
0 0 (1 + x ) m + n Γ ( m + n)
Γ ( m + 1) ⋅ Γ (n + 1)
∫ ( x − a) (b − x) dx = (b − a)
b
m + n +1
45.3.20.13. m n
, ( m > −1, n > −1, b > a)
a Γ ( m + n + 2)
∞

∫
dx 1
45.3.20.14. = , [m > 1]
1 x m
m −1
∞

∫
dx
45.3.20.15. = π csc pπ , [ p < 1]
0 (1 + x ) x p
∞

∫
dx
45.3.20.16. = − π cot pπ , [ p < 1]
0 (1 − x ) x p
∞
x p−1 dx π
45.3.20.17.
∫0 1+ x
=
sin pπ
= B( p, 1 − p) = Γ ( p) Γ (1 − p), [0 < p < 1]
∞
x m −1 dx π
45.3.20.18.
∫0 1 + xn
=
n sin
mπ
, [0 < m < n]
n
  a + 1  a + 1 
Γ Γ c−
∞
x a dx a +1   b   b  ,  a > −1, b > 0, m > 0, c > a + 1
45.3.20.19.
∫0 (m + x )
b c
=m
b−c

Γ (c )

  b 
 
∞

∫
dx
45.3.20.20. =π
0 (1 + x ) x
∞
π π
∫ a + x = 2 , if a > 0; 0, if a = 0; − 2 , if a < 0
a dx
45.3.20.21. 2 2
0

1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 K n π
∫ (a − x ) dx = 2 ∫ (a − x ) dx = 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 K (n + 1) ⋅ 2 ⋅ a
a a
2 12 2
n
2 2 2
n
n +1
45.3.20.22. , (n odd )
0 0




 1 a m + n+1 B m + 1 , n + 2 
 2  2 2 
∫
a n
45.3.20.23. x m (a 2 − x 2 ) 2 dx =  or
0   m + 1  n + 2 
 1 m + n+1 Γ  2  Γ  2 
 a
m + n + 3
2 Γ
  2 

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

  π/2
∫ n
 0 (cos x ) dx
 or
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 K (n − 1) π
 , (n an even integer, n ≠ 0)
 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 8 K ( n) 2
π/2  or

45.3.20.24.
∫0
(sin n x ) dx =  2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 8 K (n − 1) , (n an odd integer, n ≠ 1)
 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 K ( n)
 or
 n + 1
 Γ
 π  2  , (n > −1)
 2 Γ  n + 1
 2 
∞
sin mx dx π π
45.3.20.25.
∫0 x
= if m > 0; 0, if m = 0; − , if m < 0
2 2
∞

∫
cos x dx
45.3.20.26. =∞
0 x
∞
tan x dx π
45.3.20.27.
∫0 x
=
2
π π
45.3.20.28.
∫0
sin ax ⋅ sin bx dx =
∫ 0
cos ax ⋅ cos bx dx = 0 , (a ≠ b ; a , b integers)
π/a π
45.3.20.29.
∫0
[sin(ax )][cos(ax )] dx =
∫ [sin(ax)][cos(ax)]dx = 0
0
π

∫ [sin(ax)][cos(ax)]dx = a − b , if a − b is odd, or zero if a − b is even

2a
45.3.20.30. 2 2
0
∞
π π
∫
sin x cos mx dx
45.3.20.31. = 0 , if m < −1 or m > 1, = , if m = ±1; = , if m < 1 2

0 x 4 2
∞
πa
∫
sin ax sin bx
45.3.20.32. dx = , ( a ≤ b)
0 x2 2
π π
π
45.3.20.33.
∫0
sin 2 mx dx =
∫ 0
cos 2 mx dx =
2
∞
sin 2 x dx π
45.3.20.34.
∫0 x2
=
2
π −m
∫
cos mx
45.3.20.35. dx = e
1 + x2 2
∞ ∞
π
∫ ∫
1
45.3.20.36. cos( x 2 ) dx = sin( x 2 ) dx =
0 0 2 2
∞ ∞
π
∫ ∫
sin x dx cos x dx
45.3.20.37. = =
0 x 0 x 2
π/2
cos −1 a
∫
dx
45.3.20.38. = , (a < 1)
0 1 + a cos x 1 − a2
∞
π
∫
dx
45.3.20.39. = , ( a > b ≥ 0)
0 a + b cos x a − b2
2

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 2π
2π
∫
dx
45.3.20.40. = , (a 2 < 1)
0 1 + a cos x 1 − a2
∞
cos ax − cos bx
∫
b
45.3.20.41. dx = log
0 x a
π/2
π
∫
dx
45.3.20.42. =
0 a sin x + b cos x 2 ab
2 2
2 2

π/2
π (a 2 + b 2 )
∫
dx
45.3.20.43. = , ( a, b > 0)
0 (a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x ) 2 4a 3 b 3
π/2
1  n m
45.3.20.44.
∫0
sin n−1 x cos m −1 x dx = B ,
2 2 2
, m and n positive integers

π/2
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 K (2 n )
45.3.20.45.
∫0
(sin 2 n+1 θ) dθ =
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 K (2n + 1)
, (n = 1, 2, 3 K)

π/2
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 K (2n − 1)  π 
45.3.20.46.
∫0
(sin 2 n θ) dθ =
2 ⋅ 4 K (2 n )  2 
, (n = 1, 2, 3 K)

3
π/2
(2 π ) 2
45.3.20.47.
∫0
cos θ dθ =
[Γ ( 14 )]2
π/2
π
45.3.20.48.
∫0
(tan h θ) dθ =
hπ
2 cos 
, (0 < h < 1)
 2
∞
tan −1 (ax ) − tan −1 (bx ) π
∫
a
45.3.20.49. dx = log , ( a, b > 0)
0 x 2 b
b b b
45.3.20.50. The area enclosed by a curve defined through the equation x c + y c = a c where a > 0, c
2
  c
Γ  b    2ca 2 
a positive odd integer and b a positive even integer is given by  
 2c   b 
Γ
 b

45.3.20.51. I=
∫∫∫ x
R
h −1 m −1 n −1
y z dv, where R denotes the region of space bounded by the co-ordinate

p q k
planes and that portion of the surface   +   +   = 1, which lies in the first octant
x y z
 a  b  c
and where h, m, n, p, q, k, a, b, c, denote positive real numbers is given by

 h   m
Γ  Γ  Γ 

1 1 n
x pq  x p y qk
b 1−    c 1−   −   
ahb mcn  p  q   k 
∫x ∫ ∫
a
h −1   a     a   b  
dx y m dy z n−1 dz =
0 0 0 pqk h m n 
Γ  + + + 1
p q k 
∞

∫e − ax 1
45.3.20.52. dx = , ( a > 0)
0 a
∞
e − ax − e − bx
∫
b
45.3.20.53. dx = log , (a, b > 0)
0 x a

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 ∞
Γ(n + 1)
45.3.20.54.
∫xe
0
n − ax
dx =
a n+1
, (n > −1, a > 0)

n!
= n+1 , (n pos. integ., a > 0)
a
∞
1  1
∫e − a2 x 2 1
45.3.20.55. dx = π= Γ , ( a > 0)
0 2a 2a  2 
∞

∫ xe − x2 1
45.3.20.56. dx =
0 2
∞
π
45.3.20.57.
∫xe
0
2 − x2
dx =
4
∞
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 K (2n − 1) π
45.3.20.58.
∫x
0
2 n − ax 2
e dx =
2 n+1 a n a

m!  ar 
m

∫ ∑ r! 
1
45.3.20.59. x m e − ax dx = 1 − e − a
0 a m +1  r =0

 a2 
∞  − x2 − 2 
e −2 a π
∫
 x 
45.3.20.60. e dx = , ( a ≥ 0)
0 2
∞
π
∫e − nx 1
45.3.20.61. x dx =
0 2n n
∞
e − nx π
45.3.20.62.
∫0 x
dx =
n
∞

∫e − ax a
45.3.20.63. cos mx dx = , ( a > 0)
0 a2 + m2
∞

∫e − ax m
45.3.20.64. sin mx dx = , ( a > 0)
0 a2 + m2
∞

∫ xe − ax 2 ab
45.3.20.65. [sin(bx )] dx = , ( a > 0)
0 ( a + b 2 )2
2

∞
a2 − b2
45.3.20.66.
∫ xe
0
− ax
[cos(bx )] dx =
( a 2 + b 2 )2
, ( a > 0)

∞
n![(a − ib) n+1 − (a + ib) n+1 ]
45.3.20.67.
∫0
x n e − ax [sin(bx )] dx =
2(a 2 + b 2 ) n+1
, (i 2 = −1, a ≥ 0)

∞
n![(a − ib) n+1 + (a + ib) n+1 ]
45.3.20.68.
∫0
x n e − ax [cos(bx )] dx =
2(a 2 + b 2 ) n+1
, (i 2 = −1, a ≥ 0)

∞
e − ax sin x
45.3.20.69.
∫0 x
dx = cot −1 a , ( a ≥ 0)

∞ − b2
π 4 a2
45.3.20.70.
∫e
0
− a2 x 2
cos bx dx =
2a
e , (ab ≠ 0)

∞
 b > 0, − π < φ < π 
45.3.20.71.
∫e
0
− t cos φ b −1
t [sin(t sin φ)] dt = [Γ (b)]sin(bφ),
 2 2
∞
 b > 0, − π < φ < π 
45.3.20.72.
∫e
0
− t cos φ b −1
t [cos(t sin φ)] dt = [Γ (b)]cos(bφ),
 2 2

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 ∞
bπ
cos t dt = [Γ (b)]cos  ,
45.3.20.73.
∫t
0
b −1
 2
(0 < b < 1)

∞
bπ
(sin t ) dt = [Γ (b)]sin  ,
45.3.20.74.
∫t
0
b −1
 2
(0 < b < 1)

∫ (log x) dx = (−1)
1
45.3.20.75. n n
⋅ n!
0
1
 log 1  2 dx = π
∫
1
45.3.20.76.
0  x 2
− 21
 log 1 
∫
1
45.3.20.77. dx = π
0  x
n
 log 1  dx = n!
∫
1
45.3.20.78.
0  x

∫ x log(1 − x) dx = − 4
1
3
45.3.20.79.
0

∫ x log(1 + x) dx = 4
1
1
45.3.20.80.
0

π2
∫
1
log x
45.3.20.81. dx = −
0 1+ x 12
π2
∫
1
log x
45.3.20.82. dx = −
0 1− x 6
π2
∫
1
log x
45.3.20.83. dx = −
0 1− x 2
8
1 + x  dx π 2
log
∫
1
45.3.20.84. ⋅ =
0 1− x x 4
π
∫
1
log x dx
45.3.20.85. =− log 2
0 1− x 2 2
n
 1  Γ (n + 1)
x m log   dx =
∫
1
45.3.20.86. , if m + 1 > 0, n + 1 > 0
0   x   ( m + 1) n+1

( x p − x q ) dx  p + 1
∫
1
45.3.20.87. = log , ( p + 1 > 0, q + 1 > 0)
0 log x  q + 1

∫
1
dx
45.3.20.88. = π
log 
0 1
 x
∞
 e x + 1 π2
45.3.20.89.
∫0
log x
 e − 1
 dx =
4
π/2 π/2
π
45.3.20.90.
∫0
logsin x dx =
∫0
log cos x dx = −
2
log 2

π/2 π/2
π
45.3.20.91.
∫0
logsec x dx =
∫0
log csc x dx =
2
log 2

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 π
π2
45.3.20.92.
∫0
x logsin x dx = −
2
log 2
π/2
45.3.20.93.
∫0
sin x logsin x dx = log 2 − 1

π/2
45.3.20.94.
∫0
log tan x dx = 0

π  a + a2 − b2 
45.3.20.95.
∫0
log(a ± b cos x ) dx = π log
 2
,

( a  b)

∞
π
∫
dx
45.3.20.96. =
0 cosh ax 2 a
∞
π2
∫
x dx
45.3.20.97. = 2
0 sinh ax 4a
∞

∫e − ax a
45.3.20.98. cosh bx dx = , (0 ≤ b < a)
0 a2 − b2
∞

∫e − ax b
45.3.20.99. sinh bx dx = , (0 ≤ b < a)
0 a2 − b2
e − xu x2 x3 x4
∫
1
45.3.20.100. du = γ + log x − x + − + − K,
+∞ u 2 ⋅ 2! 3 ⋅ 3! 4 ⋅ 4!

where γ = lim1 + + + L + − log z

1 1 1
z→∞ 2 3 z 

= 0.5772157 K , (0 < x < ∞)

π/2
π   1  2  1⋅ 3  4  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  6 
2 2 2

∫
dx
45.3.20.101. = 1 +   k +  k + k + L , if k 2 < 1
0 1 − k 2 sin 2 x 2 2 2 ⋅ 4  2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 
π/2
π   1  2  1⋅ 3  k 4  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  k 6 
2 2 2
45.3.20.102.
∫0
1 − k 2 sin 2 x dx =
2
1 −   k − 
2 
2⋅4 3
−
 2⋅4⋅6 5 
+ L , if k 2 < 1

∞
45.3.20.103.
∫ e log x dx = − γ = 0.5772157 K
0
−x

∞
 1 1
45.3.20.104.
∫  1 − e − x  e dx = γ = 0.5772157 K [Euler’s Constant]
0
−x
−x

∞
1 1
− e − x  dx = γ = 0.5772157 K
45.3.20.105.
∫0 x 1+ x 

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC