Lecture 4: Differentiation

By
Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber
 Lecture objectives
① Definition and interpretation of derivative.

② Continuity and differentiability.

③ Rules of differentiation.

④ Derivatives of different types of functions.

⑤ Chain rule.

⑥ Differentiation (Implicit-Logarithmic-Parametric)

⑦ Applications of differentiation.
Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 1
 Average rate of change

• On the interval [𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝒉], the continuous function 𝒇(𝒙) is

changing its value from 𝒇(𝒂) to 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒉) corresponding to a
change happened in the value of 𝒙 from 𝒂 to 𝒂 + 𝒉 as shown.
• The average rate of change of 𝒇(𝒙) with respect to 𝒙 on the
interval [𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝒉] is evaluated by

∆𝒇 𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒂)
=
∆𝒙 𝒂 + 𝒉 − (𝒂)
∆𝒇 𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒂)
=
∆𝒙 𝒉

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 2

 Instantaneous rate of change

If the interval width, 𝒉, is vanished 𝒉 → 𝟎 then the interval [𝒂, 𝒂

+ 𝒉] is minimized to be the point 𝒂. So the average rate of
change will be switched to the instantaneous rate of change of
𝒇(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 𝒂 which is called the derivative and is evaluated by

𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒇′(𝒂) = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

provided that the limit exists and finite (≠ ±∞)

𝒇(𝒙) is differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝒂 if this limit exists

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 3

 Differentiability
Theorem 1: (Differentiability)
The function 𝒇(𝒙) is differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝒂 if:
① 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝒂
② 𝒇′ 𝒂+ = 𝒇′ 𝒂− = 𝑳 ≠ ±∞

where

𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒇′ 𝒂+ = lim+
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒇′ 𝒂− = lim−
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 4

 Differentiability (Example)

𝒙 𝒙≥𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 =ቊ
−𝒙 𝒙 < 0

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 −
𝒙→𝟎+ 𝒙 = 𝒙→𝟎 −𝒙 = 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎

′ +
𝒇 𝒉 −𝒇 𝟎 𝒉−𝟎
𝒇 𝟎 = lim+ = lim+ =𝟏
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

𝒇 𝒉 −𝒇 𝟎 −𝒉 − 𝟎
𝒇′ 𝟎− = lim− = lim− = −𝟏
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

𝒇′ 𝟎+ ≠ 𝒇′ 𝟎− ⟹ The function 𝒇(𝒙) is not differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟎

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 5

 Differentiability (Examples)
𝟒+𝒙 𝒙≥𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 =ቊ
𝒙−𝟒 𝒙<1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏+ 𝟒+𝒙 ≠ 𝒙→𝟏− 𝒙−𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙
⟹ 𝒇 𝒙 is discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏
⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) is not differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟏 lim
𝒙→𝟎+
𝒙=𝒇 𝟎 =𝟎
⟹ 𝒇 𝒙 is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝟎+𝒉 −𝒇 𝟎
𝒇′ 𝟎+ = 𝒉→𝟎+ 𝒉

𝒉 𝟏
= lim+ = lim+ =∞
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) is not differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟎

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 6

 Differentiability (Example)
𝒙𝟐 𝒙≥𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 =ቊ
𝟑𝒙 𝒙 < 3

lim+ 𝒙𝟐 = lim− 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒇 𝟑 = 𝟗 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) is 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 at 𝒙 = 𝟑

𝒙→𝟑 𝒙→𝟑

𝒇 𝟑+𝒉 −𝒇 𝟑 𝟑+𝒉 𝟐−𝟗 𝟔𝒉 + 𝒉𝟐

𝒇′ 𝟑+ = lim+ = lim+ = lim+
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

= lim+ (𝟔 + 𝒉) = 𝟔
𝒉→𝟎

𝒇 𝟑+𝒉 −𝒇 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑+𝒉 −𝟗 𝟑𝒉
𝒇′ 𝟑− = lim− = lim− = lim− =𝟑
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

𝒇′ 𝟑+ ≠ 𝒇′ 𝟑− ⟹ The function 𝒇(𝒙) is not differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟑

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 7

 The first derivative
Definition 1: (The first derivative)
Given that the function 𝒇(𝒙) is differentiable at
every point in the interval 𝑰 . Then the first
derivative is defined by
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
where 𝒙 ∈ 𝑰

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 8

 The first derivative (Examples)
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙, 𝒙∈ℝ

𝟐
′
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙+𝒉 + 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = lim = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

𝟐𝒉𝒙 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟒𝒉
= lim = lim 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒉 + 𝟒 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙, 𝒙 ∈ 𝟎, ∞
𝒙+𝒉+ 𝒙
×
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙+𝒉− 𝒙 𝒙+𝒉+ 𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

𝒙+𝒉−𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim = lim =
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒙+𝒉+ 𝒙 𝒉→𝟎 𝒙+𝒉+ 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 9

 Differentiation Rules
Rules 1: (Differentiation Rules)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′(𝒙)
𝒌 𝟎
𝒙 𝟏
𝒙𝒏 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒏 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒈′(𝒙)
𝒈 𝒙 ± 𝒉(𝒙) 𝒈′ 𝒙 ± 𝒉′(𝒙)
𝒈 𝒙 𝒉(𝒙) 𝒈′ 𝒙 𝒉(𝒙) + 𝒈 𝒙 𝒉′(𝒙)

𝒈 𝒙 𝒈′ 𝒙 𝒉(𝒙) − 𝒈 𝒙 𝒉′(𝒙)
𝒉(𝒙) 𝒉𝟐 (𝒙)

Chain Rule: 𝒈 𝒉 𝒙 𝒈′ 𝒉 𝒙 ∙ 𝒉′(𝒙)

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 10

 Differentiation Rules
Rules 2: (Differentiation Rules)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′(𝒙)
𝒆𝒈 𝒙
𝒈′ 𝒙 𝒆𝒈 𝒙

𝒈′ 𝒙
𝐥𝐧 𝒈 𝒙
𝒈(𝒙)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒈′(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒈(𝒙)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒈(𝒙) −𝒈′(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒈(𝒙)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒈′(𝒙) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒈(𝒙)
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒈(𝒙) −𝒈′(𝒙) 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒈(𝒙)
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒈′(𝒙) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒈(𝒙)
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒈(𝒙) −𝒈′(𝒙) 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒈(𝒙)

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 11

 Differentiation Rules (Examples)
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕

𝟑
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒
𝟏Τ 𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟏 𝟒 −𝟐Τ𝟑
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕
𝟑
𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔)
𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟔
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒆
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒇′ 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆(𝒙
𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟔)𝟏Τ𝟐

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏Τ𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = (𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔)−𝟏Τ𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝒆(𝒙 +𝟓𝒙+𝟔)
′
𝟐

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 12

 Differentiation Rules (Example)
𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒

𝟏Τ 𝟑
• 1st solution: 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒
𝟏 Τ𝟑
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒

𝟏 𝟒 −𝟐Τ𝟑
+ 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕
𝟑

𝟏
• 2nd solution: 𝐥𝐧 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒
𝟑

𝒇′ 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕
= +
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 𝟑 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒

𝟏𝟓𝒙 𝟐+𝟑 𝟏 𝟒𝒙 𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕
⟹ 𝒇′ 𝒙 = + 𝒇(𝒙)
𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 𝟑 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 13

 Differentiation Rules (Example)
𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓
• 1st solution:
𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 𝟖𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 =
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 𝟐

• 2nd solution: 𝐥𝐧 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓

𝒇′ 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟖𝒙
= −
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓

𝟏𝟓𝒙 𝟐+𝟑 𝟖𝒙
′
⟹𝒇 𝒙 = − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 14

 Differentiation Rules (Examples)
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒙

𝐥𝐧 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗

𝒇′ 𝒙 𝟏
= 𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 ⟹ 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖

𝟏Τ 𝟐 𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟖
𝟏Τ𝟐 𝟐 𝟏Τ𝟐
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟖 ∙ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟖
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏Τ𝟐
∙ 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖 ∙ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙
𝟐
Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 15
 Differentiation Rules (Examples)
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒙𝟒 +𝟔𝒙+𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆
𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒆 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙𝟒 +𝟔𝒙+𝟑

𝟑 𝟐
′ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙𝟒 +𝟔𝒙+𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒆 ∙ 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑
∙ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑 ∙ 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔

𝟓
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 =
(𝐥𝐧 𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝐥𝐧 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝟏
′
𝒇 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 (𝟐𝒙) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
=𝟓 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − −
𝒇 𝒙 𝒙 +𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝒇′ 𝒙 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − − 𝒇 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 16
 Differentiation Rules (Examples)
𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 ⟹ 𝒅𝟐 𝒚/𝒅𝒙𝟐 =? ?

𝟐
𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒕 𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝟏/𝟐
𝒚′ = 𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙 = = = 𝟐 𝒕 𝟐+𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝒙/𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 −𝟏/𝟐
𝟐 −𝟏/𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
′ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 ′ /𝒅𝒕 𝟐𝒕 𝒕 + 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 − 𝟒𝒕 𝒕 +𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝟐
𝒚′ = 𝒅 𝒚/𝒅𝒙 = =
𝒅𝒙/𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 −𝟏/𝟐
𝒚′′ = 𝒅𝟐 𝒚/𝒅𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝟐

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 ⟹ 𝒅𝟐 𝒚/𝒅𝒙𝟐 =? ?

𝒅/𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒚′ = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒚′ = 𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙 = −𝒙𝒚−𝟏
𝒅/𝒅𝒙
𝒚′′ = 𝒅𝟐 𝒚/𝒅𝒙𝟐 = −𝒚−𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚−𝟐 𝒚′ = −𝒚−𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟑

Assoc. Prof. Khaled M. Abdelgaber| British University in Egypt (BUE) Page 17