Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg.

MARCH 2024

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Civilsdaily IAS, 1 LGF, Apsara Arcade, Pusa Road, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110060 (INDIA)
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Civilsdaily IAS, 1 LGF, Apsara Arcade, Pusa Road, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110060 (INDIA)
Tel: +91 73033 16700 Mail: [email protected]
 Contents
Subject No. of Topics
1. Economics 24
2. Governance 11
3. Polity 8
4. International Relations 10
5. Security Issues 8
6. Enviro & Biodiversity 21
7. Science Tech 22
8. History and Art & Culture 13
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg. 3

ECONOMICS
1. National Urban Cooperative Finance and
Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC):
• U nion Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation inaugurated NUCFDC, marking a sig-
nificant milestone in urban cooperative banking development.
• About NUCFDC: Approved by RBI as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC)
and designated as the apex body for urban cooperative banking.
• It is granted Self-Regulatory Organisation (SRO) status to oversee and regulate urban cooperative banking operations.
• Aims to raise capital to Rs. 300 crores to strengthen Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs).
• Deploy capital to enhance UCBs’ financial capabilities, including shared technol-
ogy infrastructure for improved service delivery and reduced costs.
• Establish collaborative technology platforms for UCBs to expand services efficiently.
• Provide consultancy on fund management, regulatory compliance, and strategic planning.
• About Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs): Governed by RBI under the Bank-
ing Regulation Act of 1949, adhering to strict prudential norms.
• U rban and rural UCBs based on geographic scope, regulated by State Registrars of Coopera-
tive Societies (RCS) or Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies (CRCS) and the RBI.
• E volved since the first Cooperative Credit Society in 1904, undergoing regulatory reforms.
• N arasimham Committee Report (1998): Proposed regulatory interven-
tions to enhance governance, capitalization, and efficiency.
• S tructural Recommendations Committee (2021): Proposed a 4-tier structure for UCBs
based on deposit size tiers to streamline operations and regulatory oversight.
Banking Sector Reforms

2. Chakshu and Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP):

• D oT has launched two initiatives to combat spam and fraud calls via the Sanchar Saathi portal.
• Chakshu, meaning “eyes,” is accessible at sancharsaathi.gov.in/sfc, em-
powering citizens to report suspicious communications.
• Users can report various types of fraud, including those related to bank accounts, payment wal-
lets, SIM cards, gas and electricity connections, KYC updates, impersonation, and sextortion.
• The primary goal of Chakshu is to facilitate proactive reporting of suspicious activities, aid-
ing in the prevention and mitigation of telecom-related fraud and spam calls.
• Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) is developing an app for the Chak-
shu platform to streamline the reporting process further.
• D igital Intelligence Platform (DIP) is a secure and integrated platform de-
vised by the DoT to tackle the misuse of telecom resources and data.
• I t fosters intelligence sharing and information exchange among stakeholders, including tele-
com service providers, law enforcement agencies (LEAs), banks, and financial institutions.
• T he DIP serves as a non-public data-sharing resource for various entities such as TSPs, LEAs, banks, fi-
nancial institutions, social media platforms, and identity document issuing authorities.
Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

3. Recently awarded GI Tags:

• A Geographical Indication (GI) signifies products with specific geographical origins and unique qualities due to that origin.
• DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce and Industry is the nodal agency.
• Enacted under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
• India, as a WTO member, adheres to TRIPS Agreement
• GI tag remains valid for 10 years.
(1) Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft (Andhra Pradesh)
• Handcrafted crochet lace-making with intricate designs used in various attire and home decor.
• Provides livelihood to artisans, enhances market value, protects against imitation.

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Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg. 4

(2) Mukha Shilpa of Majuli (Assam)

• Traditional mask-making from Majuli, Assam, depicting mythological characters and animals.
• Promotes tourism, empowers artisans, supports conservation efforts.
(3) Traditional Tribal Attire ‘Risa’ (Tripura)
• Traditional attire from Tripura, handwoven with vibrant colors and intricate designs.
• Enhances market visibility, supports livelihoods of weavers, promotes preservation.
(4) Riyawan Garlic (Madhya Pradesh):
• Unique variety from Riyawan village, Ratlam district, known for distinct taste and medicinal properties.
• Boosts local agriculture, provides economic opportunities, assures quality.
(5) ‘Chandi Tarakasi’ or Silver Filigree (Odisha)
• Centuries-old craftsmanship from Cuttack, Odisha, known for delicate silver filigree patterns.
• Enhances market value, supports artisans, promotes preservation of cultural heritage.
GI(Geographical Indicator) Tags

4. Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR):

• P rime Minister Modi oversaw the commencement of core–loading at the indigenous PFBR in Kalpa-
kkam, Tamil Nadu, marking a significant advancement in India’s nuclear power journey.
• Signifies a milestone in India’s nuclear power program, heralding Stage 2 advancement.
• As of 2024, nuclear power contributes approximately 3.11% to India’s to-
tal power generation, ranking fifth among electricity sources.
• I ndia’s Nuclear Power Program: Established Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in 1948, marking entry into the nuclear age.
• H omi Bhabha in 1950s formulated the three-stage nuclear power program.
• C ommissioned the first Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) in 1969, initiating Stage 1.
• C onducted Pokhran-I nuclear test in 1974.
• B egan developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) in the late 1970s as part of Stage 2.
• P resently, advancing thorium-based reactors as part of Stage 3.
• I ndia’s 3-stage Nuclear Power Program: (1) Stage 1: Relies on PHWRs using natural uranium, opera-
tional since the 1960s. (2) Stage 2: Focuses on FBRs using plutonium-239 from Stage 1, under develop-
ment. (3) Stage 3: Involves thorium-based reactors, in the research and development phase.
• P rototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) “produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes”, marking the onset of Stage 2.
• O perates by utilizing plutonium-239 and uranium-238 to produce energy.
• L iquid sodium serves as the primary coolant for heat transfer and electricity generation.
Nuclear Energy

5. ADITI Scheme:
• T he Union Minister of Defence unveiled the ADITI scheme during DefConnect 2024 in New Del-
hi, aiming to foster innovation in critical and strategic defence technologies
• ADITI, which stands for Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX, aims to develop ap-
proximately 30 deep-tech critical and strategic technologies within the specified timeframe.
• S tart-ups are eligible to receive a grant-in-aid of up to Rs 25 crore under this scheme for their re-
search, development, and innovation endeavors in defence technology.
• T he scheme is allocated a budget of Rs 750 crore from 2023-24 to 2025-26.
• A DITI operates under the iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) frame-
work of the Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence.
• I t includes the creation of a ‘Technology Watch Tool’ to bridge the gap between the expecta-
tions of the modern Armed Forces and the capabilities of the defence innovation ecosystem.
• T he inaugural edition of ADITI launched 17 challenges, covering areas specified by the In-
dian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force, and Defence Space Agency.
• T o further incentivize young innovators, iDEX was expanded to iDEX Prime, in-
creasing the assistance from Rs 1.5 crore to Rs 10 crore.
Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc

6. Kolkata Underwater Metro Tunnel:

• P rime Minister inaugurated India’s first underwater metro tunnel, a milestone in infrastructure development.
• Part of the Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section of Kolkata Metro’s East-West corridor.

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Tel: +91 73033 16700 Mail: [email protected]
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg. 5

•  overs a distance of 8 km under the Hooghly River, with a rapid travel time of just 45 seconds across a 520-metre stretch.
C
• Kolkata Metro is India’s first operational rapid transit system, opened in 1984.
• Second busiest and fourth-longest metro network in India as of January 2023.
• Four operational lines with a total length of 38 km and 48 stations.
• The Project was funded through a loan from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
• Hooghly River is a distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal.
• Originates at Tribeni and stretches approximately 260 km.
• Hosts iconic structures like Howrah Bridge and Victoria Memorial, enriching Kolkata’s cultural landscape.
Roads, Highways, Cargo, Air-Cargo and Logistics infrastructure – Bharatmala, LEEP, SetuBharatam, etc

7. RoDTEP Scheme:
• E xtension of tax refunds under the RoDTEP Scheme to outbound shipments from SEZs and EOUs.
• RoDTEP Scheme was introduced from January 1, 2021 as a duty remission scheme on exports.
• It replaced the MEIS (Merchandise Export Incentive Schemes) following a WTO dispute ruling against India.
• Aimed at repealing and reducing taxes for exported products to boost exports.
• Administered by the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.
• RoDTEP provides reimbursement of taxes, duties, and levies not refunded under any other mechanism.
• Includes direct costs incurred by exporters and prior stage cumulative indirect taxes on goods.
• It aligns with the WTO principles that taxes/duties should not be exported.
• Applicable to all export sectors regardless of turnover, with goods manufactured in India.
• Applies to merchant or manufacturer exporters directly export-
ing goods, including those through e-commerce platforms.
• R  efund Process: Rebate provided to eligible exporters as a percentage of the Freight on Board (FOB) value of exports.
• R  emission issued as transferrable e-scrips maintained in an electronic credit ledger by CBIC.
• E -scrips can be used for paying basic customs duty on imports or transferred electronically to another party.
Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc

8. Sela Tunnel:
• P rime Minister inaugurated Sela Tunnel, a crucial milestone in India’s border in-
frastructure development, especially in the strategic Tawang sector.
• Sela Tunnel holds the distinction of being the longest bi-lane road tun-
nel globally, situated at an altitude exceeding 13,000 feet.
• Located in the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, it connects Tezpur, Assam, with Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh.
• Constructed by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under Project Vartak, construction began on April 1, 2019.
• Near the Sela Pass, the tunnel offers all-weather connectivity crucial due to frequent clo-
sures of the Balipara-Charidwar-Tawang Road during heavy snowfall and landslides.
• F acilitates rapid deployment of weapons, soldiers, and equipment to forward areas near the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
Roads, Highways, Cargo, Air-Cargo and Logistics infrastructure – Bharatmala, LEEP, SetuBharatam, etc

9. India signs Trade Pact with EFTA:

• I ndia has inked a momentous Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Free Trade As-
sociation (EFTA), comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
• European Free Trade Association (EFTA) established in 1960 by Stockholm Convention.
• Promotes free trade and economic integration within Europe and globally.
• 4 members include- Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
• EFTA countries have extensive network of FTAs covering over 60 countries, including EU.
• Unlike EU, EFTA is not a customs union.
• Allows individual EFTA States to set own customs tariffs and trade measures with non-EFTA States.
• European Economic Area (EEA) includes EU Member States + 3 EFTA coun-
tries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, excluding Switzerland).
• Agreement entered into force on 1 January 1994.

Civilsdaily IAS, 1 LGF, Apsara Arcade, Pusa Road, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110060 (INDIA)
Tel: +91 73033 16700 Mail: [email protected]
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg. 6

 ims to strengthen trade and economic relations, focusing on free movement of goods, people, services, and capital.
• A
Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

10. Nuclear Wastes:

• I ndia achieves milestone with loading Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) core, advancing nuclear program.
• Stage III aims to utilize thorium reserves for power generation.
• PFBR, 500 MWe fast-breeder reactor, under construction in Kalpakkam.
• Fueled by Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel to extend nuclear fuel supply.
• Nuclear waste, highly radioactive, generated from spent fuel.
• Example: U-235 fissions to barium-144, krypton-89, and neutrons.
• Non-fissile debris becomes nuclear waste.
• US produces 69,682 tonnes (tn), Canada 54,000 tn, and Russia 21,362 tn.
• Managing spent fuel poses challenges due to heat and radioactivity.
• Secure storage essential to prevent leakage and contamination.
• IPFM’s 2015 report notes India’s reprocessing plants in Trombay, Tarapur, Kalpakkam.
• Plants reprocess fuel for stage II reactors and weapons.
• Tarapur and Kalpakkam facilities operate at 15% combined
• Trombay processes 50 tHM/y, Tarapur and Kalpakkam each 100 tHM/y.Top of Form
Nuclear Energy

11. Scale-Based Regulation of NBFCs:

•  BI to review NBFC categorization in 2024 after introducing revised framework; Currently, 16 NBFCs placed in upper layer.
R
• NBFCs are registered under Companies Act, 1956, engaged in various financial activities.
• NBFCs differ from banks in terms of regulations, deposit acceptance, and payment systems.
• C ategorized by type of liabilities and activities conducted.
• C ategories include Asset Finance Company (AFC), Investment Company (IC), Loan Compa-
ny (LC), Infrastructure Finance Company (IFC), and Systemically Important NBFCs.
• Scale-Based Regulation (SBR) of NBFCs has been implemented in Octo-
ber 2021 by RBI, comprising four layers: base, middle, upper, and top.
• N  o NBFCs listed in top layer.
• B  ase Layer (NBFC-BL): Non-deposit-taking NBFCs with assets below Rs 1,000 crore.
• M  iddle Layer (NBFC-ML): Includes deposit-taking NBFCs and non-depos-
it-taking NBFCs with assets exceeding Rs 1,000 crore.
• U  pper Layer (NBFC-UL): Comprises NBFCs requiring enhanced regulatory requirements based on specific parameters.
• T  op Layer (NBFC-TL): Reserved for NBFCs posing significant systemic risk. Currently vacant as precautionary measure.
RBI Notifications

12. Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Fisheries Scheme:

• D epartment of Fisheries inaugurated the integration of KCC-FS with JanSamarth Por-
tal, revolutionizing credit facilities for fishers and fish farmers nationwide.
• J anSamarth is First-of-its-kind online platform connecting lenders with beneficiaries.
• A llows citizens to avail loans under 13 Central government schemes across 4 loan categories.
• T he KCC Fisheries Scheme was introduced in 2018-19 to extend KCC facility to fisheries and animal husbandry farmers.
• B ank authorities instructed to issue KCC within 14 days of receiving completed applications from fish farmers.
• E xisting KCC holders eligible for interest subvention and prompt repayment in-
centive up to a credit limit of Rs. 3 lakhs, including fisheries activities.
• N ew card holders have a credit limit of Rs. 2 lakhs for fisheries activities.
• L ending rate under KCC scheme is 7%, including 2% interest subven-
tion by GoI, with an additional 3% incentive for prompt repayment.
• F armers repaying promptly would effectively get a loan at 4% per annum for amounts up to Rs. 2 lakhs.
• K isan Credit Cards (KCC) Scheme: Introduced in 1998 on the recommenda-
tion of V. Gupta of NABARD to provide timely credit support to farmers.
• A imed at providing flexible and simplified credit for cultivation, purchas-
ing inputs, post-harvest expenses, and allied activities.

Civilsdaily IAS, 1 LGF, Apsara Arcade, Pusa Road, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110060 (INDIA)
Tel: +91 73033 16700 Mail: [email protected]
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg. 7

• O bjectives include: (1) Meet short-term credit requirements for cultivation and post-har-
vest expenses; (2) Provide working capital for maintaining farm assets and allied activi-
ties, (3) Fulfill investment credit requirements for agriculture-allied activities.
• I mplemented by commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Financial Banks, and Cooperative banks.
Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc

13. National Mission on Edible Oils

– Oil Palm (NMEO-OP):
• H ighlighted by the PM during his visit to Arunachal Pradesh.
• Aims to achieve self-reliance in edible oil production due to significant foreign exchange outflow.
• India, the world’s largest importer of vegetable oils, is projected to buy 15.6 mil-
lion metric tons of cooking oils in the 2023-24 oil year.
• Imports constitute 57% of demand of India’s vegetable oil.
• Recent decline in imports attributed to factors like reduced palm oil availabili-
ty and changes in soybean oil imports from Argentina and Brazil.
• NMEO-OP is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2021 with a focus on in-
creasing oil palm cultivation and crude palm oil production.
• Particularly emphasizes the North-East region and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• Expand oil palm acreage by an additional 6.5 lakh hectares by 2025-26.
• Increase crude palm oil production to 11.2 lakh tonnes by 2025-26 and up to 28 lakh tonnes by 2029-30.
• Increase consumer awareness to maintain a consumption level of 19.00 kg/person/annum till 2025-26.
• The scheme introduces price stability for Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFBs) through Viability Price (VP).
• Establishes a Formula Price (FP) set at 14.3% of Crude Palm Oil (CPO), adjusted monthly.
• Enhances input assistance for oil palm planting material, maintenance, and intercropping interventions.
• Offers special assistance for replanting old gardens and tailored support for regions like the North-East and Andaman.
Food Processing Industry: Issues and Developments

14. Human Development Report, -:

• I ndia’s ranking on the UN Human Development Index (HDI) improved to 134 out
of 193 countries in 2022 from 135 out of 191 countries in 2021.
• Switzerland retains the top
• HDI measures a country’s average achievement in (1) life expectancy, (2) expect-
ed years of schooling, and (3) gross national income (GNI).
• Developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, it embodies Amartya Sen’s “capabilities” approach to human well-being.
• I ndia’s HDI value increased by 48.4% from 0.434 in 1990 to 0.644 in 2022.
• L ife expectancy at birth improved to 67.7 years, and expected years of schooling increased to 12.6 years.
• G ross National Income (GNI) per capita rose to $6,951.
• S ri Lanka (78) and China (75) rank higher in the High Human Development category.
• B hutan (125) and Bangladesh (129) follow, while Nepal (146) and Pakistan (164) rank lower than India.
Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

15. Foot and Mouth Diseases in Cattles:

• F oot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects many milch cattle in Uttar Pradesh.
• FMD is a highly contagious viral disease with significant economic impact.
• Affects cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants.
• Intensively reared animals are more susceptible.
• Does not affect horses, dogs, or cats.
• Spread affects livestock production and disrupts regional and international trade.
• C aused by ‘aphthovirus’ of the family Picornaviridae; Seven strains are endemic globally.
• Characterized by fever and blister-like sores in the mouth, tongue, teats, and hooves.
• Rarely fatal in adults but high mortality in young animals.
• C auses severe production losses, leaving animals weakened.

Civilsdaily IAS, 1 LGF, Apsara Arcade, Pusa Road, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110060 (INDIA)
Tel: +91 73033 16700 Mail: [email protected]
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg. 8

• F MD Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (2016-17) under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.

• National Animal Disease Control Programme (2019) aims to control FMD and Brucellosis through vaccination.
Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

16. Passing Off under Trademark Rules:

• A lady in New Delhi secured trademark for her Momos brand from New Del-
hi High Court after a similar trademark infringed her rights.
• A trademark represents a business and registering it grants exclusive rights to its usage.
• Trademarks Act of 1999 governs trademarks and their registration in India.
• Registered trademarks receive protection from the Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks.
• Trademarks are valid for 10 years and can be renewed periodically under Section 25 of the 1999 Act.
• ‘Passing off’ involves deceptive practices where one brand profits from another’s reputation.
• In Cadila Healthcare Limited vs. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited (2001), Su-
preme Court defined passing-off as unfair trade competition.
• I nfringed parties can seek injunctions, damages, or accounts against the infringing entity.
• L egal Provisions: Sections 11(1), 11(2), 11(3)(a), and 47 of Trademarks Act outline grounds for refusal and removal.
• S ection 11(1) bars registration of trademarks resembling earlier ones causing public confusion.
• S ection 47 allows removal of trademarks for non-compliance or non-use upon aggrieved parties’ applications.
Intellectual Property Rights in India

17. International Partnership for Hydrogen

and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE):
•  he 41st Steering Committee Meeting of IPHE is currently underway in New Delhi.
T
• Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electricity.
• They offer exceptionally high efficiency and produce zero harmful emissions.
• Fuel cells are widely regarded as the “battery of the future” due to their innovative technology.
• These cells operate based on electrochemical reactions occurring between fuel and oxygen.
• Established in 2003, IPHE is an international inter-governmental partnership led by the United States.
• Its primary objective is to accelerate the progress of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
• The partnership comprises 21 member countries as well as the Europe-
an Commission, although the latter holds a non-voting status.
• M  ember countries include major economies such as the United States, Japan, Germany, China, and India, among others.
• I n partnership with the Hydrogen Council, IPHE announced the launch of the H2-DEIA platform in 2023.
• T  his platform is specifically dedicated to advancing diversity, equity, inclu-
sion, and accessibility within the hydrogen and fuel cell economy.
• I ts primary objectives include fostering a diverse workforce, sharing best practic-
es, and supporting workforce development initiatives in the hydrogen sector.
Oil and Gas Sector – HELP, Open Acreage Policy, etc

18. Tobacco Board:

•  obacco Board authorizes 100 million kg crop size for Karnataka in 2024-25.
T
• Tobacco is drought tolerant, grown in 0.45 M ha area in India.
• India is 2nd largest producer and exporter after China and Brazil.
• Production: 300 M kg Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco from 0.20 M ha, 450 M kg non-FCV tobacco from 0.25 M ha.
• Indian tobacco accounts for 10% of global area, 9% of total production.
• Tobacco Board was constituted on January 1, 1976, under Tobacco Board Act, 1975.
• It aims to promote orderly development of tobacco industry in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• It operates under Ministry of Commerce and Industry and is headquartered in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
• Key Functions include: (1) Regulation of production, curing, grading, and marketing of Vir-
ginia tobacco; (2) Licensing and registration of growers, manufacturers, exporters, and deal-
ers and (3) Price stabilization and quality control initiatives among others.
Tobacco: The Silent Killer

Civilsdaily IAS, 1 LGF, Apsara Arcade, Pusa Road, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110060 (INDIA)
Tel: +91 73033 16700 Mail: [email protected]
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg. 9

19. NABARD Blended Fund for Agri-Startups

•  lended Fund for Agri-Startups was announced in FY23 budget to finance startups in ‘Sunrise Sectors’.
B
• Aims to support startups facing scaling challenges due to limited access to equity and debt.
• Agriculture Accelerator Fund (2023): Supports agritech startups and rural entrepreneurs.
• Innovation and Agri-Entrepreneurship Development Program (2018-19): Pro-
vides financial assistance for startups under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.
• N  ABARD was established on July 12, 1982, to promote rural development and agricultural growth.
• O  perates under RBI Act, 1934, headquartered in Mumbai.
• F acilitates credit flow for agriculture, rural industries, crafts.
• G  overned by Board of Directors appointed by GoI.
• P  rovides refinance support for agricultural and rural development.
• E xtends direct loans for rural projects.
• P  romotes research, training, and technology transfer.
• A  dministers government schemes like Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), Watershed Development Fund (WDF).
Start-up Ecosystem In India

20. Price Stabilization Fund (PSF):

•  overnment recently approved inclusion of wheat and rice in PSF.
G
• PSF established in 2014-15 under Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Famers Welfare (DAC&FW).
• Transferred to Department of Consumer Affairs (DOCA) in 2016.
• Centrally managed by Price Stabilisation Fund Management Committee (PSFMC).
• Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) maintains PSF as central corpus fund.
• Aims to stabilize prices of selected commodities by distributing or procuring them.
• Used to regulate price volatility of commodities like onion, potatoes, and pulses.
• Utilized for granting interest-free advance of working capital to Central Agencies, State/UT Governments/Agencies.
• May support IMPORT along with domestic procurement.
• PSF scheme offers interest-free loans to cover working capital and related expenses for procurement and distribution.
Minimum Support Prices for Agricultural Produce

21. ILO-IHD Report :

• I ndia Employment Report 2024 by ILO and IHD reveals youth account for nearly 83% of unemployed.
• Share of educated youth in total unemployed doubled from 35.2% in 2000 to 65.7% in 2022.
• 90% of workers engaged in informal work, regular work declined after 2018, causing livelihood insecurities.
• Rise in contractualisation with few regular workers covered by long-term contracts, worsening job insecurities.
• Skills gap among young workforce noted, hindering basic digital and mathematical tasks.
• Gender disparities evident with low female LFPR and high unemployment among educated young women.
• International Labour Organization (ILO) is an UN agency established in 1919 under League of Na-
tions, aims for social and economic justice through international labour standards.
• India, a founding member, joined in 1919; ILO has 187 member states.
• Sets standards for accessible, productive, and sustainable work in conditions of freedom, equity, security, and dignity.
• Governing body meets thrice yearly, decides policies, programmes, budget, and elects Director-General.
• Nobel Peace Prize recipient in 1969.
Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc

22. T + Settlement:
• I ndia’s stock market to begin ‘beta version’ of T+0 settlement system (same day set-
tlement) from today, world’s fastest stock settlement system.
• S EBI plans to introduce shorter cycle in two phases: Phase 1 settles trades executed until 1:30 PM by 4:30
PM on same day. Phase 2 envisions immediate trade-by-trade settlement, trading till 3:30 PM.
• M any retail investors already make early pay-ins, indicating readiness for instant settlement.
• M echanism enables instant receipt of funds and securities, reducing settlement shortages, enhancing investor control.

Civilsdaily IAS, 1 LGF, Apsara Arcade, Pusa Road, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110060 (INDIA)
Tel: +91 73033 16700 Mail: [email protected]
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- March 2024 Pg. 10

•  irect crediting of funds and securities into investors’ accounts, especially for UPI clients, strengthens investor protection.
D
• SEBI shortened settlement cycle from T+5 to T+3 in 2002, then to T+2 in 2003.
• T+1 cycle introduced in 2021, fully implemented by January 2023, settling funds and securities day after trade.
• Initially, T+0 settlement available for top 500 listed equity shares in three tranches based on market capitalization.
• Surveillance measures applicable in T+1 cycle will apply to T+0 cycle.
• Trade-for-trade settlement securities NOT eligible for T+0.
Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

23. Food Waste Index Report, :

• F ood Waste Index Report, 2024 released by UNEP and WRAP, a UK-based non-profit.
• Tracks global and national generation of wasted food and inedible parts at retail and consumer levels.
• First launched in 2011 as tool to monitor progress towards SDG 12.3.
• Globally, 05 billion tonnes of food waste generated in 2022.
• Food Waste Composition: Households (60%); Food services (28%); Retail (12%).
• Average per capita food waste 132 kg in 2022.
• Economic cost estimated at $1 trillion.
• Food loss and waste contribute 8-10% of annual global emissions.
• Food waste levels vary minimally across income groups.
• Hotter climates generate more household food waste.
• Rural areas exhibit lower levels of food waste compared to urban areas.
• Only 21 countries, including Australia, Japan, UK, US, EU, includ-
ed food loss and waste reduction in climate plans or NDCs.
Hunger and Nutrition Issues – GHI, GNI, etc

24. Section B of the IPC:

• S upreme Court rejects review petitions challenging Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) proceedings initiation.
• Clarifies IPC Section 120B cannot be invoked for PMLA unless conspiracy relates to a scheduled offense.
• IPC Sections 120, 120A, and 120B define and prescribe punishments for criminal conspiracy.
• IPC 120B categorizes conspiracy based on offense gravity, prescribing punishments accordingly.
• PMLA was enacted in 2002 to prevent money laundering and confiscate property derived from it.
• Applies to financial institutions, banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, and intermediaries.
• Empowers authorities to confiscate property/assets earned through money laundering.
• Amended in 2005, 2009, and 2012; burden of proof lies with the accused.
• Penalties include freezing/seizure and attachment of property obtained through crime proceeds.
• Rigorous imprisonment for 3 to 7 years; up to 10 years if linked with NDPS Act, 1985.
• Investigation Authorities: (1) Enforcement Directorate (ED): Investigates PMLA offenses; (2) Financial Intelli-
gence Unit – India (FIU-IND): Receives, analyzes, and disseminates suspect financial transactions information.
Corruption Challenges – Lokpal, POCA, etc

GOVERNANCE
25. Holistic Progress Card (HPC):
• N CERT has recently launched a new assessment tool called the ‘Holistic Progress Card’ (HPC).
• This innovative card, developed by the Performance Assessment, Review, and Anal-
ysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development (PARAKH).
• PARAKH is a standard-setting body under NCERT, aims to measure various as-
pects of a child’s progress beyond just academic performance.

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• H PC adopts a holistic approach towards assessing students departing from marks or grades.
• It evaluates students’ progress in interpersonal relationships, self-reflection, creativi-
ty, and emotional application in classrooms, in addition to academic performance.
• The assessment is designed for the foundational stage (Classes 1 and 2), preparatory stage (Classes 3 to 5),
and middle stage (Classes 6 to 8) as per the suggestions of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
• Parents’ input is also integrated into the assessment process, ensuring a well-round-
ed evaluation of students’ learning experiences both at school and at home.
• The HPC aligns with the directives of the NEP 2020 and the National Curricu-
lum Framework for School Education (NCF SE) introduced in 2023.
• It prioritizes the evaluation of higher-order skills such as critical thinking and conceptual clarity, as advocated by the NEP.
Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc

26. Primary Health Centers (PHCs) in India:

• P HCs have historically been associated with systemic shortcomings, but they serve as vi-
tal pillars in delivering comprehensive healthcare services to the populace.
• PHCs, also known as Public HCs, were conceptualized by the Bhore Committee in 1946 as ba-
sic health units to offer integrated curative and preventive healthcare to rural communities.
• The idea gained traction internationally, leading to the establishment of In-
dia’s first PHC in 1975, following a proposal to the WHOs Executive Board.
• Further impetus was provided by the International Conference on PHC in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan, in 1978.
• PHCs serve as the cornerstone of India’s healthcare system, staffed by Medical Officers with MBBS degrees.
• India’s extensive public health infrastructure comprises 23,391 PHCs and 145,894
sub-centers, catering to a significant portion of the population.
• These centers offer a wide range of outpatient services, covering non-com-
municable diseases, maternal health, and child health.
• The Ayushman Bharat program has transformed PHCs into Ayushman Bharat
Health and Wellness Centers, expanding their service offerings.
Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

27. Sabari K-Rice:

•  erala is introducing ‘Sabari K-Rice’ as a response to Union government’s ‘Bharat Rice’
K
•  ims to offer good quality rice at affordable rates, an alternative to subsidized rice scheme.
A
•  vailable through Supplyco outlets alongside existing subsidized rice supply.
A
•  -Rice provides high-quality varieties at subsidized rates, contrasting with Bharat Rice.
K
• B
 harat Rice is the retail sale by Food Corporation of India (FCI) at subsidized price.
•  ims to stabilize markets and ensure affordability.
A
•  vailable in 5kg and 10kg packs at ₹29/kg.
A
•  istributed through cooperatives like NAFED and NCCF.
D
•  lso available from mobile vans and physical outlets of cooperative agencies.
A
• B
 harat Atta (wheat flour) at 27.50/kg in 5kg and 10kg packs.
•  harat Dal (chana dal / Chickpea) at Rs. 60/kg for 1kg pack and Rs. 55/kg for 30kg pack.
B
Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc

28. Centre extends Ujjwala Subsidy:

• T he Union Cabinet has extended the subsidy of Rs 300 per 14.2-kg cylinder under the Pradhan Man-
tri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) until the end of 2024-25, allowing for up to 12 refills per year.
• Launched in May 2016 by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, PMUY aimed to provide clean cook-
ing fuel like LPG to rural and deprived households, replacing traditional fuels like firewood and coal.
• U jjwala 2.0, the second phase of PMUY, introduced special provisions for migrant families to ob-
tain new connections using Self-Declaration instead of Proof of Address and Ration Card.
• B eneficiaries receive Rs. 1600 for a 14.2kg cylinder connection or 1150 for a 5kg cylinder, along with a subsi-
dy of Rs 300 per 14.2 kg cylinder for up to 12 refills per year, credited directly to their bank accounts.
• A dditionally, beneficiaries receive the first LPG refill and stove free of cost from Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs).
• P hase-1 successfully achieved the target of 8 crore connections by September 2019.

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• P
 hase-2 (Ujjwala 2.0) was launched in August 2021, achieving the target of 1 crore additional connections by January 2022.
• Subsequently, the Government approved the release of 60 lakh more LPG connections un-
der Ujjwala 2.0, reaching a total of 1.60 crore connections by December 2022.
• An additional 75 lakh connections were approved, raising the overall target to 10.35
Crore, with 10.2 Crore connections achieved as of March 7, 2024.
Direct Benefits Transfers

29. UNNATI Scheme:

• T he Union Cabinet has given its approval to the Uttar Poorva Transformative Industrialization Scheme (UNNATI), 2024.
• It is designed to develop industries and create employment opportunities in the North-
east, with a focus on attracting new investments and nurturing existing ones.
• D PIIT will spearhead the implementation of the scheme in collabora-
tion with states, overseen by national and state-level committees.
• T he scheme targets industries such as renewable energy and Electric Vehicle (EV) charging sta-
tions while discouraging environmentally harmful sectors like cement and plastic.
• I t aims to commence production or operation in all eligible industrial units within 4 years from the grant of registration.
• E ffective from the date of Notification until 31.03.2034, UNNATI 2024 entails 8 years of committed liabilities.
• D istricts are classified into Zone A (Industrially Advanced) and Zone B (Industrially Backward) for incentive purposes.
• 6 0% of the Part A outlay is earmarked for the 8 North Eastern states, with the re-
maining 40% allocated based on a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) basis.
• U NNATI 2024 offers various incentives to investors such as- Capital Investment Incentive, Central Capital Interest
Subvention, and Manufacturing & Services linked incentive (MSLI) for new units linked to Net Payment of GST.
North-East India – Security and Developmental Issues

30. OTT Platform Regulations:

• I nformation & Broadcasting Ministry blocked 18 OTT platforms for publishing obscene and vulgar content.
• Violation of Section 67 and 67A of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
• Breach of Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code.
• Contravention of Section 4 of the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.
• Platforms found spreading obscenity, vulgarity, and abuse under the pretext of creative expression.
• Regulatory Framework: Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.
• Key Provisions include Content categorization, parental controls, adherence to journalistic norms.
• Establishment of a grievance redressal mechanism.
• Age-Based Classification: Content categorized into age groups: U, 7+, 13+, 16+, A.
• Parental Locks: Mandatory for content 13+ to control access classified as.
• Age Verification: Robust systems for accessing adult content.
• Three-Tier System: Level-I: Self-regulation by publishers; Level-II: Oversight by a self-reg-
ulating body headed by a retired judge; Level-III: Ministry of Information and Broadcast-
ing oversees an inter-departmental committee for grievance resolution.
Social Media: Prospect and Challenges

31. ULLAS Initiative:

• D epartment of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education conducted FLNAT under ULLAS Initiative.
• Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) is a nationwide test un-
der ULLAS, assessing literacy and numeracy of non-literate learners aged 15+.
• Covers Reading, Writing, and Numeracy, in all districts of participating states/UTs.
• Evaluates teaching impact and promotes literacy aligned with NEP 2020’s multilingualism focus.
• Qualifying learners get certificates from NIOS.
• Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society (ULLAS) aims to bridge literacy gaps among individuals aged 15+.
• Aims for personal and national development through lifelong learning.
• ULLAS App on DIKSHA portal offers learning resources.
• Promotes continuous learning at all life stages.

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• I t recognizes participants with certificates, appreciation letters, and felicitation ceremonies.

Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc

32. Government e Marketplace (GeM):

•  eM portal encourages start-ups & micro enterprises to register as sellers.
G
• Launched in 2016 by Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Developed by Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals.
• Aims to enhance transparency, efficiency, and speed in procurement.
• Completely paperless, cashless, and system-driven marketplace.
• Tools include e-bidding, reverse e-auction, and demand aggregation.
• Purchases via GeM made mandatory by Ministry of Finance.
• GeM introduces outlet stores like SARAS, Ajeevika, etc.
• Bamboo Market Window introduced in collaboration with National Bamboo Mission.
• Since 2020, sellers must specify country of origin for goods.
Digital India Initiatives

33. Fact Check Unit (FCU):

•  EIY designates PIB’s Fact Check Unit (FCU) to flag misinformation about Central govt. to social media.
M
• PIB is the principal mouthpiece of GOI.
• Ministry of Information and Broadcasting disseminates govt. info under GoI Rules, 1961.
• Publicizes govt. policies, schemes, etc. through press releases, conferences, etc.
• FCU’s mandate from IT Rules, 2021, for social media liability.
• Unit verifies claims for correctness about govt. policies, regulations, etc.
• PIB Fact Check Unit dispels myths, provides accurate info.
• FCU led by senior DG/ADG of Indian Information Service, supervised by PIB’s Principal Director General.
• Mandate includes verifying govt. claims through rigorous process.
• Unit reports to PIB’s Principal Director General.
• Users submit queries via WhatsApp, email, or web portal.
• Actionable queries undergo thorough verification using official sources.
• Verified info categorized as Fake, Misleading, or True, and published on social media.
Freedom of Speech – Defamation, Sedition, etc.

34. BhashaNet Portal:

•  IXI launches BhashaNet portal for Universal Acceptance
N
• Universal Acceptance: Principle of treating all domain names and email addresses equally.
• BhashaNet Portal is a digital platform by NIXI promoting Universal Acceptance.
• Focuses on enabling participation in digital world irrespective of language/script.
• Provides resources for integrating diverse languages/scripts
• It seeks to enable multilingual internet for seamless use of local language websites and email IDs.
• Promote digital inclusivity by addressing linguistic barriers.
• NIXI was established on June 19, 2003, under MeitY.
• Not-for-profit organization enhancing internet penetration and adoption in India.
• Facilitates internet ecosystem accessibility and utilization.
• Services include Internet Exchange Points, managing .IN Registry, pro-
moting IPv4/IPv6 adoption, offering data center services.
Digital India Initiatives

35. FCRA Registration of NGOs:

•  inistry of Home Affairs extended validity of FCRA registered NGOs until June 30.
M
• Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) regulates foreign donations to ensure internal security.
• First enacted in 1976, amended in 2010 to regulate foreign donations.
• Applicable to associations, groups, and NGOs receiving foreign donations.

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•  andatory registration for NGOs receiving foreign contributions.

M
• Initial registration valid for 5 years, renewable if norms complied with.
• Foreign contributions include articles, currency, securities from foreign sources.
• Donors include governments, international agencies, foreign companies, trusts, corporations, foreign citizens.
• Certain agencies like UN, World Bank, IMF are EXEMPTED from definition of foreign donors.
• Foreign donations not permitted for election candidates, newspaper editors, judg-
es, government employees, political parties, legislature members.
• September 2020 amendment introduced new restrictions:
• C apping administrative expenses of NGOs at 20% of foreign donations.
• Requirement for SBI account in Delhi
• Prohibition of transfer of FCRA grants to other outfits.
• MHA empowered to cancel FCRA
• Political parties allowed to accept foreign aid through Indian subsidiaries.
• Government may suspend registration for up to 180 days.
• Aadhar mandatory for office bearers, directors, key functionaries.
NGOs vs. GoI: The Conflicts and Scrutinies

POLITY
36. Legislators Immunity against Criminal Prosecution:
• O verturned a 25-year-old majority opinion in the P V Narasimha Rao v
State (CBI/Spe) Case, 1998, known as the JMM bribery case.
• Stated that parliamentary privileges do not protect lawmakers who accept bribes.
• P V Narasimha Rao Case (1998): In the 1993 case, JMM members were accused of ac-
cepting bribes to vote against a No-Confidence motion.
• H ighlighted corruption within the parliamentary system.
• E stablished immunity for MPs from prosecution in bribery cases if they fulfilled their end of the bargain.
• R ecent Observation overturned the 1998 verdict, emphasizing the detrimental impact of bribery on democratic principles.
• H ighlighted that accepting a bribe is a separate criminal act unrelated to lawmakers’ core duties.
• C onstitutional Immunity provided under Articles 105 and 194 does not extend to cases of bribery.
• P arliamentary Privileges are defined in Article 105 of the Indian Constitution.
• I ndividual Privileges include Freedom of speech, immunity from civil liability for statements made in Parliament, etc.
• C ollective House Privileges: Right to receive immediate intimation of a Mem-
ber’s arrest, immunity from arrest within the precincts of the House, etc.
Corruption Challenges – Lokpal, POCA, etc

37. Shanan Hydropower Project:

•  entre orders maintenance of status quo on Shanan hydropower project amid Punjab-Himachal Pradesh
C
• British-era 110-MW hydel project, source of contention between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
• Located on Uhl, a tributary of Beas River, in Himachal Pradesh.
• Controlled by Punjab Power Corporation Limited (PSPCL), generating Rs 200 crore annually.
• It was originally leased to Punjab in 1925 for 99 years, signed by Raja Joginder Bahadur and Col BC Batty.
• Lease expired on March 2, 2024, sparking disputes over project ownership.
• Himachal Pradesh asserts control post-lease expiry, challenging Punjab’s claim.
• Punjab filed original suit under Article 131 of Constitution in Supreme Court.
• Article 131 deals with original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in a dispute between
the Centre and one or more states or a dispute between two or more states.

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• P unjab claimed rightful ownership and lawful possession of the power plant.
• It seeks a permanent prohibitory injunction against Himachal Pradesh’s interference.
Interstate River Water Dispute

38. India’s Bail System:

• S upreme Court’s acknowledgment in Satender Kumar Antil vs Central Bureau Of Investigation, 2022, un-
derscores issues with India’s bail system, contributing to the crisis of undertrial incarceration.
• Bail is the conditional release of a defendant with the promise to appear in court or a security deposit.
• Types of Bail: (1) Regular bail: Granted under section 437 and 439 of CrPC to those in police cus-
tody; (2) Interim bail: Short-term bail before regular or anticipatory bail hearing; (3) Anticipato-
ry bail: Granted under section 438 of CrPC to avoid potential arrest for non-bailable offenses.
• S ection 436 allows bail if there’s doubt about the accused’s guilt, need for fur-
ther inquiry, and the offence isn’t punishable by severe penalties.
• B ail for Non-Bailable Offences: Section 437 outlines conditions for bail, including con-
siderations like the accused’s health, evidence, and delays in filing FIRs.
• O ver 75% of India’s prison population consists of undertrials, revealing systemic issues with the bail system.
• C JI noted a trend of trial judges hesitating to grant bail, leading to a default of incarceration.
Judicial Reforms

39. Sudha Murthy nominated to Rajya Sabha:

• R enowned author and philanthropist Sudha Murthy has been nominated to the Ra-
jya Sabha by the President of India on International Women’s Day.
• This nomination power is vested in the President by the Fourth Schedule un-
der Articles 4(1) and 80(2) of the Constitution of India.
• The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha for a 6-year term.
• Nominees are chosen based on their expertise and practical experi-
ence in areas like literature, science, art, and social service.
• Nominated members possess the same powers, privileges, and immunities as elect-
ed Members of Parliament and participate fully in the proceedings of the House.
• A rticle 80(1)(a) empowers the President to nominate members to the Rajya Sabha under Article 80(3).
• A rticle 80(3) specifies that nominated members must have special knowledge or prac-
tical experience in fields such as literature, science, art, or social service.
• N ominated members enjoy all privileges and immunities available to elected MPs and participate in House proceedings.
• H owever, they are NOT entitled to vote in the election of the President of In-
dia, though they retain the right to vote in the vice presidential election.
• A ccording to Article 99 of the Constitution, a nominated member has six months to decide whether to join a political party.
Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

40. Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) Rules:

• C entre notified rules for CAA, 2019, enabling its implementation after over four years since parliamentary passage.
• Application process under Section 6B of Citizenship Act, 1955
• Applicants required to prove country of origin, religion, date of entry into In-
dia, and knowledge of Indian language for citizenship eligibility.
• Relaxed document requirements for proof of origin and entry into India.
• Ministry of Home Affairs assigns citizenship processing under CAA to Postal department and Census officials.
• Background checks conducted by Central security agencies like Intelligence Bureau.
• Final decisions made by empowered committees led by Director (Census Operations) in each State.
• C itizenship Amendment Act, 2019 grants citizenship to migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Af-
ghanistan belonging to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian communities.
• A ccelerated citizenship for migrants who entered India on 31st December 2014, facing religious persecution.
• E xempts specified communities from certain criminal cases under Foreigners Act and Passport Act.
• R educes residency requirement for citizenship by naturalization from 11
years to 6 years for specified communities and countries.

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• E xcludes regions under Sixth Schedule of Indian Constitution and areas with Inner Line Permit (ILP) sys-
tem from CAA provisions to protect tribal and indigenous communities in North-Eastern region.
Citizenship and Related Issues

41. Kovind Panel Report on Simultaneous Elections:

• H igh-level Committee on Simultaneous Elections, chaired by former President Shri Ram Nath Kov-
ind, proposed simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha, state Assemblies, and local bodies in India.
• C ommittee’s report, submitted to President Droupadi Murmu, outlines recom-
mendations and constitutional amendments for this reform.
• A mendment to Article 82A empowers the President to designate an “Appointed Date” for simultaneous elections.
• F irst simultaneous elections could occur after 2024 or 2029 Lok Sabha polls, depending on government preference.
• S tates with elections due between June 2024 and May 2029 would synchronize their terms with the Parliament.
• F resh elections for remaining term suggested in case of premature dissolution to maintain synchronicity.
• P arliament advised to enact legislation, possibly through Article 324A, for syn-
chronization of local body elections with General Elections.
• A mendment to Article 325 enables Election Commission of India (ECI) to prepare a sin-
gle electoral roll and Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC) for all tiers of government.
• E CI to submit detailed requirements and expenditure estimates for simultaneous elections.
• E CI and SECs urged to develop comprehensive plans covering equip-
ment needs, personnel deployment, and security measures.
• E mphasizes certainty in governance for effective decision-making and sustained development.
Electoral Reforms In India

42. Model Code of Conduct:

• E lection Commission announced Lok Sabha election dates, enforcing Model Code of Conduct (MCC) until results.
• MCC is a set of guidelines published by the Election Commission of In-
dia (ECI) for conduct during the election campaign and polling.
• MCC introduced in 1960 Kerala Assembly elections; comprehensive in 1979.
• MCC isn’t statutory but influences conduct; certain violations are electoral offenses.
• Applies to all elections until results, including Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and Councils.
• Obligations extend to political parties, candidates, supportive organizations, and government-funded entities.
• Enforcement involves shifting officers and appointing EC officials to monitor compliance.
• Guidelines for parties include campaigning restrictions, speech limitations, and maintaining social harmony.
• Governments need EC approval for policy announcements during MCC, ensuring a level-playing field.
• Poll manifestos must align with constitutional ideals and avoid promises during the MCC period.
• Violation complaints should be addressed to EC, Returning Officer, or local magistrates for strict compliance.
• MCC is NOT a statutory document and NOT enforceable by Parliament laws.
• Exceptions include actions listed as electoral offenses and corrupt practices un-
der the Indian Penal Code and the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• MCC comes into force immediately after election schedule announcement and remain in force until results are announced.
Electoral Reforms In India

43. Postal Ballot Voting:

• M edia persons covering “polling day activities” are now eligible to vote in upcom-
ing Lok Sabha elections 2024 and state Assembly polls through postal ballots.
• Postal ballots, also known as mail-in ballots, allow ‘applicant registered vot-
ers’ to vote by mail instead of going to a polling station.
• G overned by Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, it offers convenience for vot-
ers unable to vote in person due to various reasons.
• E ligible electors for postal ballots include: President, Vice President, Gover-
nors, Union Cabinet ministers, Speaker, government officers on poll duty.
• S ervice voters: Armed forces, paramilitary forces, and government employees on election duty far from home.
• A bsentee voters: Individuals unable to vote in person due to work, illness, disability, or age (above 80 years).
• Electors on election duty, under preventive detention, and Divyangjans (PwDs).

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•  pplying for postal ballot: Eligible voters must apply using Form 12 D to the returning officer (RO) of their constituency.
A
• For service voters, postal ballot papers are sent through the record office or Ministry of External Affairs.
• For senior citizens, a team visits their residence to facilitate the process.
• Counted separately, collected by postal authorities on counting day, scrutinized for validi-
ty by RO and election officials, and added to respective candidate’s vote count.
Electoral Reforms In India

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
44. Second Thomas Shoal:
• R ecently, Philippines and China Coast Guard vessels collided near the Sec-
ond Thomas Shoal of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.
• L ocated approximately 105 nautical miles (195 km) west of Palawan, Philippines.
• L ies within the Philippines’ EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone).
• P art of the Spratly Islands, subject to overlapping territorial claims by multiple countries.
• S ituated in the South China Sea, a major maritime trade route rich in natural resources.
• D ispute over territory and sovereignty over ocean areas, including the Paracels and the Spratlys.
• I nvolves competing claims by China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Brunei.
• I ncludes various features like islands, rocky outcrops, atolls, sandbanks, and reefs.
• C hina claims the largest portion of territory based on the “nine-dash line,” stretching south and east from Hainan province.
• C laims trace back centuries, asserting historical ties to the Paracel and Spratly island chains.
Contention over South China Seas

45. WTO’s th Ministerial Conference:

• T he 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) was con-
vened in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, from February 26 to March 2.
• The conference aimed to review the functionality of the multilateral trading sys-
tem, take action on the future work of the WTO, and chart its future course.
• A t MC13, several decisions were made, including renewing the commitment to have a fully func-
tioning dispute settlement system by 2024 and improving the utilization of special and differen-
tial treatment (S&DT) provisions for developing and least developed countries (LDCs).
• N otably, consensus was reached on an agriculture text for the first time, a sig-
nificant achievement after over two decades of efforts.
• P rogress on a fisheries agreement is anticipated by mid-year.
• H owever, India expressed disappointment over the extension of the exemp-
tion from customs duties for e-commerce for at least two more years.
• V arious challenges to the multilateral trading order were highlighted, including inward-turn-
ing policies in developed economies and conflicts disrupting supply chains and trade flows.
• C oncerns raised about the need to avoid adopting a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to trade
norms, considering the differing levels of development among nations.
• I ndia focused on resolving concerns related to the public stockholding (PSH) program, essential for ensur-
ing food security, and proposed measures concerning fisheries subsidies and e-commerce customs duties.
WTO and India

46. Yaounde Declaration:

• H ealth ministers from 11 African nations sign Yaounde Declaration to combat malaria.
• Commitment to accelerate action to end malaria-related deaths.

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• S igned at Yaoundé conference, co-hosted by WHO and Cameroon.

• Conference attended by global malaria partners, funding agencies, scientists, and civil society.
• Signatory countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, DRC, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania.
• These countries bear 70% of global malaria burden.
• Region accounts for 95% of global malaria deaths.
• Commitment to provide leadership, increase domestic funding, invest in data technology.
• Apply latest technical guidance, enhance control efforts at national and sub-national levels.
• Increase health sector investments for infrastructure, personnel, and programme implementation.
• Enhance multi-sectoral collaboration and build partnerships for funding, research, and innovation.
Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc

47. Darien Gap:

•  ecent discussions on US illegal immigration shift south to Darien Gap.
R
• Spans northern Colombia and Southern Panama, covering 97 km of dense jungle.
• Located in narrowest part of Panama’s Isthmus, linking North and South America; Area covers about 41,440 square km.
• Terrain characterized by dense rainforests, swamps, rivers, and rugged mountains.
• Among the most biologically diverse regions globally.
• Habitat for various species like jaguars, pumas, tapirs, and diverse bird species.
• Panamanian government recorded 133,000 crossings in 2021, over half a million in 2023.
• Violence, insecurity, and limited legal immigration options drive migration.
• Journey undertaken by Venezuelans, Haitians, Afghans, among others.
Citizenship and Related Issues

48. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework

for Prosperity (IPEF):
• I ndia to participate under ‘Clean Energy Pillar’ of the US-led Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF).
• IPEF is a US-led initiative to enhance economic partnerships among Indo-Pa-
cific countries for resilience, sustainability, and competitiveness.
• Launched in 2021 with 12 initial partners representing 40% of the world GDP.
• Four Main “Pillars” of IPEF: Trade, Supply Chain Resilience, Clean Energy and Decarbonization, Fair Economy Agreement.
• C urrent members include 14 countries located in the Pacific Ocean, such as Aus-
tralia, Japan, South Korea, and the United States, along with India.
• IPEF doesn’t outline market access or tariff reductions but can lead to trade deals.
• It’s not a rigid arrangement; members are not obligated by all four pillars despite being signatories.
Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

49. UN General Assembly Resolutions:

• I ndia abstained from voting on a UN General Assembly draft resolution on Islamophobia by Pakistan and China.
• UNGA, founded in 1945, is the UN’s main policy-making organ.
• It discusses international issues covered by the UN Charter.
• UNGA focuses on peace, security, development, human rights, and international law.
• It comprises all Member States with equal voting rights.
• It elects non-permanent UNSC members and approves the UN budget.
• Observers, including international organizations and non-member states like EU and Palestine, participate with limitations.
• UNGA discusses political, economic, humanitarian, and legal matters.
• It sets international standards and promotes political cooperation.
• UNGA approves the UN budget, elects non-permanent UNSC members, and makes peace and security recommendations.
• Resolutions are adopted through voting, requiring a two-thirds majority.
• They influence customary international law and treaty interpretation.
• Resolutions can be binding, requiring action, or non-binding, carrying political weight.
Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

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50. Cost of Cross Border Remittances:

• I ndia is pursuing its proposal for lowering the cost of cross-border remittances at WTO.
• Remittances are financial transfers sent by migrant workers to families in home countries.
• Cost of remittances includes expenses incurred for international transfers.
• Cost components: Bank fees, intermediary fees, compliance fees, operational costs, FX rate margin.
• Emerging technologies like DeFi payment rails aim to reduce cross-border payment costs.
• WTO was established in 1995 to regulate international trade, replacing GATT.
• Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland; 164 members including India.
• Objectives: Formulate trade rules, negotiate liberalization, settle disputes, as-
sist developing countries, co-operate with economic institutions.
• Principles: Non-discrimination, most favored nation, national treatment, reci-
procity, predictability, transparency, development encouragement.
WTO and India

51. World Happiness Report, :

• I ndia ranked 126th out of 143 nations in World Happiness Report 2024.
• March 20 marks UN’s International Day of Happiness.
• An annual publication of UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
• Released in partnership by Gallup, Oxford Wellbeing Research Cen-
tre, UN SDSN, and World Happiness Report’s Editorial Board.
• Considers 6 key factors: social support, income, health, freedom, generosity, absence of corruption.
• Adopted by UN General Assembly based on resolution by Bhutan.
• Finland tops list for seventh successive year.
• Runner-ups: Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Australia.
• Bottom: Afghanistan ranks lowest.
• India is behind Pakistan, Libya, Iraq, Palestine, Niger.
• China (60th), Nepal (93), Pakistan (108), Myanmar (118), Sri Lanka (128), Bangladesh (129).
• Marital status, social engagement, physical health, satisfaction with living arrangements.
• Older Indian women report higher life satisfaction despite facing more stressors, health challenges.
Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

52. ITU Digital Innovation Board:

•  eeraj Mittal, Secretary of DoT, GOI, unanimously elected as co-chair of ITU Digital Innovation Board.
N
• ITU Digital Innovation Board was established under Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance for Digital Development.
• Comprises Ministers and Vice Ministers of Telecom/ICT of 23 Member Countries.
• Provides strategic guidance, expertise, advocacy for building critical local enablers.
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance responds to significant unmet needs of ITU Membership in innovation.
• Based on Kigali Action Plan (WTDC-22) and Outcomes of ITU Plenipotentiary Conference 2022 (PP-22).
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is specialized agency of UN responsible for ICT issues.
• Established in 1865 as International Telegraph Union, renamed in 1932.
• Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Functions include allocating global radio spectrum, developing technical standards, improving ICT access.
• ITU has 193 member states and over 900 private sector
• India active member since 1869, regular member of ITU Council since 1952.
Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

53. Hambantota Seaport:

•  hina pledges to develop strategic Hambantota Seaport and capital’s airport.
C
• Also known as Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port, it’s a deep-sea port on Sri Lanka’s southern coast.
• Strategically located along major international shipping routes, connecting Asia with Africa and Europe.
• Construction began in 2007, completed in phases by November 2010.

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• I n a controversial move in 2017, Sri Lanka signed an agreement leasing 70%

stake to a Chinese state-owned enterprise for 99 years.
• C rucial for China’s Belt and Road initiative (BRI), connecting ports and roadways from China to Europe.
• BRI aims to establish a network of harbors worldwide, positioning China as a maritime superpower.
• Forms part of China’s ‘String of Pearls’ strategy, potentially encircling India and accommodating military vessels.
OBOR Initiative

SECURITY ISSUES
54. Grey Zone Warfare:
• R aisina Dialogue 2024 discussion involved military leaders, including India’s Chief of De-
fence Staff. They discussed the rise of grey-zone warfare.
• G rey-zone warfare involves actions below the threshold of convention-
al war, focusing on ambiguity, deniability, and coercion.
• Tactics include cyberattacks, economic coercion, and proxy conflicts, avoiding direct engagement in open warfare.
• It blurs the lines between peace and conflict, posing significant security and stability challenges.
• Examples: South China Sea Disputes, Taiwan Strait Tensions, US-China Economic Rivalry.
Indian Army Updates

55. Non-Lapsable Defence Modernization Fund:

• G overnment abandons plan citing drawbacks on parliamentary scrutiny and accountability.
• Non-lapsable funds don’t expire, can be carried over if unused, often ear-
marked for specific purposes (e.g., funds raised through cesses).
• I t was proposed by 15th Finance Commission for Defence and Internal Security (MFDIS) to address budget disparity.
• In 2021, government placed action-taken report in Parliament, agreeing “in-principle” to create the fund in Public Account.
• D efense budget is assigned annually, with unspent funds reverting to consolidated fund, hindering future needs.
• N on-lapsable Defense Modernization Fund (DMF) would allow services to retain unspent allocations.
• R easons for abandonment: Only funds raised through specific cesses are traditionally non-lapsable.
• D eferring allocations contradicts principles of parliamentary financial accountability.
• G overnment plans separate arrangement for “Non-lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund.”
Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

56. INS Jatayu base in Minicoy Island:

• T he Indian Navy is set to commission Naval Detachment Minicoy as INS Ja-
tayu on 06 Mar 2024, with the Chief of the Naval Staff in attendance.
• INS Jatayu will be the second Naval base in Lakshadweep, following INS Dweeprakshak in Kavaratti.
• It signifies a commitment to capacity building and comprehensive development of the island territories.
• Minicoy Island, the southernmost island of Lakshadweep, occupies a strate-
gic position along the Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs).
• N aval Detachment Minicoy, operational since the early 1980s under the Naval Of-
ficer-in-Charge (Lakshadweep), will now be upgraded to INS Jatayu.
• I NS Jatayu will extend the operational reach of the Indian Navy, particularly in conduct-
ing Anti-Piracy and Anti-Narcotics Operations in the Western Arabian Sea.
• A dditionally, it will enhance the Navy’s role as the first responder in the region and im-
prove connectivity with the mainland, furthering maritime security objectives.
Indian Navy Updates

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57. Mission Divyastra:

• I ndia announces successful testing of an Agni-5 missile with MIRV technology capa-
ble of carrying multiple warheads to hit multiple targets simultaneously.
• PM Modi announces success of Mission Divyastra, highlighting the technol-
ogy’s capability to deploy multiple warheads accurately.
• Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology enables a sin-
gle missile to target multiple targets hundreds of kilometers apart.
• Possessed by countries like the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom.
• Originally developed in the early 1960s to enhance missile capability by car-
rying multiple nuclear warheads for striking different targets.
• D eveloped by the United States in the 1970s for Intercontinental Ballistic Mis-
siles (ICBMs) and later for Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs).
• A llows release of multiple warheads at different speeds and directions, enhancing missile’s destructive potential.
• R equires complex mechanisms for accurate guidance and sequential release of warheads during flight.
• A gni missiles integral to India’s counter second-strike capability, particularly against China.
• C onsists of short to long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiles with solid propulsion
• D eveloped as part of India’s Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) initiated in 1983.
• A gni missiles evolved over the years, with variants including Agni I, II, III,
IV, and V, each with different ranges and capabilities.
• A gni-5, the latest variant, equipped with MIRV technology, capable of carrying nuclear warheads over 5,000 km.
• D eveloped indigenously by DRDO, Agni-5’s maiden flight test conducted in April 2012.
• A imed primarily at addressing challenges from China, Agni-5 uses a three-stage sol-
id-fueled engine and covers most parts of China with its range.
Indian Missile Program Updates

58. India world’s top arms importer from -:

• I ndia leads global arms imports for 2019-2023, with a 7% increase from 2014-2018.
• Russia remains top supplier, comprising 36% of imports, followed by France (33%) and the US (13%).
• Asia and Middle East dominate arms imports.
• Nine of top ten importers from these regions, including India, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar.
• Notable 94% rise attributed to Ukraine conflict.
• European countries imported 55% of arms from US in 2019-2023, up from 35% in 2014-2018.
• US exports increased by 17%, making it top global supplier.
• France became second-largest supplier, with exports growing by 47%.
• SIPRI Overview: Independent international institute based in Stockholm, Sweden.
• Focuses on researching conflict, armaments, arms control, and disarmament.
• Established in 1966 with vision of identifying and resolving sources of insecurity to sustain peace.
Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

59. AH-E Apache Attack Helicopters:

• I ndian Army Aviation Corps inaugurated its first unit of AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters at Jodhpur Air Base.
• Widely recognized as the world’s most advanced multi-role combat helicopter, also known as ‘Apache Guardian’.
• Originates from the United States and manufactured by Boeing.
• India sealed a deal in February 2020 for the acquisition of 6 AH-64E for the
Army, with an additional 6 helicopters contracted subsequently.
• Acquired by several countries including India, Egypt, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, South Ko-
rea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, UAE, and the UK.
• T  ata Boeing Aerospace Limited (TBAL), a joint venture between Boeing and Tata Advanced Sys-
tems Ltd. (TASL), established in 2016 to manufacture fuselages for the AH-64 Apache.
• T  BAL’s Hyderabad facility has been delivering AH-64 Apache fuselages since 2018.
• A  dvanced manufacturing facility to become the sole producer of AH-64 fuselag-
es globally, with 90% of parts sourced from Indian suppliers.

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• E ngineered with an open systems architecture for integrating cutting-edge com-

munications, navigation, sensor, and weapon systems.
• B oasts enhanced thrust and lift capabilities, joint digital interoperabili-
ty, improved survivability, and cognitive decision aiding.
• Incorporates a new integrated infrared laser for simplified target designation and up-
graded infrared imagery blending infrared with night vision capabilities.
Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc

60. Exercise Tiger Triumph-:

•  ilateral tri-service ‘Exercise Tiger Triumph– 24’ between India and US set from March 18 to 31.
B
• Aims to enhance interoperability for Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.
• Conducted since 2019; the second edition was in 2022.
• Focuses on refining SOPs for smooth coordination during HADR operations.
• Participants: Indian Navy, Army, Air Force, and Rapid Action Medi-
cal Team; US Navy with troops from Marine Corps and Army.
• Major Defence Exercises between India and US include: Yudh Abhyas: Indian and US
Armies enhance cooperation in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency.
• Malabar Exercise: Trilateral naval drill with US, India, and Japan, focusing on maritime security and disaster response.
• Cope India: Indian and US Air Forces improve interoperability in aerial combat tactics.
• Vajra Prahar: Special Forces exercise focusing on counterterrorism and hostage rescue.
• Red Flag Exercise: Hosted by US Air Force, includes Indian Air Force for advanced aerial combat training.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts

61. Exercise IMT TRILAT- :

• I NS Tir and INS Sujata to partake in the second edition of India-Mozambique-Tanzania (IMT) Tri-Lateral Exercise.
• Biennial exercise involving navies of India, Mozambique, and Tanzania.
• First edition occurred in October 2022.
• Aims to bolster India’s maritime security commitment in the Indian Ocean Region.
• Intends to build mutual trust and understanding among naval forces.
• Harbour Phase: Includes joint training like Damage Control, Fire Fighting, Visit Board Search and Sei-
zure procedures, Medical Lectures, Casualty Evacuation, and Diving operations.
• Sea Phase: Focuses on countering asymmetric threats, Visit Board Search and Seizure pro-
cedures, boat handling, manoeuvres, firing exercises, and joint EEZ surveillance.
Indian Navy Updates

ENVIRO & BIODIVERSITY

62. Insights from UNEA-:
• H eld at UNEP headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya.
• Focused on multilateralism in addressing climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.
• United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) is the highest-level deci-
sion-making body on environmental matters in the UN.
• It was founded in 2012 during Rio+20.
• Its summit convenes biennially in Nairobi.
• Membership includes 193 UN Member States and observer representatives.
• UNEA-6: Theme and Focus: Effective, inclusive, and sustainable multilateral actions; Fo-
cus- Planning multilateralism’s role in shaping global environmental policy.

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• E mphasized need for increased renewable energy capacity by 2030.

• Working on globally acceptable renewable energy standards.
• Urged for a legally binding treaty on plastic pollution.
• Explored reforestation and land restoration for climate and biodiversity.
• Addressed inadequate funding for nature-based solutions, stressing increased investment.
Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

63. Novel Behaviour of Elephants:

• E xplores peri-mortem and post-mortem strategies in human-dominated areas.
• India hosts largest population of wild Asian Elephant.
• Around 29,964 individuals, 60% of global population (2017 census); Leading States: Karnataka, Assam, Kerala.
• Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Endangered; CMS: Appendix I; Wild-
life (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I; CITES: Appendix I.
• Project Elephant launched in 1992.
• Population increase from 25,000 (1992) to 30,000 (2021).
• Establishment of 33 Elephant Reserves covering 80,777 Sq.km.
• Elephants carry carcasses before burying in ‘legs upright’ position.
• Herds exhibit avoidance behavior around calf carcass burial sites.
• C alves buried in tea estate irrigation drains.
• Strategic decision-making in limited spatial conditions.
• Rapid environmental changes drive elephants to human-dominated ar-
eas; Novel behaviors emerge due to habitat destruction.
• F amily units, clans, led by senior matriarch.
• D  isplay empathy, mourn their dead.
• A  ssist in raising young, help wounded elephants.
• D  istinct personalities influencing interactions.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts

64. Rise in populations of Hangul (Kashmir Stag):

• H angul deer in Dachigam National Park show strong breeding season, indicating optimis-
tic future with population potentially exceeding 300 for the first time in 30 years.
• Endangered subspecies of Central Asian red deer, native to Kashmir region.
• Found in dense riverine forests of Jammu and Kashmir, particularly in Dachigam National Park.
• Conservation Status: IUCN: Critically Endangered, CITES: Appendix I, WPA: Schedule I.
• Key Facts about Dachigam National Park: Features deep valleys, rocky outcrops, steep slopes, and alpine pastures.
• Altitude ranges from 1600m to 4200m, divided into upper and lower regions.
• Flora includes diverse trees like Wild Cherry, Pear, Walnut, and various species of oak and pine.
• Fauna includes Hangul, Musk deer, Brown Bear, Leopards, and wild goats like the markhor and ibex.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts

65. National Dolphin Research Centre, Patna:

• I nauguration of India’s first NDRC in Patna, Bihar, marks a milestone in Gangetic Dolphin conservation.
• Situated strategically near the Ganga River, NDRC aims to spearhead comprehensive research on Gangetic dolphins.
• Bihar, housing around half of India’s estimated 3,000 Gangetic dolphins, selected as the NDRC’s site.
• Discovered in 1801, historically inhabits major river systems in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
• Recent studies reveal presence in Ganga Basin’s mainstream and tributaries like Ghagra, Kosi, and Chambal.
• Known as “Tiger of the Ganges,” essentially blind, hunts using ultrasonic sounds.
• Females’ larger, give birth every 2-3 years; indicator of river ecosystem health.
• Faces threats like unintentional killing in fishing gear, poaching, and habitat destruction.
• Protections: IUCN: Endangered, CITES: Appendix I, CMS: Appendix I, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I.

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• P
 roject Dolphin (2020), Vikramshila Ganges Dolphin Sanctuary, and National Ganga Riv-
er Dolphin Day demonstrate efforts towards Gangetic Dolphin conservation.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts

66. Anthropocene Epoch:

• S cientists have voted against the proposal to declare a new geological epoch called the Anthro-
pocene, which would reflect the profound alteration of the planet due to human activity.
• T he Anthropocene is an unofficial unit of geologic time, describing the period in Earth’s histo-
ry when human activity began significantly impacting the planet’s climate and ecosystems.
• C oined by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000, the term de-
rives from the Greek words anthropo, meaning “man,” and cene, meaning “new.”
• V arious phenomena associated with the Anthropocene include global warming, sea-level rise, ocean acid-
ification, soil erosion, heat waves, biosphere deterioration, and other environmental changes.
• E arth’s history is divided into eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages based on rock lay-
ers and fossils found within them, a field known as stratigraphy.
• T he current epoch- Holocene, began 11,700 years ago after the last major ice age.
• S cientists continue to debate whether the Anthropocene differs significantly from the Holocene.
• T he term Anthropocene has NOT been formally adopted by the Internation-
al Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), which names and defines epochs.
• T he key question for the IUGS is whether human-induced changes to the Earth system are evident in
the rock strata, a factor determining the formal declaration of the Anthropocene as an epoch.
Global Geological And Climatic Events

67. Meghalaya’s Byrnihat Most Polluted ‘City’ in India:

• C entre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) is a nonprof-
it think tank focused on researching energy and air pollution.
• F ounded and registered in Helsinki, Finland, in 2019, it has staff across Asia and Europe.
• B yrnihat, an industrial town situated on the Assam-Meghalaya border, emerged as the most polluted city in India.
• I n February 2024, 160 out of 253 cities recorded PM2.5 levels below In-
dia’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
• G overnment-notified standards for 12 pollutants since 2009 to safe-
guard public health and the environment from air pollution.
• S et by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to regulate pollutants like 5, PM10, SO2, NO2, ozone, lead, CO, etc.
• O bjectives include indicating safe air quality levels, prioritizing pollution control ef-
forts, and providing uniform yardsticks for national air quality assessment.
• O nly one city met the WHO criteria guidelines for PM2.5.
• B yrnihat, Araria (Bihar), Hapur (Uttar Pradesh), and Hanumangarh (Rajasthan) ranked among the most polluted cities.
• N ortheastern cities like Nalbari, Agartala, Guwahati, and Nagaon also fea-
tured among the most polluted, indicating high pollution levels in the region.
• S atna (Madhya Pradesh), Sivasagar (Assam), and Vijayapura (Karnataka) were reported as the cleanest cities in India.
Air Pollution

68. Rajasthan’s to classify ‘Orans’ as Deemed Forests:

• R ecent notification in Rajasthan raises fears among community dwell-
ers about losing access to forest produce and livelihoods.
• Proposal to classify Oran, Dev-vans, and Rundhs (sacred groves) as deemed for-
ests is causing concern, especially in western Rajasthan.
• Sacred groves in India are forest fragments protected by communities with religious significance.
• Typically dense with vegetation and situated near water sources, they sym-
bolize nature worship and support conservation efforts.
• Introduction of community reserves under the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002, pro-
vides government protection to community-held lands, including sacred groves.
• I ndian sacred groves are often linked with temples, monasteries, or pilgrimage sites.
• M entioned in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist texts, they hold cultural and religious importance.
• R eferences found in ancient texts like Vrukshayurveda and works of poets like Kalidasa.

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•  ctivities like hunting and logging are strictly prohibited.

A
• Some forms of forest usage like honey collection may be allowed
• Approximately 14,000 sacred groves reported across India, serving as reservoirs of rare fauna and flora.
• Believed to number as high as 100,000, they are known by different names in various states.
• C alled as– Sarna in Bihar, Dev Van in Himachal Pradesh, Devarakadu in Karnata-
ka, Kavu in Kerala, Dev in Madhya Pradesh, Devarahati or Devarai in Maharashtra, Law Kyn-
tang or Asong Khosi in Meghalaya, Kovil Kadu or Sarpa Kavu in Tamil Nadu.
Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc

69. Golden Langur:

• T he Primate Research Centre NE India (PRCNE), Assam Forest Department, conducted the latest sur-
vey estimating a population of around 7,396 Golden Langurs (Trachypithecus geei) in India.
• R ecognizable by their golden fur, from which they derive their name.
• F ur color varies with seasons, and young ones exhibit nearly pure white fur.
• C onfined to Assam, India, and neighboring Bhutan, where they reside throughout the year.
• T heir habitat is delineated by the foothills of Bhutan (north), Manas riv-
er (east), Sankosh river (west), and Brahmaputra river (south).
• G olden Langurs inhabit moist evergreen and tropical deciduous for-
ests, along with riverine areas and savannas in Assam and Bhutan.
• T hey predominantly dwell in the upper canopy of subtropical forests in the south and temperate forests in the north.
• F ound at elevations ranging from sea level in the south to up to 3000 m at the foothills of Bhutan in the north.
• C onservation Status: IUCN: Endangered; CITES: Appendix I; Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts

70. Popocatepetl Volcano:

•  opocatepetl, Mexico’s dangerous active volcano, erupted 13 times in the past day, sending ash and smoke skyward.
P
• Located in central Mexico, roughly 72 km southeast of Mexico City.
• Situated in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, in Central Mexico.
• Summit elevation about 5,426 meters above sea level, second-highest in Mexico.
• A stratovolcano known for its steep, conical shape formed by successive layers of ash, lava flows, and pyroclastic materials.
• Among Mexico’s most active volcanoes, with eruptions recorded since the 14th century.
• Eruptions feature andesitic to dacitic composition, with viscous lava flows and ex-
plosive events producing ash clouds, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.
Global Geological And Climatic Events

71. Global Methane Tracker, :

• M ethane emissions from fuel use in 2023 reached nearly record levels, totaling 120 million tonnes (Mt).
• GMT is an annual report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) based on the lat-
est data on methane emissions from the energy sector.
• I ncorporates new scientific studies, measurement campaigns, and satellite data.
• M ethane emissions from fuel use were close to record highs in 2023, with a small rise compared to 2022.
• B ioenergy caused an additional 10 million tons of emissions.
• A round 80 million tons of methane emissions came from just 10 countries, with the United States and
Russia leading in oil and gas emissions, and China leading in emissions from coal operations.
• D espite falling emissions in some regions, overall emissions remain too high to meet climate goals.
• T o limit warming to 5°C target as per the Paris Agreement, methane emis-
sions from fossil fuels must be slashed by 75% by 2030.
• A chieving this goal would require about $170 billion in spending, which is less than
5% of the income generated by the fossil fuel industry in 2023.
Air Pollution

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72. Atmospheric Research Testbed

in Central India (ART-CI):
•  inistry of Earth Sciences inaugurates Atmospheric Research Testbed-Central India (ART-CI) near Bhopal.
M
• ART serves as an open-field observational and analytical research
• It aims for calibrating and validating satellite-based observations for weather predictions.
• Studying ground weather conditions and weather systems like low-pressure areas and de-
pressions in the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon season.
• O  bserves temperature, wind speeds, and weather
• G  enerates high volumes of data for improving rainfall predictions.
• D  eveloped for Rs 125 crore by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, operat-
ed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
• P  hase I includes remote sensing-based and in-situ measurements with 25 meteorological instruments.
• P  hase II to deploy advanced instruments like radar wind profiler, radio-
sonde, and soil moisture/temperature measuring equipment.
• A  RT is located in the path of major rain-bearing synoptic systems.
• I deal for direct monitoring and tracking synoptic systems due to its pristine environment.
• M  onsoon Core Zone (MCZ) is a region from Gujarat to West Bengal, mostly rainfed, crucial for Indian agriculture.
• R  eceives significant rainfall during the southwest monsoon season, influencing Kharif cultivation.
• S outhwest monsoon contributes 70% of India’s annual average rainfall.
• K  harif cultivation, mainly in July and August, benefits from rain-bearing synoptic systems passing through the MCZ.
Monsoon Updates

73. Geo-Heritage Sites in India:

• P andavula Gutta, an ancient geological marvel predating the Himalayan hills, has
been officially designated as Telangana’s sole Geo-heritage site.
• Also the 165 million-year-old meteor Ramgarh Crater in Rajasthan was declared geo-heritage site.
• Geo-Heritage Sites are geological features of significant cultural or intrinsic impor-
tance, offering insights into Earth’s evolution or serving educational purposes.
• R ecognized and protected by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and respective State governments.
• I ndia has 34 National Geological Heritage Monument Sites, including land-
marks like Mawmluh Cave in Meghalaya and Majuli Island in Assam.
• A ims to promote geotourism, preserve unique geological formations, and enhance public geological literacy.
• P andavula Gutta is renowned for its rock art and geological significance.
• F eatures Paleolithic cave paintings depicting wildlife and symbols, dat-
ing back to habitation from the Mesolithic to medieval times.
• D iscovered in 1990, it is recognized as Telangana’s sole Geo-heritage site, predating even the Himalayan hills.
• R amgarh Crater is a meteor impact crater situated near the town of Ramgarh in Baran district, Rajasthan.
• I t is located in Lower Bhander Group of the Vindhyan Region.
• F ormed by a meteorite impact, it boasts a diameter of 3.2 km and an ele-
vation of over 200 meters above the surrounding terrain.
• D eclared a Conservation Reserve under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and a no-
tified wetland under Wetland (Conservation & Management) Rules, 2017.
Tourism Sector

74. Mission LiFE:

• R ecently, an EIACP Event (Environment Information, Awareness, Capacity Build-
ing, and Livelihood Programme) focused on ‘Mission LiFE’.
• Mission LiFE, or Lifestyle for Environment, is a global mass movement initiated by India for environmental protection.
• Inaugurated by PM Modi at COP26 in Glasgow, November 2021.
• Aims to mobilize one billion Indians and individuals worldwide for sustainable lifestyles.
• S erves as a platform to showcase global sustainable goals and climate actions.
• A ligns with the P3 model: Pro Planet People, fostering collective responsibility.

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• O perates based on principles of ‘Lifestyle of the planet, for the planet, and by the planet’.
• Mission LiFE adopts a three-pronged strategy: (1) Nudging individuals to practice simple, effective environment-friend-
ly actions daily (demand). (2) Enabling industries and markets to respond swiftly to changing demand (supply). (3)
Influencing government and industrial policy to support sustainable consumption and production (policy).
Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc

75. World Air Quality Report, :

• I ndia ranked third most polluted in 2023 by ‘World Air Quality Report 2023’ by IQAir.
• IQAir is Swiss company specializing in air quality tech.
• In 2022, India was eighth most polluted with PM2.5 concentration of 53.3 µg/m3.
• 42 Indian cities ranked among top 50 polluted globally.
• Ten of top 11 polluted cities worldwide are Indian.
• Begusarai saw PM2.5 rise from 19.7 to 118.9 µg/m3; Guwahati’s5 doubled from 51
to 105.4 µg/m3; Delhi’s PM2.5 increased from 89.1 to 92.7 µg/m3.
• Oceania has cleanest air in 2023.
• Top 5 polluted countries: Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Tajikistan, Burkina Faso.
• Only 7 countries met WHO PM2.5 guideline.
• Particulate matter (PM) is mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in air.
• PM categorized by size: PM10 and PM2.5.
• 5 can penetrate respiratory system, posing health risks.
• Linked to reduced lung function, aggravated asthma, heart attacks, strokes.
Air Pollution

76. State of the Climate Report, :

•  MO’s State of the Climate report highlights unprecedented climatic shifts.
W
• WMO is UN’s specialized agency for meteorology, operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.
• Established in 1950, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Origin traced to International Meteorological Organization (IMO) founded in 1873.
• Membership includes 191 countries, including India.
• Record-high concentrations observed in 2022; Urgent need to mitigate impact of rising GHGs.
• Global surface temperatures surged to 45°C above pre-industrial levels.
• Ocean Heat Content (OHC) reached highest level in 2023.
• Global ocean experienced significant increase in Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)
• Antarctic sea-ice extent hit record low in February 2023.
• Largest annual loss of ice on record in 2022-2023.
• North American, European glaciers particularly affected.
Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

77. Great Indian Bustard:

• S upreme Court forms expert committee to address conservation of endangered Great Indian Bustard (GIB).
• GIBs are India’s largest bustard species, with MacQueen’s bustard, lesser florican, and Bengal florican being the other three.
• Designated as the state bird of Rajasthan and considered a flagship species for grasslands.
• Protection status: Birdlife International: Uplisted to Critically Endangered (2011); CITES: Listed in Appen-
dix I; IUCN: Classified as Critically Endangered; Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Included in Schedule I.
• Threats include- overhead power transmission lines, which they can’t detect in time due to poor frontal vision; Wind-
mills, particularly in regions like Kutch and Thar desert; Noise pollution impacting mating and courtship practices.
• Changes in landscape due to agricultural activities, particularly in drought-prone areas like Kutch.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts

78. Subduction Zone discovered under Gibraltar Strait:

• S cientists in Portugal reveal concerning findings about the Atlantic Ocean, sug-
gesting a potential ‘Ring of Fire’ (Subduction Zone) phenomenon.

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• W arning of possible closure of Gibraltar Strait due to subduction activity, based on com-
puter simulations projecting expansion over the next 20 million years.
• Resembles the Pacific Ocean’s Ring of Fire, where gradual subduction reshapes the ocean basin.
• Gibraltar Strait connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, separat-
ing Europe’s southern Iberian Peninsula from Africa’s northern coast.
• C onvergence point for the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate.
• A pproximately 13 km wide (8.1 miles) at the narrowest point.
• V aried, with deepest point around 300 meters (984 feet).
• K ey maritime passage for trade and military purposes; a subject of disputes between Spain and the UK.
• S ubduction Zones occur at convergent plate boundaries where two plates move toward each other.
• P rocess involves collision of tectonic plates, partial melting, volcanic activity, and formation of volcanic arcs.
• I t triggers earthquakes; deep oceanic trenches may form; lead to uplift and formation of mountain
Global Geological And Climatic Events

79. NDRF Funds for Drought Management:

• K arnataka government moves Supreme Court against Centre, seeking release of
drought relief funds from National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).
• NDRF is a statutory body under Disaster Management Act, 2005, which supple-
ments the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) in severe disasters.
• July 2015 guidelines specify disasters qualifying for NDRF assistance, including cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, floods, etc.
• Managed in “Public Accounts” under “Reserve Funds not bearing interest,” and is audited by CAG.
• ‘Disasters’ not defined under 2005 Act, encompasses events severely disrupting life beyond coping capacity.
• 15th Finance Commission introduces new allocation methodology considering past expenditure, risk exposure, etc.
• States have SDRF, with Centre contributing 75% (90% for Himalayan and NE states) and states contributing the rest.
• Budgetary allocations released periodically, with Centre’s assistance following a procedure:
• State submits memorandum detailing damage extent.
• Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) conducts on-ground inspections.
• National Executive Team analyzes IMCT report.
• High Level Committee approves NDRF release based on recommendations.
• Union Ministry of Home Affairs oversees NDRF releases utilization.
Disasters and Disaster Management – Sendai Framework, Floods, Cyclones, etc

80. Captive Elephant Transfer Rules, :

• E lephants, Schedule I species under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, enjoy special pro-
tection with provisions for translocation under specific circumstances.
• W ildlife Protection Act, 1972 prohibits capture or trade of elephants without authorization.
• E xceptions for educational, scientific, or religious purposes, subject to wildlife authorities’ approval.
• A mendment: Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill, 2022 expanded elephant transfer scope, raising exploitation concerns.
• C ircumstances for Transfer: Incapability of owner to ensure welfare adequately; Superior care avail-
able in new environment; improved maintenance determined by Chief Wildlife Warden.
• T ransfer within State: Health confirmation mandatory before transfer; Suitability of habitats assessed
by Deputy Conservator of Forests; Approval by Chief Wildlife Warden based on evaluations.
• T ransfer Outside State: Above + Elephant’s genetic profile registered with MoEF&CC.
• A ccompanied by mahout and elephant assistant, provisions for feeding and watering.
• H ealth certificate confirming fitness for transport mandatory.
• T ransport post-quarantine period completion for contagious diseases.
• T ranquillisers or sedatives administered as prescribed for managing nervous or temperamental elephants.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts

81. Afanasy Nikitin Seamount:

• I ndia applied to International Seabed Authority (ISBA) for explora-
tion rights in Afanasy Nikitin (AN) Seamount in Indian Ocean.

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• A N Seamount is located 3,000 km from India’s coast, significant fea-

ture in Central Indian Ocean Basin, not reaching surface.
• Measures 400 km long, 150 km wide, rising from oceanic depth of 4,800 m to about 1,200 m.
• Discovered during marine research expedition, known for polymetallic nod-
ules containing cobalt, nickel, manganese, and copper.
• Sri Lanka applies for continental shelf claims beyond EEZ citing special provision, prompting India’s exploration rights claim.
• India also seeks permission to explore Carlsberg Ridge in Central Indian Ocean, span-
ning 300,000 square km for polymetallic sulphides rich in copper, zinc, gold, and silver.
• ISBA was established in 1994 under UNCLOS, headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica.
• Regulates mineral-related activities in international seabed area beyond national jurisdiction.
• Issues exploration and exploitation contracts for deep-sea mining, subject to regulations and environmental safeguards.
• Comprises Assembly, Council, Legal and Technical Commission, and Secretariat, each with specific functions.
• UNCLOS Article 156(2): All UNCLOS parties are ISBA members; India became UNCLOS member in 1994.
• As of 2023, has 169 members including 168 member states and the European Union.
Indian Ocean Power Competition

82. South East Africa Montane

Archipelago (SEAMA) Ecoregion:
• R ecent study reveals undocumented biodiversity in newly recognized South
East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA) Ecoregion.
• SEAMA, recently recognized, located in Southern Africa, spanning across north-
ern Mozambique and Mount Mulanje in Malawi.
• Distinguished by mountainous terrain, encompassing diverse habitats like montane forests, grasslands, and rock faces.
• Despite recent recognition, identified as hub of biodiversity, hosting numerous plant, vertebrate, and invertebrate species.
• Researchers found 127 plants, 45 vertebrates, and 45 invertebrate spe-
cies, including two endemic genera of plants and reptiles.
• H ome to 22 strictly endemic reptile species, most threatened by habitat loss from deforestation.
• R emarkable diversity prompts proposals to designate it as new ecoregion of global biological importance.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts

SCIENCE TECH
83. Cavum Clouds:
•  lso known as hole-punch clouds or fall-streak holes.
A
• Formed when aircraft pass through mid-level altocumulus clouds.
• Altocumulus Clouds are mid-level clouds (2-7 kms) with wavy or lumpy appearance.
• Aircraft disrupt supercooled liquid water droplets, causing them to freeze into ice crystals.
• Falling ice crystals create wispy trails of precipitation called virga.
• Middle layer of troposphere, lower than cirrocumulus, higher than cumulus and stratocumulus.
• Known for diverse and dynamic appearance.
• Commonly associated with “mackerel sky“ pattern resembling fish scales.
International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

84. MethaneSAT:
• R ecently, the MethaneSAT satellite was successfully launched atop a SpaceX Falcon9 rocket from California.
• Its primary mission is to track and measure methane emissions on a global scale.

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• D eveloped by Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) in collaboration with Harvard Universi-

ty, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the New Zealand Space Agency.
• Equipped with a high-resolution infrared sensor and a spectrometer to detect methane concentrations.
• C apable of identifying small emissions sources with a sensitivity of three parts per billion.
• It boasts a wide-camera view covering approximately 200 km x 200 km, aiding in the identification of “super emitters.”
• The collected data will be analyzed using cloud-computing and AI technology developed by Goo-
gle, a mission partner, and made publicly available through Google’s Earth Engine platform.
• M ethane is the second-biggest anthropogenic contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide.
• I t has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 28 over a century, making it 80 times more potent than carbon
• S ources include cattle farming, landfills, wastewater treatment, rice cultivation, and industrial processes.
• E nergy, agriculture, and waste sectors are primary emitters, responsible for 30% of global warming.
• L ivestock emissions, including manure and gastroenteric releases, contribute significantly.
• T he launch coincides with the Global Methane Pledge launched at UN COP26 cli-
mate conference, aiming to reduce methane emissions.
• O ver 90 countries, led by US and EU, have signed the pledge, although India has not yet signed up.
Air Pollution

85. ISRO’s New Rocket Launchport

at Kulasekarapattinam:
• P rime Minister inaugurated ISRO’s second rocket launchport at Kulasekarapattinam.
• This facility in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district will primarily focus on com-
mercial, on-demand, and small satellite launches.
• Located strategically, it will serve as a hub for Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs) on a commercial basis.
• Equipped with the capacity to launch 24 satellites annually using a mobile launch structure.
• Its strategic location enables direct southward launches over the Indian Ocean, minimizing fuel consumption.
• Unlike the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, it eliminates the need
for rockets to follow curved paths to avoid landmasses.
• The opening of the space sector to private players necessitates more commercial launches.
• Kulasekarapattinam launch port will ease the burden on the Satish Dhawan Space Cen-
tre (SDSC) SHAR, catering exclusively to smaller payloads.
• Positioned strategically, it provides natural advantages for SSLV launches, minimizing fuel consumption.
• Its launch trajectory enables direct southward paths, beneficial for SSLV missions.
• SSLV is designed for small satellite launches into Low Earth Orbit.
• Despite SSLV-D1’s initial failure in August 2022, SSLV-D2’s success in Febru-
ary 2023 marked a significant milestone for ISRO’s SSLV program.
ISRO Missions and Discoveries

86. Bengaluru’s First Driverless Metro Train:

• B engaluru is set to introduce its first driverless metro train, marking a sig-
nificant milestone in the city’s transportation system.
• The driverless train coaches are part of the Communication-based Train Control (CBTC) sys-
tem, designed for the 18.8 KM yellow line currently under construction.
• T he trains were manufactured by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co Ltd, in collabora-
tion with Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd, supporting the Make In India Initiative.
• N otable features include Unattended Train Operations (UTO), Hot Axle Detection System, Re-
al-time Location monitoring, onboard cameras, and an Emergency Egress Device (EED) unit.
• A rtificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms are integrated for anomaly detec-
tion, analyzing visual data captured by cameras in real-time.
• C BTC system facilitates automatic train control, managing functions such as door oper-
ations, stoppage, and movement from the Operations Control Centre (OCC).
• T he OCC utilizes CBTC to activate the train’s systems and conduct self-
checks for technical fitness before initiating operations.

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 he train operates in two modes: “wake up” for active service and “sleep mode” during non-operational hours.
• T
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

87. IndiaAI Mission:

•  nion Cabinet approved IndiaAI Mission with an outlay of Rs 10,372 crore for five years.
U
• It was announced last year, aiming to establish AI computing powers within India.s
• To be executed by the ‘IndiaAI’ Independent Business Division (IBD) under Digital India Corporation (DIC).
• Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) is to oversee the mission.
• The mission aims to establish computing capacity of over 10,000 GPUs.
• Develop foundational models for priority sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and governance.
• Set up AI Curation Units (ACUs) in 50 line ministries.
• Create an AI marketplace for offering AI as a service and pre-trained models.
• Public-private partnership with 50% viability gap funding; Rs 4,564 crore allocated for building computing infrastructure.

88. Features of IndiaAI Mission:

•  ompute Capacity: Develop high-end scalable AI computing ecosystem.
C
• Innovation Centre: Deploy indigenous Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) in critical sectors.
• Datasets Platform: Streamline access to quality non-personal datasets.
• Application Development Initiative: Promote AI applications in critical sectors.
• Future Skills: Increase AI courses in undergraduate, Masters, and Ph.D. programs.
• Startup Financing: Support deep-tech AI startups with streamlined funding access.
• Safe & Trusted AI: Implement responsible AI projects and develop indigenous tools and frameworks.
Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

89. Connectome- the Map of the Brain:

• T he human brain, composed of billions of neurons, forms a complex network crucial for cognition and existence.
• Understanding this intricate network, known as the connectome, provides pro-
found insights into brain function and neurological disorders.
• T he Connectome Concept offers a comprehensive map of neural connections, akin to a blue-
print illustrating electrical and chemical signals exchanged between neurons.
• N eurons comprise a cell body with a nucleus, dendrites for receiving input, and an axon for send-
ing messages, sometimes enveloped by a myelin sheath for faster signal transmission.
• N eurons communicate through synapses, where dendrites receive chemical signals, con-
vert them to electrical impulses, and transmit them through axons to other neurons.
• D espite the brain’s complexity and vast data volume, the connectome simplifies scientists’ under-
standing, facilitating advancements in neuroscience and neurological health research.
• M apping the connectome aids in comprehending brain function and the impact of conditions like At-
tention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Alzheimer’s disease on neural processes.
Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

90. Fifth-Gen Fighter Jet AMCA:

• C CS has approved a Rs 15,000 crore project to develop the Advanced Medium Com-
bat Aircraft (AMCA), India’s fifth-generation multirole fighter jet.
• AMCA is India’s fifth-generation fighter aircraft, designed to be larger than ex-
isting fighters in the Indian Air Force (IAF) inventory.
• Positions India among nations with indigenous fifth-generation fighter capabilities.
• Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under DRDO: Nodal agency for program execution and aircraft design.
• It is manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
• Stealth: 25-tonne twin-engine aircraft with advanced stealth features for radar evasion.
• Fuel & Weapons: Includes a concealed internal fuel tank (6.5-tonne capacity) and internal weapons bay.
• AMCA Mk1 variant powered by US-built GE414 engine, while AMCA Mk2 will feature a more power-
ful 110kN engine, developed collaboratively with DRDO’s Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE).
• I ndigenous fifth-generation fighter aircraft with advanced stealth capabilities.
• F eatures a low electro-magnetic signature to evade enemy radar detection.

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• I ntegrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) system for real-time assessment of aircraft condition.
• C urrent fighter squadron strength around 30 against a sanctioned strength of 42.
• IAF anticipates the need for seven squadrons of AMCA initially to address future operational requirements.
Indian Air Force Updates

91. International Day of Mathematics (Pi Day):

•  i Day celebrated annually on March 14 to honor mathematical constant Pi (π).
P
• Recognized by mathematics enthusiasts worldwide for importance of math.
• Approximate value of Pi (π) is 14 and it is infinitely long, irrational number..
• Date 3/14 matches first three digits.
• First celebrated in 1988 at San Francisco Exploratorium.
• UNESCO marks Pi Day as ‘International Day of Mathematics’ (2019).
• Albert Einstein born on Pi Day in 1879.
• Pi represents ratio of circle circumference to diameter.
• Discovered by ancient Babylonians around 4,000 years ago.
• Greek mathematician Archimedes calculated pi around 287-212 B.C.
• Baudhayana (800 BC – 740 BC), original Mathematician behind Pythagoras theorem and Pi calculation.
• Aryabhatta calculated π to 3.1416 in 499 AD.
• Symbol ‘π’ devised by British mathematician William Jones in 1706.
Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

92. Akmus Sickle Cell Drug:

•  kmus Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited, Delhi, introduced indigenous sickle cell disease drug on March 16.
A
• India’s first room-temperature stable solution for sickle cell disease, priced at 1% of global rates.
• Akmus’ drug is an oral suspension of Hydroxyurea, costing less than ₹600, revolutionizing SCD treatment access.
• Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic red blood cell disorder causing complications like pain, infections, and stroke.
• Types include HbSS, HbSC, and HbS beta thalassemia, diagnosed through blood tests or newborn screening.
• Treatments include transplants, gene therapies, and medications like hydroxyurea to manage symptoms.
• C asgevy, a gene therapy using Crispr-Cas9, represents a breakthrough in SCD treatment.
• Tailored for all ages, it offers precise dosage administration through oral syringes.
• Room temperature stability eliminates stringent storage needs compared to imported solutions.
• SCD predominantly affects tribal populations; one in 86 births among STs suf-
fer from it, leading to high morbidity and mortality.
• R  ecognized as a significant health challenge, sickle cell disease is among In-
dia’s top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
• T  he National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission (2023) aims to erad-
icate sickle cell anemia from India by 2047.Top of Form
Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

93. HbAC Test for Diabetes:

• I ndia grapples with a significant diabetes burden, affecting an estimated 13 crore peo-
ple, with 13.6 crore individuals classified as pre-diabetic.
• T he HbA1C test, or glycated haemoglobin test, is a crucial diagnostic tool for pre-diabetes and diabetes.
• I t measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar, providing insights into long-term blood glucose control.
• O ffers a comprehensive view of average blood glucose levels over the preceding two to three months.
• R ecommended for individuals over 30 years and those with specific risk fac-
tors, with retests based on initial findings and individual health profiles.
• E ndorsed by WHO and the American Diabetes Association, highlighting its diagnostic utility.
• R esults typically presented as percentages: Normal: Below 5.7%; Pre-diabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%; Diabetes: 6.5% or higher.
• A lternatively, results may be expressed in mmol/ mol for assessment.
• W hile informative, may require supplementation with other tests, especial-
ly in populations with conditions affecting assay accuracy.

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• F actors like thalassemia prevalence and iron-deficiency anemia in India may impact test re-
liability, necessitating caution and additional glycemic assessment indices.
Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc

94. IceCube Observatory’s Neutrino Detection:

• R esearchers at the IceCube Observatory located at Antarctic, have identified seven poten-
tial instances of elusive “Ghost Particles” or astrophysical Tau Neutrinos.
• These neutrinos play a crucial role in understanding cosmic exchanges between Earth and the universe.
• Neutrinos, often termed “ghost particles,” are subatomic particles with nearly zero mass and no electric charge.
• They traverse through matter with minimal interaction, making direct detection challenging.
• Despite their abundant presence, their weak interactions with matter earned them the nickname “ghost particles.”
• The origins of neutrinos remain largely unknown, with hypotheses sug-
gesting their role in the early universe after the Big Bang.
• Understanding neutrinos better could unravel scientific phenomena like the myste-
rious origins of cosmic rays, which neutrinos are known to carry.
• I ceCube Observatory is situated near the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.
• I t has IceCube primary detector with 5,160 digital optical modules (DOMs) frozen into the ice.
• I ceTop: Located atop IceCube strings, it serves as a veto and calibration detector for cosmic rays.
• D eepCore: A denser subdetector within IceCube for studying neutrino oscillations.
• R esearch Goals: Observing neutrinos from astrophysical sources, studying cosmic rays, and advancing neutrino astronomy.
• I ndian Neutrino Observatory (INO): Approved in 2015, proposed particle physics re-
search mega project; Aims to study neutrinos in a 1,200 meter deep cave.
• L ocated in the Bodi West Hills (BWH) region near Pottipuram village in Theni district, Tamil Nadu.
• C hina’s TRIDENT is scheduled for completion in 2030, positioned 11,500 feet be-
neath the ocean’s surface in the Western Pacific.
• S eeks to explore neutrinos that interact with the deep ocean, emitting faint flashes of light.
Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

95. SAKHI App to assist Gaganyaan Crew:

•  ikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) developed the multi-purpose app ‘SAKHI’ for Gaganyaan Crew.
V
• SAKHI: Space-borne Assistant and Knowledge Hub for Crew I
• Monitors health, maintains communication and manages dietary schedules.
• Essential tool for real-time assistance and access to necessary data.
• Assists astronauts during Gaganyaan mission, accessing vital technical information.
• Strapped to astronauts’ space suits for easy access and maintenance of mission logs.
• SAKHI offers health monitoring: blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen satu-
ration, hydration, dietary schedules, and sleep patterns.
• Ensures seamless communication between crew, onboard computers, and ground-based stations.
• ISRO aims to launch Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission in 2025.
• Four astronaut-designates, all IAF test pilots, revealed at high-profile event attended by PM at VSSC on February 27.
ISRO Missions and Discoveries

96. Patent (Amendment) Rules, :

•  atent (Amendment) Rules, 2024 published in Gazette of India, altering Indian patent regime.
P
• Shortened timeline for Request for Examination (RFE) to 31 months.
• Streamlined applications require details twice using Form 3.
• Introduction of ‘Certificate of Inventorship’.
• 10% discount on renewal fees for advance payment.
• Frequency of patent working statements reduced to once every 3 financial years.
• Controller empowered to extend periods and excuse delays up to six months.
• Patents are Legal right granting inventor exclusive rights to invention for limited period.
• Grants right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing patented invention.
• Acts as intellectual property protection, allowing inventors to control and commercialize creations.

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•  erritorial rights applicable only where patent filed and granted.

T
• Governed by Indian Patent Act of 1970.
• Became party to TRIPS Agreement in 1995 upon WTO membership.
• Patent protection for pharmaceuticals reintroduced after 2005 amendment to comply with TRIPS.
• Patentable subject matter includes products, processes, methods, and applications in all fields of technology.
• Indian Patent Office administers patent system under DPIIT through branch-
es in Kolkata (1972), Mumbai (1972), Delhi (1992), Chennai (2005).
• Patent protection typically granted for 20 years from filing date.
• India signatory to Berne Convention (1886), Budapest Treaty (1977), Par-
is Convention (1883), Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970).
Intellectual Property Rights in India

97. Pushpak’ Reusable Landing Vehicle Landing:

• I SRO conducts Pushpak Reusable Landing Vehicle (RLV) LEX 02 land-
ing experiment at Chitradurga’s Aeronautical Test Range.
• It was lifted by Chinook helicopter of IAF and dropped from 4.5 km altitude.
• Milestone achievement in ISRO’s pursuit of reusable space technology.
• Pushpak RLV is a winged vehicle with aerodynamic surfaces for controlled Earth re-entry.
• Designed to autonomously land on designated runway post-space mission, show-
casing India’s autonomous space vehicle landing capability.
• E quipped with advanced navigation, control, and landing gear systems for autonomous navigation and runway landing.
• L ow lift-to-drag ratio requires high glide angles and landing velocities of 350 km/h.
• C apable of transporting payloads to Low Earth orbits and returning for reuse.
• S uccess opens doors for orbital re-entry missions for scientific and commercial purposes using reusable vehicles.
ISRO Missions and Discoveries

98. Project ANAGRANINF:

• T he Technology Development Board (TDB) allocates ₹75 Lakhs grant for “ANAGRANINF” project, totaling ₹1.5 crores.
• Project ANAGRANINF aims to develop novel antibiotics against Gram-negative bacterial infections.
• Collaborative effort involving M/s Peptris Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Foundation for Neglect-
ed Disease Research (FNDR) in India, and ABAC THERAPEUTICS SL from Spain.
• O bjective: Develop antibiotic inhibiting FabI enzyme to combat critical Gram-negative pathogens.
• A ims to produce compounds with enhanced efficacy against Gram-negative bacterial
• I dentifying candidate molecule meeting WHO’s innovation criteria: new chem-
ical structure, no cross-resistance, and novel mechanism.
• C andidate Molecule ‘MMV1578564’: Promising activity against Gram-neg-
ative pathogens, laying groundwork for further research.
• G ram-Negative Bacteria: Thin peptidoglycan layer, stain pink/red, resistant due to outer membrane bar-
rier. Examples: E. coli, Salmonella spp., P. aeruginosa; cause pneumonia, bloodstream infections.
• G ram-Positive Bacteria: Thick peptidoglycan layer, stain purple/blue, susceptible to antibiotics. Ex-
amples: S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, B. subtilis; cause anthrax, diphtheria, among others.
Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

99. MTBVAC Tuberculosis Vaccine:

• B harat Biotech and Biofabri collaborate for clinical trials of Mycobacterium Tubercu-
losis Vaccine (MTBVAC) in India, a milestone in TB vaccine development.
• MTBVAC, genetically modified form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, offers po-
tential longer-lasting protection compared to BCG vaccine.
• D eveloped by University of Zaragoza with contributions from Dr. Brigitte Gicquel of Pasteur Institute, Paris.
• S afety and Immunogenicity assessment, with Phase 3 trial planned in 2025.
• T uberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affecting various organs.
• T ransmission: Airborne infection through close contact, especially in crowded spaces.
• S ymptoms: Cough with sputum, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats.

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• D OTS regimen: Combination of 4 antibiotics (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and eth-

ambutol), administered daily for 2 months followed by continuation phase.
• Nikshay Poshan Yojana (2018): Provides DBT for nutritional needs of TB patients.
• Issues in TB Treatment: Drug Resistance is highly prevalent.
• MDR-TB: Doesn’t respond to isoniazid and rifampicin.
• XDR-TB: More severe, doesn’t respond to most effective second-line drugs.
Tuberculosis Elimination Strategy

100. IAU approves ‘Statio Shiv Shakti’:

• I nternational Astronomical Union (IAU) approved the name ‘Statio Shiv Shakti’ for Chan-
drayaan-3’s Vikram lander landing site, marking a milestone in planetary nomenclature.
• IAU was founded on July 28, 1919, during the Constitutive Assembly in Brussels, Bel-
gium, to foster international collaboration in astronomy post-World War I.
• Aims to promote and safeguard astronomy globally through international cooperation, headquartered in Paris, France.
• General Assembly: Holds triennial meetings for professional astronomers world-
wide to discuss research, cooperation, and professional interests.
• IAU standardizes celestial body names, features, and phenomena, maintaining working groups for naming conventions.
• Facilitates international collaboration in astronomical research, support-
ing initiatives like observational campaigns and data sharing.
• A ctively promotes astronomy education and public outreach efforts glob-
ally, supporting programs, workshops, and resources.
• M embership spans 92 countries, with 85 as National Members, represented by pro-
fessional astronomers engaged in research, education, and outreach.
• I ndia’s representation is through the Astronomical Society of India (ASI).
• I AU Nomenclature Criteria: Rule 4: Encourages equitable representation of diverse names, countries, and genders.
• R ule 9: Prohibits names with political, military, or religious connotations, except historical figures before the 19th century.
• R ule 11: Stresses uniqueness of names within celestial nomenclature to prevent confusion.
• T he name ‘Statio Shiv Shakti’ was announced by the PM Modi in August 2023, reflecting Indian mythology’s significance.
• L ocated at 69.373°S 32.319°E, between lunar craters Manzinus C and Simpelius N.
• S ymbolizes the masculine-feminine duality of nature, strength, resolution, and India’s diverse cultural heritage.
ISRO Missions and Discoveries

101. Krishi Integrated Command

and Control Centre (ICCC):
• T he Agriculture Minister inaugurated the Krishi Integrated Command and Con-
trol Centre (ICCC) at Krishi Bhavan in New Delhi.
• Krishi ICCC integrates multiple IT applications and platforms to provide actionable insights for informed decision-making.
• 8 large LED screens display crucial information such as crop yields, produc-
tion, drought situation, cropping patterns, and relevant trends.
• D ata from various sources including Soil Survey, India Meteorological Department (IMD), Digital Crop Survey, Kri-
shi MApper, Unified Portal for Agricultural Statistics (UPAg), and General Crop Estimation Survey (GCES) is used.
• I t consolidates geospatial information for monitoring the farm sector.
• I t generates personalized advisories using apps like Kisan e-Mitra.
• P rovides customized advisories on crop selection and agricultural practices.
• A llows proactive measures to mitigate drought
Digital India Initiatives

102. Magnetofossils found in Bay of Bengal:

• C SIR-National Institute of Oceanography scientists discovered a 50,000-year-old sed-
iment containing giant magnetofossils in the Bay of Bengal.
• Magnetofossils are fossilized magnetic particles formed by magnetotactic bac-
teria, aiding in understanding past environmental conditions.

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• F irst described in the 1960s and 1970s, these bacteria use iron-rich minerals to nav-
igate Earth’s magnetic field, leaving behind distinctive fossil remnants.
• I nitially described by Salvatore Bellini in 1963 and later by Richard Blakemore in 1975.
• M agnetotactic bacteria create tiny crystals of iron-rich minerals like magne-
tite or greigite, assisting them in navigating changing oxygen levels in water.
• P revious studies attributed magnetofossil origins to various factors like hyperthermal vents,
comet impacts, oceanic ventilation changes, and oxygen-poor regions.
• S ediment core from the southwestern Bay of Bengal mainly consisted of pale green silty clays.
• A bundant benthic and planktic foraminifera (single-celled organisms) were found.
• H igh-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed fos-
sil shapes such as needles, spindles, bullets, and spearheads.
• S ediment analysis suggested strengthened northeast and southwest monsoons during the last Glacial Maxi-
mum-Holocene period (around 29,000 to 11,700 years ago), leading to significant weathering and sedimentation.
Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

103. Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO):

• A comet discovered by a Czech citizen marks the 5,000th comet spotted us-
ing data from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft.
• SOHO is jointly operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA.
• Launched in December 1995, aimed at studying the Sun, particularly its corona and solar wind.
• Observes the Sun in various wavelengths, facilitating research on sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections.
• Orbits the Sun at Lagrange Point L1, approximately 1.5 million kilometers (nearly 1 million miles) from Earth.
• Significance of SOHO Observations: (1) Identified source regions of solar wind; (2) Tracked so-
lar eruptions; (3) Monitored changes in the Sun’s activity over its 11-year solar cycle.
• L agrange Points are mamed after French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange who discovered them in 1772.
• Specific points in space where gravitational forces balance the centrifugal force experienced by a smaller body.
• Provide stable locations where objects can maintain their positions rela-
tive to larger bodies without drifting away or falling towards them.
• 5 Lagrange Points denoted as L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5.
International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

104. Thr Amino Acid role in Stomatal Openings:

• S cientists from Nagoya University discover regulation of Stomatal opening in plants through amino acid threonine (Thr881).
• Stomatal Openings are Microscopic pores on plant leaves crucial for gas ex-
change, particularly uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
• R esearch unveils a novel regulatory mechanism involving phosphorylation of the 881st threonine res-
idue (Thr881) of the plasma membrane proton pump in response to red and blue light.
• P hosphorylation acts as a regulatory switch, influencing protein structure and function.
• P hosphorylation of Thr881 observed in response to both red and blue light condi-
tions, highlighting interplay between photosynthesis and light signaling.
• M utant studies confirm critical role of Thr881 phosphorylation in stomatal opening, with reduced stomatal ap-
erture and transpiration rates in plants expressing mutant proton pump lacking Thr881 phosphorylation.
• T hr881, along with Thr948, identified as crucial phosphorylation sites for ac-
tivation of enzyme H+-ATPase, essential for stomatal opening.
• M anipulating Thr881 offers avenues for promoting plant growth, enhanc-
ing carbon dioxide absorption, and reducing fertilizer usage.
Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

105. HN Bird Flu:

•  ighly pathogenic H5N1 bird flu, spreading globally since 2020, poses significant threat to birds and mammals.
H
• It recently reached Antarctica
• Originated from virus outbreak on Chinese goose farm in 1996, evolving into highly pathogenic strain.
• H5N1, subtype of influenza A virus, causes severe respiratory disease in birds known as avian influenza or “bird flu”.

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• I nfluenza A viruses classified by subtypes based on surface proteins, H5N1 being one subtype.
• Virus has affected birds in over 80 countries, resulting in mass culling of poultry and wild birds.
• Humans rarely contract bird flu, risk primarily for those with extensive contact at poultry farms.
• Bird flu first broke out in Maharashtra in 2006, leading to culling of mil-
lions of poultry for containment, resurfacing intermittently.
• Numerous bird species, like Great Skuas and Barnacle Geese, experienced significant mortality rates.
• Endangered birds, like California condors, severely affected, notable percentage succumbing to virus.
• H5N1 crossed species barriers, infecting mammals such as foxes, pu-
mas, skunks, marine mammals like sea lions and dolphins.
• Mass mortalities of marine mammals, particularly elephant seals, reported, raising ecological impact concerns.
• Some scientists attribute large-scale spread to climate change altering bird behavior, facilitating virus transmission.
• Warmer sea temperatures weaken marine mammal populations, making them more susceptible to disease outbreaks.
Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc

HISTORY AND ART & CULTURE

106. Kalbeliya Dance:
•  erformers from Rajasthan showcased the Kalbeliya dance, a traditional Indian form.
P
• Originated in Rajasthan, performed by the Kalbeliya nomadic tribe, known for snake charming.
• Vibrant, energetic, sensuous dance with intricate footwork and swaying movements.
• It was declared a part of UNESCO’s Intangible Heritage List for Rajasthan in 2010.
• Women wear flowing black skirts, angrakhi, odhani, and lehenga, richly embroidered with mirrors and silver threads.
• Male participants play instruments like ‘pungi’, dufli, been, khanjari, morchang, khuralio, and dholak.
• Fluid hand and arm movements add grace and elegance to the performance.
• Dancers often sing along, contributing to the overall atmosphere of the dance.
Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

107. Pakistan National Day in New Delhi:

•  fter a four-year gap, Pakistan celebrated its National Day in New Delhi.
A
• National Day was observed on March 23, commemorating the adoption of the Lahore Resolution in 1940.
• On March 23, 1956, Pakistan officially adopted its first Constitution, transforming into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
• Lahore Resolution 1940: Adopted during the All-India Muslim League ses-
sion in Lahore and was prepared by Muhammad Zafarullah Khan.
• It called for an independent state for India’s Muslims, supporting Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s demand for separate countries.
• Proposed grouping Muslim-majority areas into autonomous and sovereign independent states.
• Advocated for constitutional safeguards to protect Muslim rights and interests.
• Faced criticism from Indian Muslims like Abul Kalam Azad and Deoband ulema, who advocated for a united India.
• All India Azad Muslim Conference convened in Delhi in April 1940.
• Voiced support for an independent and united India in contrast to the Lahore Resolution’s proposal.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

108. Venice Biennale:

• T he Venice Biennale, known as the “Olympics of the art world,” will unveil its 60th edition on April 20.
• C urated by Adriano Pedrosa, the theme “Stranieri Ovunque” or “Foreigners Ev-
erywhere” will feature artworks by 333 artists worldwide.
• P roposed in 1893 by the city government of Venice to commemorate the silver an-
niversary of King Umberto I of Italy and Margherita of Savoy.

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• I naugurated on April 30, 1895, attracting over two lakh visitors in its first edition.
• Divided into three parts: the central pavilion, national pavilions, and collateral events.
• Despite lacking a permanent pavilion, India has participated officially in 1954,
2011, and 2019, showcasing artists like M F Husain and S H Raza.
• Official participation resumed in 2011, organized by Lalit Kala Akademi, and contin-
ued in 2019 with a pavilion celebrating 150 years of Mahatma Gandhi.
Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

109. Ayya Vaikundar (-):

•  orn in 1809, Vaikundar is hailed as a social reformer in southern Tamil Nadu.
B
• Advocated for equality, fraternity, and the abolition of caste-based discrimination.
• Organized community eateries and advocated for shared water resources to dismantle caste barriers.
• Introduced Samapanthi-bhojana and Muthirikinarus to foster social cohesion.
• Vaikundar believed in the concept of “pure love” (“piranthu”) as life’s ultimate goal.
• Interpreted Tamil scriptures like the Tirukkural and the Nalayira Divya Prabandham.
• Emphasized love, devotion, and spiritual growth in his teachings.
• Followers engage in congregational worship, devotional songs (Nadai) and spiritual gatherings.
• Advocated for inclusive religious practices like Thottu Namam, symbolizing equality before divinity.
• Aimed to empower marginalized communities through education and social inclusion.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

110. Dalai Lama’s and His Succession:

• T he search for a successor to Tibet’s Dalai Lama holds significant political im-
plications, revolving around the concept of reincarnation.
• The Dalai Lama serves as the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism and is revered worldwide.
• Traditionally, the Dalai Lama held both political and spiritual leadership roles in Tibet.
• However, since China’s occupation in 1950, the Dalai Lama has primarily served as a spiritual figure in exile in India.
• The current 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, was born in Tibet in 1935 and has resided in India since 1959.
• Tibetan Buddhism, rooted in Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions, comprises four ma-
jor schools: Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug, with Gelug being predominant.
• The Gelug School established the tradition of succession through reincarna-
tion, with the fifth Grand Lama being recognized as the first Dalai Lama.
• Recognition of Tulkus (reincarnations) involves various tests and procedures, reflect-
ing Tibetan Buddhism’s belief in the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

111. Gandhi and Tagore:

 ohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore maintained a pro-
• M
found friendship from 1914-15 until Tagore’s passing in 1941.
 heir meeting on March 6, 1915, at Santiniketan in West Bengal, facilitat-
• T
ed by F. Andrews, a British social reformer and mutual friend.
 agore’s founding of Santiniketan in 1901 aimed to promote unity among hu-
• T
manity beyond religious and cultural boundaries.
 andhi’s visit left a lasting impact on Tagore’s school, Santiniketan, lead-
• G
ing to the annual observance of “Gandhi Punyaha Din” on March 10.
 heir interactions symbolized the fusion of ideas that influenced India’s cultural and political trajectory.
• T
 andhi prioritized service and advocated for decisions benefiting the weakest in society.
• G
 agore engaged in rural service to foster self-reliance through cooperation.
• T
 andhi emphasized fearlessness and individual empowerment; Tagore believed in soul force and social freedom.
• G
 andhi embraced non-violence and stood against popular movements when necessary.
• G
 agore emphasized walking alone for a cause, withdrawing from movements conflicting with his ideals.
• T
 oth advocated for an inclusive, harmonious society free from religious animosity.
• B
 andhi saw the spinning wheel as a symbol of dignity and self-reliance; Tagore crit-
• G
icized it for overshadowing other means of achieving self-rule.

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 andhi interpreted the Bihar Earthquake, 1934 as divine punishment for societal sins; Tago-
• G
re disagreed, opposing the association of natural disasters with moral behavior.
 andhi defended his interpretation in Harijan, while Tagore challenged it in a statement.
• G
 andhi’s adherence showcased his unwavering commitment, while Tag-
• G
ore’s dissent highlighted his intellectual independence.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

112. Bhojshala Complex:

• I ndore Bench of Bhopal HC orders Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct scientif-
ic survey of Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex in Dhar district.
• O riginally a temple of goddess Sarasvati built by Parawara King Bhoja in 11th Century AD.
• M osque constructed using structural elements of the temple; retains Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions.
• A rchitectural features include: Large open courtyard (Mahaāyata); Verandah with decorat-
ed pillars (Sthāpanā); Prayer hall with intricately carved ceilings (Shikharākāra); Inscriptions in-
clude hymns depicting Vishnu’s Karmavatar and Sanskrit alphabet inscriptions.
• P rotected by ASI as an 11th-century monument.
• C ontroversy over the original status of the site as a temple.
• P etitioner cites ASI report alleging temple demolition to build mosque, seeks clarification of site’s history.
• A SI tasked with conducting comprehensive scientific survey, excavation, and in-
vestigation using advanced methods like GPR-GPS and carbon dating.
Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

113. Sabarmati Ashram:

•  rime Minister inaugurated Sabarmati Ashram Redevelopment Project on 94th Dandi March anniversary.
P
• Rs 1,200 crore initiative to restore original Sabarmati Ashram founded by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Sabarmati Ashram was founded in 1917 on western bank of Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad.
• Gandhi established 5 settlements, including Sabarmati Ashram.
• It was a base for Gandhi’s socio-political activities and experiments with truth and non-violence.
• Witnessed launch of seminal movements like Dandi March.
• Venue for Champaran Satyagraha (1917), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), Khadi movement (1918), Row-
latt Act, and Khilafat Movements (1919), Non-Cooperation movement (1920).
• A  shram embodies simplicity, self-sufficiency, and communal living.
• B  uilt using local materials and traditional techniques.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

114. Nana Jagannath Shankarseth (-):

• T he Maharashtra cabinet has proposed renaming Mumbai Central station after Nana Jagannath Shan-
karseth, a revered social reformer, educationist, and philanthropist known as the “architect” of Mumbai.
• Born on February 10, 1803, in Murbad, Thane, into the affluent Murkute family.
• His father, Shankar Murkute, was a successful jeweller known as “Shankar Sheth.”
• Shankarseth contributed both ideas and funds across multiple sectors, laying a strong foundation for Bombay City.
• Inspired by Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, he founded the Bombay Association in 1852, the city’s first political organization.
• As a founding member of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway in 1853, he
played a vital role in India’s infrastructural development.
• Recognizing the significance of education, he opened Mumbai’s first school for girls in
1849 and co-founded the School Society and Native School of Bombay.
• Established the Bombay Native Education Society in 1822 to promote education among the masses.
• Collaborated with Sir George Birdwood and Dr. Bhau Daji in major urban reconstruction efforts in Mumbai starting in 1857.
• Became the first Indian nominated to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1861, advo-
cating for policies to improve public welfare and urban amenities.
• H onored with a marble statue at the Asiatic Society of Mumbai af-
ter his death in 1865, commemorating his contributions to society.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

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115. Usha Mehta and the Secret Congress Radio:

• O TT Platform releases a film spotlighting Usha Mehta and Congress Radio during Quit India Movement of 1942.
• Usha Mehta (1920-2000) was a prominent figure in the Indian indepen-
dence movement, born on March 25, 1920, in Mumbai.
• Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, she actively participated in the freedom strug-
gle, notably contributing to the Secret Congress Radio.
• Awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1998 for her significant contributions to India.
• Secret Congress Radio was conceptualized after Quit India Resolution (August 8, 1942) to counter British-controlled AIR.
• She became its voice, a 22-year-old master’s student at Wilson College.
• Funded through various means, including contributions from colleague Babubhai Khakhar.
• Radio transmission set constructed by engineering expert Nariman Abarbad Printer.
• First broadcast on August 14, 1942, with Mehta’s iconic welcome line “This is the Con-
gress Radio calling on 42.34 from somewhere in India.”
• Initially broadcasted twice daily in Hindi and English, later reduced to once in the evening.
• Raided by police on November 12, 1942, during Vande Mataram broadcast, resulting in Mehta’s arrest and others involved.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

116. Kalyana Chalukyas:

• K arnataka government discovered neglected 900-year-old Kannada inscription from Kalya-
na Chalukya dynasty in Gangapuram, Jadcherla mandal, Mahabubnagar, Telangana.
• Inscription dated June 8, 1134 CE, issued by Customs Officers of Tailapa-III, son
of Kalyana Chalukya Emperor ‘Bhulokamalla’ Someswara-III.
• It records remission of toll taxes for perpetual lamp and incense of God Somanatha.
• Chalukyas emerged in 6th century CE, capital at Badami, Karnataka.
• Founder Pulakeshin I expanded empire by defeating neighboring kingdoms.
• Pulakeshin II expanded territory through conquests and alliances, reaching zenith under his reign.
• Dynastic Divisions include- Badami Chalukyas, Western Chalukyas (Cen-
tered in Kalyani), and Eastern Chalukyas (Chalukyas of Vengi).
• Patrons of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism; promoted art, architecture, and literature.
• Constructed temples like Virupaksha Temple at Pattadakal.
• Faced internal conflicts, dynastic rivalries, and external invasions, leading to gradual decline.
• Western Chalukya dynasty ended with defeat by Cholas; Eastern Chalukyas ruled until 13th century.
• Empire divided into ‘Rashtras or Mandalas,’ governed by ‘Mandaleshwara’; higher levels overseen by ‘Rashtrakutas.’
• Land revenue primary income source; sophisticated land measurement and taxation system.
• Flourished under patronage; sculptural masterpieces like Nataraja sculpture at Pattadakal.
• Poets like Pampa and Ranna; development of classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam.
• Characterized by Dravidian and Nagara styles (Gadag Style); exemplary tem-
ples like Virupaksha Temple at Pattadakal and Durga Temple at Aihole.
Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

117. Monuments of National Importance (MNI):

• A SI to remove 18 “centrally protected monuments” from Monuments of National Importance (MNI) list.
• A SI oversees 3,693 MNI; the removal will bring the count to 3,675.
• Monuments of National Importance (MNI) are protected under AMASR Act, 1958 (An-
cient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act).
• Act mandates protection, preservation, and maintenance of MNIs for future generations.
• ASI, appointed by the central government, oversees MNI protection and management.
• Prohibits certain activities within MNI precincts without prior permission, including construction and excavation.
• Within 100-meter radius, construction is prohibited; 200-meter radius (100 + 200 me-
ters) constitutes a regulated area with specific regulations.
• A ct mandates maintenance of records documenting MNI history, conservation, and management.
• S ection 35 of the AMASR Act allows for DELISTING monuments deemed to have lost national importance.

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• D elisting involves official notifications and a two-month public feedback period.

• Delisted monuments no longer subject to ASI conservation efforts, allowing regular construction activities.
Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

118. Mohiniyattam Danceform:

• T he Kerala Kalamandalam has unanimously lifted gender restrictions, al-
lowing boys to learn Mohiniyattam, a classical dance form.
• Mohiniyattam derives its name from “Mohini,” the female enchantress avatar of Vish-
nu, and “Aattam,” meaning rhythmic motion or dance in Malayalam.
• Rooted in the Natya Shastra, an ancient Hindu Sanskrit text on performance arts.
• Known for its Lasya style, characterized by delicacy, sensuality, and femininity.
• Traditionally performed by women, but contemporary times witness male performers as well.
• Accompanied by Carnatic music, singing, and enactment of plays through dance.
• Manipravalam, a Malayalam-Sanskrit hybrid, is used in performances.
• Features parted feet, gentle swaying of the body, and soft footwork synchronized with music beats.
• Follows the classical text of Hastha Lakshanadeepika, incorporating elaborate mudras (hand gestures).
• Typically performers wear plain white or off-white sarees with golden brocade, pleat-
ed sheets for freedom of movement, and adorned with jewelry.
• F eatures natural makeup with brilliant red lips, a tikka (Gobi) on the forehead, and lined eyes.
• V arious rhythms and compositions in Manipravalam are accompanied by instru-
ments like Mridangam, Idakka, flute, Veena, and Kuzhitalam.
• R endered in the Sopana Style, a slow melodic style rooted in the Natya Shastra.
Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Hall of Fame: UPSC CSE 2022

AIR 3 AIR 4 AIR 9 AIR 16 AIR 22

Uma Smriti Kanika Shishir GVS

Hararhi Mishra Goyal Kumar Pavandatta

AIR 23 AIR 27 AIR 29 AIR 48 AIR 49

Vaishali Suryabhan Pourush Aaditya Sanskriti

Chopra Yadav Sood Pandey Somani

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